2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷99（附答案带详解）

《2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷99（附答案带详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷99（附答案带详解）（42页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 问答题Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out control. Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the e

2、arly years of a persons life, normal cells divide more rapidly until the person becomes an adult. After that, cells in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries.Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells.

3、Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells. Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue. This process, called metastasis, occurs as the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our b

4、ody. When cells from a cancer like breast cancer spread to another organ like the liver, the cancer is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer.Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all its activities. Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged

5、 the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherited cancers. Many times though, a persons DNA becomes damaged by exposure to something in the environment, like smoking.Cancer usually forms as a tumor. Some can

6、cers, like leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow. Remember that not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are

7、not life threatening.Different types of cancer can behave very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. That is why people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind o

8、f cancer.Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Half of all men and one-third of all women in the US will develop cancer during their lifetimes. Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer. The risk of developing most types of cancer can be reduced

9、by changes in a persons lifestyle, for example, by quitting smoking and eating a better diet. The sooner a cancer is found and treatment begins, the better are chances for living for many years.1. How are cancer cells different from normal ones?2. Why does cancer cell develop?3. Is cancer hereditary

10、? Why?4. Are all the tumors cancerous? Why or why not? Give your reasons.【答案】答：1.Instead of dying, cancer cells outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.2.Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA.3.Yes, it is because people can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherit

11、ed cancers.4.Not all tumors are cancerous because there are benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body and usually are not life threatening.【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌细胞与正常细胞有何不同？”。第三段前两句提到Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of d

12、ying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells.（因为癌细胞继续生长和分裂，所以它们不同于正常细胞；它们不是死亡，而是比正常细胞活得更久，并继续形成新的异常细胞），所以把这两句整合到一起，答案为Instead of dying, cancer cells outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells（癌细胞不会死亡，而是比正常细胞活得更久，并继续形成新的不正常细胞）。2.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌细胞为什么会产生？”。第四段

13、第一句就提到了Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA.（癌细胞的产生是由于对DNA的破坏），因此答案为这一句。3.细节事实题。题干意思是“癌症遗传吗？为什么？”。文章第四段提到In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherited cancers.（在癌细胞中，受损的DNA无法修复；人们可以遗传受损的DNA，这就是遗传性癌症的原因）可知，癌症会遗传，原因是癌细胞破坏的DNA，而受

14、损的DNA可以遗传。4.细节事实题。题干意思是“所有的肿瘤都是恶性的吗？为什么是或为什么不是？”。根据第五段最后两句Remember that not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening.（记住，不是所有的肿瘤都是恶性的；良性肿瘤不会扩散到身体的其他部位，不会危及生命，除了极少数例外）可知，不是所有的肿瘤是恶性的。故答案为Not all tumors are

15、 cancerous because there are benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body and usually are not life threatening（不是所有的肿瘤都是恶性的，因为有良性肿瘤，它们不会扩散到身体的其他部位，通常不会危及生命）。2. 单选题Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, clim

16、ate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the te

17、n countries included in the study. Whether such increases due to higher CO2 concentration would actually be realized is uncertain, because of problems in extrapolating from idealized laboratory and modeling results to field conditions.The clear message of this work is that greater efforts are needed

18、 to take account of the “noise” of natural climate variability when considering the “signal” of climate change. In particular, care must be taken in interpreting the results of impact assessments, especially those which use climate simulations over short periods only.Much more remains to be done. Fo

19、r example, the use of simulated monthly climate data by Hulme et al, even when interpolated to daily data by statistical methods, leaves open the possibility of systematic changes in day-to-day variability and extremes due to climate change. These could well dominate the effects of climate change on

20、 both river flow and wheat yield. Taking them into account will require the analysis of daily output from the climate models, especially at fine spatial resolution.More importantly, in understanding the message from Hulme et al, we need to distinguish between confidence levels used for the detectabi

21、lity of simulated or real impacts due to climate change, and those needed to decide if the information about possible future impacts is useful for decision-makers. Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level. On the ot

22、her hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability

23、, for example for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred. In cases such as estimation of flood frequency and of the occurrence of moisture stress in cro

24、ps, what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.1. According to the study, high wheat yields in Europe most significantly need（ ）.2. A high level of confidence

25、is needed when we（ ）.3. To identify the possible future impacts of climate change, scientists（ ）.4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.higher temperaturetB.heavy rainfalltC.higher CO2 concentrationstD.natural climate cha

26、nget问题2选项A.take it as a given that climate change is occurringtB.use “detectability” as an evidence of climate changetC.decide if the information is useful for decision-makerstD.estimate the scope of wheat yields increasest问题3选项A.only need an idealized laboratorytB.may spend years to obtain and anal

27、yze valid statistical evidencetC.plan adaptation measures after the change occurstD.set new climate modelst问题4选项A.Ways of improving Wheat Yields in EuropetB.Climate Change and Wheat YieldstC.Statistical Evidence of Climate ChangetD.Simulated Experiments on River Flowt问题5选项A.It is important to detect

28、 trends in total ozone or river flow.tB.It takes decades to detect climate change statistically.tC.What is more important is to plan adaptation measures against bad effects of climate change.tD.Wheat yield is closely related to climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题干意思是“根据这项研究，在欧洲高小麦产量

29、最需要的是”。文章第一段前三句提到Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of

30、higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study.（欧洲的小麦产量对温度和降雨的自然变化高度敏感；在这些模拟中，在两种情景下，仅有气候变化，到2050年就会只有三个北欧国家的产量显著增加；但是，增加更高的二氧化碳浓度对植物生长的估计影响，会显著增加产量，研究中包括的所有10个国家的产量现在都显著增加），温度

31、、降雨量和二氧化碳都包括在自然气候变化里，它们都能提高小麦产量，但是添加更多的二氧化碳浓度能使所有10个国家的产量显著增加，所以A项“更高温度”、B项“大降雨量”和D项“自然气候变化”都不选，C项“更高的二氧化碳浓度”符合题意。故该题选择C项正确。第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“当我们需要有很高的可信度”。第四段第二句提到Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level.（可探测性，作为气候变化

32、的证据，可以说需要很高的可信度，比如95%或99%的水平），由此可知B项“使用可探测性作为气候变化的证据”正确。第四段最后一句指出On the other hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.（另一方面，如果我们认为气候变化正在发生，并且我们正在寻求有用的建议，了解可能的后果，低一点

33、的信心可能就足够了）可知A项“认为气候变化正在发生是理所当然的”不正确；C项“决定信息是否对决策者有用”，文中没有提到关于决定信息是否对决策者有用的可信度，所以C项不选；D项“估计小麦产量增加的范围”文章没有提及。故该题选择B项正确。第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“为了确定气候变化可能带来的未来影响，科学家们”。最后一段第一句指出Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability, for example

34、for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred.（研究数据集的长度是必要的，以检测在变化的背景下的平均值的真正变化，例如检测总臭氧或河流量的趋势，表明即使这种变化是真实的，它可能需要几十年的时间才能被统计出来）由此可知，为了确定气候变化可能带来的未来影响，可能需要花

35、费几十年的时间来统计，故B项“可能花费数年的时间来获取和分析有效的统计证据”正确。A项“只需要一个理想化的实验室”和D项“建立新的气候模型”文章未提及；C项“计划气候变化发生后的适应措施”，文章最后一句话提到what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.（要确定未来气候变化的“

36、危险”水平，或计划适应措施，所需要的是在这些影响发生之前估计其发生可能性的变化），可知要想计划气候变化发生后的适应措施，在此之前需要估计其发生的可能性，也就是需要花费几十年来统计数据，C项错误。故该题选择B项正确。第4题:主旨大意题。题干意思是“下面哪个选项是这篇文章的最佳标题？”。通读文章可知，文章主要讲述气候变化对欧洲小麦产量的影响，故B项“气候变化与小麦产量”符合题意。A项“欧洲提高小麦产量的方法”，这是探索气候变化与小麦产量的一个过程，不能概括全文；C项“气候变化的统计证据”和D项“河流流量模拟实验”都只是部分提及，比较片面。故该题选择B项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从最后一

37、段我们可以了解到什么？”。A项“检测总臭氧或河流流量的趋势是重要的”只是文章中的一个例子，不能够表达原文意思；B项“用统计方法检测气候变化需要几十年的时间”，表达太过绝对，文中只是提到it may need to have happened for decades（这可能需要几十年的时间）；C项“更重要的是制定应对气候变化不利影响的适应措施”，表述不正确，根据文章最后一句话what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an es

38、timate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.（要确定未来气候变化的“危险”水平，或计划适应措施，所需要的是在这些影响发生之前估计其发生可能性的变化）可知，更为重要的是能够预测这些气候变化对小麦产量带来的影响；D项“小麦产量与气候密切相关”符合原文。故该题选择D项正确。3. 单选题Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.问题1选项A.compellingB.rationalC.ridiculousD.a

39、mbiguous【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。absurd表示“荒谬的”；A项compelling“引人注目的，令人信服的”，B项rational“合理的，理性的”，C项ridiculous“可笑的，荒谬的”，D项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的”。句意：没有什么比说人类命中注定更荒谬的了。根据句意可知C项正确。4. 单选题The most important（ ）for assessment in this contest is originality of design.问题1选项A.thresholdB.partitionC.warrantD.criterion【答案】D【

40、解析】考查名词辨析。A项threshold“入口，门槛”，B项partition“划分，分开”，C项warrant“根据，证明”，D项criterion“标准，准则”。根据关键词assessment in this contest（本次大赛评比）可推测，空格部分表示“评定标准”。句意：本次竞赛最重要的考核标准是设计的原创性。因此，该题选择D项正确。5. 单选题Harvard Universitys under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and m

41、ore science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is（1）its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this（2）what many people had said that Harvards curriculum did not provide enough choice and enc

42、ourage premature specialization.“Harvard needs to（3）its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important,” said Kirby.Particularly（4）is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad

43、program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or（5）some exchange programs offered by the university.“（6）studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a u

44、niversity in China.”It was also recommended that Harvard（7）its required “core curriculum”. The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly（8）topic and emphasized

45、 “ways of knowing”.Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of（9）“Harvard College Courses”, emphasizing knowledge over methodology and（10）wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing o

46、n one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.问题1选项A.inspectingB.reviewingC.searchingD.underlying问题2选项A.in accordance withB.in line withC.in charge ofD.in response to问题3选项A.updateB.upholdC.upsetD.upward问题4选项A.trust-worthyB.note-worthyC.praise-worthyD.reward-worthy问题5选项A.turn outB.turn in

47、C.turn toD.turn over问题6选项A.In spite ofB.As ifC.Let aloneD.Rather than问题7选项A.perishB.destroyC.abolishD.denounce问题8选项A.appropriateB.imaginativeC.specialD.specific问题9选项A.opticalB.optionalC.oppositeD.optimistic问题10选项A.sparingB.spiralingC.spanningD.sparkling【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:D第7题:C第8题:D第9题

48、:B第10题:C【解析】第1题:考查动词辨析。A项inspect“检查，视察”，B项review“回顾，复审”，C项search“搜索，搜寻”，D项underlying“放在的下面，为的基础”。根据句子Harvard is（ ）its under-graduate curriculum（哈佛大学它的本科课程）推测，空格部分应该表示“审视”。句意：哈佛大学正在审查其本科课程。故该题选B项正确。第2题:考查词组辨析。A项in accordance with“依照，与一致”，B项in line with“符合，与一致”，C项in charge of“负责，主管”，D项in response to“响

49、应，回答”。上文提到哈佛大学会审查本科课程，根据句子this（ ）what many people had said that Harvards curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.（这许多人说哈佛的课程没有提供足够的选择，并鼓励过早的专业化）可推测，空格部分应该表示“回应”。句意：这是对许多人说哈佛的课程没有提供足够的选择，并鼓励过早的专业化的回应。故该题选D项正确。第3题:考查动词辨析。A项update“更新”，B项uphold“支持，支撑”，C项upset“使心烦，

50、扰乱”，D项upward“向上”。根据句子Harvard needs to（ ）its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important（哈佛需要它的教育，在这个世界上，全球联系、跨学科研究和一般科学越来越重要）可推测，空格部分的意思应该是“更新”。句意：哈佛需要更新它的教育，以适应一个全球联系、跨学科研究和一般科学越来越重要的世界。故该题选A项正确。第4题:考查形容词辨析。A项trust-wort

51、hy“可靠的，可信赖的”，B项note-worthy“值得注意的”，C项praise-worthy“值得称赞的，可嘉的”，D项reward-worthy“值得回报的”。根据句子Particularly（ ）is the idea that students need to spend time overseas（特别的是，学生需要在海外度过一段时间）可知，这是一个倒装的系表结构的句子，空格处需要填入一个形容词来修饰idea，四个选项中B项最符合语境。句意：尤其值得注意的是，学生需要在海外度过一段时间。故该题选B项正确。第5题:考查词组辨析。A项turn out“结果是”，B项turn in“交

52、上，归还”，C项turn to“转向，变成，求助于”，D项turn over“移交给，反复考虑”。根据句子Students can either find the program themselves or（ ）some exchange programs offered by the university.（学生们可以自己找到这个项目，也可以学校提供的一些交换项目）可推断，空格部分表示“求助于一些国际交换项目”。句意：学生们可以自己找到这个项目，也可以求助于学校提供的一些交换项目。故该题选C项正确。第6题:考查词组辨析。A项in spite of“虽然，尽管”，B项As if“好像”，C项l

53、et alone“更不用说”，D项rather than“而不是，不同于”。根据句子（ ）studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China.（必须在校学习中国历史的学生，对这门学科感兴趣的学生应该在中国的一所大学里待上一个学期来学习）可知，只有D项更符合句子的上下文衔接。句意：不同于必须在校学习中国历史的学生，对这门学科感兴趣的学生应该在中国的一所大学里

54、待上一个学期来学习。故该题选D项正确。第7题:考查动词辨析。A项perish“死亡，毁灭”，B项destroy“破坏，消灭”，C项abolish“废除，废止”，D项denounce“谴责，告发”。根据句子It was also recommended that Harvard（ ）its required “core curriculum”（它还建议哈佛其必修的“核心课程”），结合后面的core curriculum（核心课程）可知，C项最符合句意。句意：还有人建议哈佛废除其必修的“核心课程”。故该题选C项正确。第8题:考查形容词辨析。A项appropriate“恰当的”，B项imaginat

55、ive“富于想象的，有创造力的”，C项special“特别的”，D项specific“特定的，明确的”。根据句子Classes often focused on a highly（ ）topic and emphasized “ways of knowing”.（课程经常聚焦于一个高度的话题，并强调“认知的方法”），结合上文的a list of courses（一系列课程）和本句中的topic（主题）可推测，空格部分表示“特定的论题”，只有D项最符合句意。句意：课程通常集中在一个非常具体的主题上，并强调“认知的方法”。故该题选D项正确。第9题:考查形容词辨析。A项optical“光学的，视觉的

56、”，B项optional“可选择的”，C项opposite“相反的，对面的”，D项optimistic“乐观的”。上段提到哈佛大学的核心课程是可以进行选择的，下文提到Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of（ ）“Harvard College Courses”（根据一项新计划，课程将被一系列“哈佛大学课程”取代）；根据关键词be replaced with（为所取代）推测，空格部分的意思是“有选择性的哈佛大学课程”。句意：根据一项新计划，课程将被一系列可选的“哈佛大学课程”取代。故该题选B项正确。第10题

57、:考查动词辨析。A项spare“节约，匀出”，B项spiral“盘旋，成螺旋形”，C项span“跨越，持续”，D项sparkle“闪耀，发光”。根据句子emphasizing knowledge over methodology and（ ）wider territory（强调知识多于方法，更广泛的领域）可知，四个选项中只有C项符合语境。句意：强调知识多于方法，跨越更广泛的领域。故该题选C项正确。6. 翻译题美国人崇尚公平，即平等待人，不偏不倚。他们相信机会均等，法律面前人人平等，也就是说，不管社会地位和经济状况如何，人人都能得到公正。然而，尽管多数美国人声称，他们信奉宽大为怀以及民主的理想，

58、妇女和少数民族的维权行动仍然面临巨大的障碍，虽然在过去的五十年里取得了一些进步。【答案】答：The Americans admire fair, that is, equality and impartiality. They believed in equal opportunity and equality before the law. That means, regardless of social status or economic conditions, everyone shall be fairly treated. Yet despite the ideals of len

59、iency and democracy that most Americans profess to embrace, the women and minorities still face huge obstacles in their activities for protecting their rights. But some progress has been made in the past 50 years.7. 单选题Trees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler tha

60、n it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the worlds trees might actually cool the planet down.The

61、reason for this is that trees affect the worlds temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the suns heat than vegetation which might otherw

62、ise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a l

63、ist of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Balas model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3 temperature rise compared with business as usual because of the

64、higher carbondioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6 of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3 cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the worlds forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth an