2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第15期

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress has been mad

2、e toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence, including that of the leading manufacturers of crystalline silicon, that the technique holds little promise. The reaso

3、n for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystal-line silicon is the active, element in the very successful semiconductor industry, and virtually all of the solid state devices contain silicon transistors and diodes. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial

4、 solar cells.Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single-crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials such as galli

5、um arsenide can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them practical for commercial use. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently , there have b

6、een some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high quality single crystals; but to date efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of

7、disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This dilemma can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they h

8、ave only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystals can be grown as wafers about four inches in diameter, amorphous materials can be grown over large areas in a single process. Whereas crystalline sil

9、icon must be made200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, only 1 micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of $ 100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 5

10、0c per square foot.Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which d

11、etermines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous material

12、s, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous material with efficiencies.1.The author is primarily concerned with （ ）.2.The author mentions recent attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon primarily in order to（ ）.3.Which of the following pairs of terms does the au

13、thor regard as most nearly synonymous?4.The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for（ ）.问题1选项A.advocating increased government funding for research on alternative energy sourcesB.explaining the functioning of solar cellsC.presenting a history of research on energy sourcesD.descr

14、ibing a possible solution to the problem of the cost of photovoltaic cells问题2选项A.minimize the importance of recent improvements in silicon solar cellsB.demonstrate the superiority of amorphous materials over crystalline siliconC.inform the reader that an alternative type of solar cell existsD.contra

15、st crystalline silicon with polycrystalline and ribbon silicon问题3选项A.solar and extraterrestrialB.photovoltaic devices and solar cells.C.crystalline silicon and amorphous materialsD.amorphous materials and higher efficiencies问题4选项A.discontinuing the space programB.increased funding for research on am

16、orphous materialsC.further study of the history of silicon crystalsD.increased reliance on solar energy【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。由“The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress has been made toward the development of low-

17、cost photovoltaic devices. 使用太阳能光伏设备的基本问题是经济问题，但直到最近，在开发低成本光伏设备方面几乎没有取得进展。”以及第三段amorphous materials的优点可知作者关心寻找低成本的可替代能源。可知D项“描述了光伏电池成本问题的一种可能解决方案”相符。2.判断推理题 从“Recently，there have been some imaginative attempts tomake polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high quality singl

18、e crystals; but to date efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells. 但到目前为止，这些成本明显

19、较低的阵列的效率一直小得令人无法接受。此外，这些材料更便宜只是因为晶体半导体中无序的引入，无序降低了晶体太阳能电池的效率。”由此可以推理，这种尝试改进没有多大的价值，可知A项“尽量减少近期硅太阳能电池改进的重要性”正确。B项“说明非晶态材料优于晶态硅材料”； C项“告诉读者，有一种替代类型的太阳能电池存在”D项“对比晶体硅与多晶硅和带状硅”。3.判断推理题。由第一段“The basic problem with the use of solar hotovoltaic devices is economics使用太阳能光电器件的基本问题是经济问题”下文多次用solar cells替代photo

20、voltaic devices可知photovoltaic devices和solar cells是同义词。4.判断推理题。由第三段“This dilemma can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they have only short-range order rather than t

21、he long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. 这种困境可以通过制备完全无序或非晶态的材料来避免。与晶体材料相比，非晶态材料具有无序的原子结构，即它们只具有短期的有序，而没有晶体的长期周期性。非晶态太阳能电池的优点令人印象深刻。”中的amorphous material的优点以及最后一段中“further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous material with effic

22、iencies. 进一步的研究无疑会发现成本更低、效率更高的非晶态材料。”可知amorphous material有望成为太阳能的替代能源，故应该增加对其的投资。B项“增加对非晶材料的研究经费”符合题意。2. 单选题During periods of social and cultural stability, many art academies are so firmly controlled by that all real creative work must be done by （ ）the disenfranchised.问题1选项A.managersB.dogmatistsC.

23、impostersD.specialists【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。disenfranchised被剥夺公民权的； manager “经理；管理人员”；dogmatist “教条主义者； 独断家；独断论者”；imposter “骗子；冒名顶替者”；specialist “专家；专门医师”。句意：在社会和文化稳定时期，很多艺术学院如此牢固地被教条主义者控制，以至于所有真正有创造性的工作都由被剥夺了公民权的人来完成。由all real creative work must be done by the disenfranchised. 可知B项符合题意。3. 翻译题Read the f

24、ollowing short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.情商(Emotional Quotient，EQ)不是智商(Intellectual Quotient, IQ)的对立面，一 些人有幸二者兼具且显丰盛，一些人则每一样都拥有很少。研究者们一直试图理解的是 他们如何互补：比如一个人对付压力的能力如何影响其集中思想和发挥才智的能力。他们大多同意，在成功的要素中智商占有一定的比例，其余则取决于其他的因素，从人的社会地位到运气甚至是人类进化数百万年在其大脑中形成的神经路径。【答案】Emotional Quotien

25、t (EQ) is not the opposite of an IQ. Some people are lucky enough to have both of them in abundance, while others have very little of each. What researchers have been trying to understand is how they complement each other:For example, how a persons ability to cope with stress affects their ability t

26、o concentrate and use their minds. Most agree that intelligence accounts for a certain percentage of success, and the rest depends on other factors, from social status to luck and even the neural pathways that humans have evolved over millions of years in their brains.4. 单选题Bill Clinton projected an

27、 （ ）personality in the 1992 campaign, but that was not his only advantage over Bush and an independent candidate, Ross Perot.问题1选项A.informalB.exaggerativeC.affluentD.effervescent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。informal “非正式的”；exaggerative “夸张的”；affluent “富裕的；流畅的”；effervescent “活跃的”。句意：比尔克林顿（美国前总统）在1992年的竞选中表现出活跃的个

28、性，但这不是他相对于布什和独立候选人罗斯佩罗的唯一优势。只有D项可以形容personality。5. 单选题By creating value, a powerful message, you can get people to come to you, instead of trying to （ ）them with your message and brand.问题1选项A.substantiateB.authenticateC.satiateD.smother【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。substantiate“证实”；authenticate“鉴定”；satiate “充分满足”

29、；smother“使窒息，抑制”。句意：通过创造价值和强有力的信息，你就能让大家来到身边，而不要尝试用自己的信息和品牌让来让他们感到窒息。instead of表转折，而不要尝试通过 可知空格处所填单词应为贬义词，故答案为D。6. 单选题The explosion of a star is an awesome event. The most violent of these cataclysms, which produce supernovae, probably destroys a star completely. Within our galaxy of roughly 100 bil

30、lion stars the last supernova was observed in 1604. Much smaller explosions, however, occur quite frequently, giving rise to what astronomers call novae and dwarf novae. On the order of 25 novae occur in our galaxy every year, but only two or three are near enough to be observed. About 100 dwarf nov

31、ae are known altogether. If the exploding star is in a nearby part of the galaxy, it may create a “new star” that was not previously visible to the naked eye. The last new star of this sort that could be observed clearly from the Northern Hemisphere appeared in 1946. In these smaller explosions the

32、star loses only a minute fraction of its mass and survives to explode again.Astrophysicists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supernovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented more of a puzzle. I shall describe recent investigations that have provided important

33、 new information about these two classes of exploding star. The picture that emerges is quite astonishing. It appears that every dwarf novaand perhaps every novais a member of a pair of stars. The two stars are so close together that they revolve around a point that lies barely outside the surface o

34、f the larger star. As a result the period of rotation is usually only a few hours and their velocities range upward to within a two-hundredth the speed of light.Astronomers use the term “cataclysmic variable” to embrace the three general classes of exploding star: dwarf novae, novae, and supemovae.

35、A cataclysmic variable is defined as a star that suddenly and unpredictably increases in brightness by a factor of at least 10. Dwarf novae are stars that increase in brightness by a factor of 10 too 100 within a period of several hours and decline to their former brightness in two or three days. In

36、 this period they emit some 1038 to 1039 ergs of energy. At maximum brilliance a dwarf nova shines about as intensely as our sun; previously it had been only about a hundredth as bright. The number of outbursts ranges anywhere from 3 to 30 a year, but for any star the intervals have a fairly constan

37、t value. Moreover, the maximum brightness from outburst to outburst is the same within a factor of two for a given star. The dwarf novae are often referred to, after their prototypes, as U Geminorum or SS Cygni stars. (The stars of each constellation are designated by letters or numbers.) A subgroup

38、 of dwarf novae, called Z Camelopardalis stars, do not always descend to minimum brightness between outbursts but may stay at some intermediate level for several months.1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is （ ）.2.The reason why dwarf novae explode is（ ）.3.It is likely th

39、at in the paragraph that follows this passage the author will discuss （ ）.4.It can be seen from the last paragraph of the passage that Z Camelopardalis stars are（ ）.5.Astronomers are acquainted with approximately （ ）.问题1选项A.Cataclysmic VariablesB.Exploding StarsC.Miracles in the SkiesD.Our Expanding

40、 Universe问题2选项A.that they emit tremendous amounts of energyB.a cataclysmic variableC.that they are twin starsD.not known问题3选项A.the characteristics of the explosion of a novaB.supernovaeC.our sun as a dwarf novaD.how the twin stars revolve问题4选项A.supemovaeB.at minimum brilliance for several monthsC.be

41、longing to its subgroup of a dwarf novae familyD.at maximum brilliance for a longer time than other stars问题5选项A.100 dwarf novaeB.35 novaeC.10 novaeD.3 to 30 novae a year【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段“Much smaller explosions, however, occur quite frequently, giving rise to what astron

42、omers call novae and dwarf novae.”指出星体的爆炸及其产生的其他不同的星体矮新星、新星和超新星。文章随后介绍了天体物理学家对这些爆炸星体的观察结果， 并且天体物理学家将这三类爆炸的星体统称为激变形变光星，最后文章对其中的矮新星进行了详细的介绍。所以答案为B。2.细节事实题。定位第二段中 “Astrophysicists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supernovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented

43、more of a puzzle天体物理学家都相当满意，他们可以解释超新星的爆炸。新星和矮新星更像是一个谜。”可知D项正确。3.判断推理题。题干问“在这篇文章之后的段落中作者将会探讨？”定位到最后一段，“Astronomers use the term “cataclysmic variable” to embrace the three general classes of exploding star: dwarf novae, novae, and supernovae. ”天文学家使用“灾变变量”一词来概括爆炸恒星的三大类:矮新星、新星和超新星。”再结合前文中的“Astrophysic

44、ists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supenovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented more of a puzzle天体物理学家对他们能解释超新星的爆炸相当满意。新星和矮新星更像是一个谜。”既然物理学家对超新星的爆炸相当满意，可推知接下来可能会继续探讨有关超新星的问题。4.细节事实题。定位到最后一段中 “A subgroup of dwarf novae, called Z Camelopardalis stars, do n

45、ot always descend to minimum brightness between outbursts but may stay at some intermediate level for several months. 矮新星的子群，称为Z鹿豹座恒星, 其亮度不总是在爆发的间隙下降至最低，但或许在几个月的时间里保持中等水平。可知C项“属于矮新星科的一个亚群”正确。5.细节事实题。由第一段中 “About 100 dwarf novae are known altogether. 已知的矮新星总共有大约100颗”可知A项正确。7. 单选题There are some people

46、 who will use any kind of argument, no matter how illogical, so long as they can （ ）an opponent.问题1选项A.rebuttalB.dispute withC.score offD.scorn with【答案】C【解析】考查词组及名词词义辨析。rebuttal“反驳；反证”；dispute with“与 争论”；score off “驳倒；挫败”；“scorn with轻蔑；嘲笑”。句意：只要能驳倒对手，有些人将会使用任何一种论点，不管该论点是多么不合逻辑的。只有C项符合题意。8. 单选题An inn

47、ovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was （ ）a traveling company.问题1选项A.to form the firstB.the first to formC.who formed the firstD.forming the first【答案】B【解析】考查序数词的用法。句意：作为一个改革者，芭蕾舞女演员Augusta Maywood是第一个成立旅游公司的人。 由句意及序数词的用法可知B项正确。The+序数词+to do sth。9. 单选题Because he is （ ）, we cannot predict what course h

48、e will follow at any moment.问题1选项A.incoherentB.capriciousC.sedateD.deleterious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项incoherent“语无伦次的；不连贯的；不合逻辑的”；B选项capricious“反复无常的；任性的”；C选项sedate“安静的；沉着的”；D选项deleterious“有毒的；有害的”。句意：因为他 ，所以我们无法预测他将在任何时候采取什么行动。“无法预测”与B选项“反复无常”相符合。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题But McConnell Moore has always drawn gre

49、at strength from such cartoonish （ ）, which he collects and then displays on his Senate office wall.问题1选项A.applausesB.vituperationsC.condemnsD.appraisals【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。applause “欢呼；鼓掌欢迎”；vituperation “谩骂；坏话”；condemn “谴责；声讨”；appraisal “评价；估计”。句意：但McConnell Moore总是从此类的卡通谩骂中汲取巨大的力量，他将其收集后展示在他参议院办公室的墙壁

50、上。由关键词but及cartoonish可知空格处应填贬义词，卡通谴责不能搭配，故 B项正确。11. 单选题No one is （ ）about Stephens; he inspires either uncritical adulation or profound antipathy in those who work for him.问题1选项A.neutralB.infuriatedC.anxietyD.consternation【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项neutral“中立的”；B选项infuriated“激怒的；狂怒的”；C选项anxiety“焦虑；挂念”；D选项con

51、sternation“惊恐；惊慌失措”。句意：没有人 斯蒂芬斯;在为他工作的人中间，他要么受到不加批判的奉承，要么引起深深的反感。“奉承”和“反感”可认为是两个极端，因此从情感色彩上来说，没有人对斯蒂芬持有“中立”的态度，A选项正确。12. 单选题Some works of literature hold ones interest in the very last page, but others serves only as a （ ）, to be kept handily at a bedside table.问题1选项A.reminderB.referenceC.decoration

52、D.soporific【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。reminder 提醒者；reference 参考书，参考文献； decoration装饰；soporific 催眠剂。句意：有些文学作品自始至终都十分吸引人，但有些文学作品只起参考书的作用，为了方便查阅而放在床边小茶几上。由but及空格后的内容可知B项符合句意。13. 单选题One of the first （ ）of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry: smoke tends to drive out the insect that, b

53、y pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.问题1选项A.reformersB.casualtiesC.criticsD.beneficiaries【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。reformer改革家，改良者；casualty 伤亡人员； critics评论家；beneficiaries受益人。句意：在亚马逊雨林中减少焚烧的直接受益者之一是栗子工业：通过给栗树授粉，使栗子发育的昆虫往往会被烟雾赶走。根据冒号后的内容可判断空格处应填一个正面的积极词汇，故D项正确。14. 单选题Under certain circumstanc

54、es, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than- nonnal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body increas

55、es by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all o

56、f the gases in the air breathed by a scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alc

57、ohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the blood. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert a si

58、milar narcotic effect.As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses fro

59、m the tissues into the blood, and from the blood into the lungs. If the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the joints.Another complication may result

60、 if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called

61、air embolism. To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.1.The words “exposed to” in line 5 are closest in meaning to （ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the

62、greatest danger to a diver?3.What should a diver do when ascending?问题1选项A.leaving behindB.propelled byC.prepared forD.subjected to问题2选项A.Pressurized helium.B.Nitrogen bubbles.C.Nitrogen diffusion.D.An air embolism.问题3选项A.Rise slowly.B.Relax completely.C.Breathe faster.D.Breathe helium【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第

63、3题:A【解析】1.词义题 A项 “留下”；B项 被 推动；C项“为 做准备”；D项“遭受，承受”。 定位到第一段中的“The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. 人体在海水中所受的压力每增加10米，就增加1个大气压，因此潜水员在30米的海水中所受的压力约为4个大气压。由exerted on施加可推断exposed to为“遭受、暴露于 的环境中”的意思。2.判断推理题。A项“加压氦气”；B项“氮扩散”；C项“氮气泡”；D项“空气栓塞”。定位最后一段中 “This change in volume may cause