2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷46（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees, _ occupations for which technical training is necessary.问题1选项A.so too there areB.so also there areC.so there are tooD.so too are there【答案】D【解析】考查句型和倒装结构。本题考查的是“just asso”句型和倒装结构，“just

2、 asso”的意思为“正好和一样”。so在本句中表达“也，同样”的含义，连接并列句。too如果在句子中提前，则要求后面的主谓形成部分倒装，所以A，C均不成立；so和also语义重复，因此B选项排除。因此D为正确答案。2. 单选题It is difficult to believe the newspaper accounts of this event because of the _ and exaggerations written by the reporters.问题1选项A.distraitB.dissuasionC.distortionD.dissonance【答案】C【解析】考查

3、名词辨析。A项distrait形容词，表示“（因烦恼、忧惧等）心不在焉的”，B项dissuasion表示“劝阻，劝诫”，C项distortion表示“变形，失真，曲解”，D项dissonance表示“不一致，不调和”。空格处和exaggerations（夸大）为并列成分，根据reporters（记者）可知，“曲解”符合语境。句意：由于记者们的歪曲和夸大，报纸对这个事件的报道令人难以相信。因此，该题选择C项正确。3. 单选题He cant maintain enough equilibrium to ride a bike.问题1选项A.courageB.composureC.silenceD.

4、balance【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项courage“勇气，胆量”，B项composure“镇静，沉着”，C项silence“沉默，寂静”，D项balance“平衡，余额”。句意：他骑自行车不能保持足够的平衡。根据句意可知，equilibrium在句中表示“平衡”。因此，该题选择D项。4. 翻译题Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, marke

5、t incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the governments identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from adminis

6、trative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of i

7、mposing taxes, to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by des

8、tructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applicationsfor example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order t

9、o improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of pu

10、blic-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.【答案】参考译文：在尝试引导技术朝对社会有用的方向发展时可以采取四种法律途径：特定的指令、市场激励的更改、犯罪的禁止以及决策结构的改变。特定的指令涉及政府确定控制某一特定技术研究、发展或施行的一个或更多因素。影响这些因素的指令从私营活动的行政法规到一

11、种技术营运的政府所有制可能有变化。市场激励的更改是市场的故意改变，而在该市场中会做出有关技术发展和施行的私营决定。这样的更改可能由征税支付一种特定技术的社会成本、提供补贴支付一种技术的社会福利、创造阻止某些技术发展的起诉权或放宽程序性规则来使损害的修复能够补偿破坏性的技术活动引起的损害。犯罪的禁止可以在冲击基本社会价值的领域更改技术活动或它们可以更改可能源于技术运用的人类行为。例如，为了提高车辆性能而使汽车污染控制装置失效。决策结构的改变包括决定技术发展和施行问题的私营和公共实体的当权者、组成或职责方面所有可能的更改。这样的更改包括增加公共利益成员至公司董事会，依照法规强加职责给政府决策者和延

12、长保修期来回应消费者的行动。5. 单选题Despite the _ of her busy afternoonshomework, carpooling, dinner preparationshe strives to maintain an inner sense of order and calm.问题1选项A.enigmaB.turbulenceC.labyrinthD.precariousness【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项enigma“谜，不可思议的东西”，B项turbulence“骚乱，动荡，混乱”，C项labyrinth“迷宫”，D项precariousness“不安全

13、，不稳定”。由后面的句子she strives to maintain an inner sense of order and calm（她努力保持内心的秩序和平静），结合despite（尽管）可知，“混乱”符合语境。句意：尽管下午很忙：家庭作业，拼车，准备晚餐，但她努力保持内心的秩序和平静。因此，该题选择B项。6. 单选题An electric are is a luminous current of electricity that leaps from one electrode to another.问题1选项A.ludicrousB.magneticC.flickeringD.glo

14、wing【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。Luminous“发光的；发亮的”。A项“不合理的；不能当真的”，B项“磁性的；富有吸引力的”，C项“闪烁的”，D项“热烈赞扬的；热情洋溢的”，因此选C。句意：电流是从一个电极跳到另一个电极的发光电流。7. 单选题If you turn it edgewise youll get the desk through the door.问题1选项A.outwardsB.forwardsC.sidewaysD.inwards【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A项outwards“向外地”，B项forwards“向前，今后”，C项sideways“向侧面地，间接

15、地”，D项inwards“向内地，向中心地”。句意：如果你把它斜着转，你就能把桌子穿过门。根据句意可知，edgewise在句中表示“斜着”，四个选项中与之相近的意思只有C项符合。因此，该题选择C项。8. 单选题The modern poets have gone back to the fanciful poems of the _ poets of the seventeenth century for many of their images.问题1选项A.philosophicalB.transcendentalC.melancholicD.metaphysical【答案】D【解析】考查

16、形容词辨析。A项philosophical表示“哲学的”，B项transcendental表示“先验的，卓越的”，C项melancholic表示“忧郁的，抑郁的”，D项metaphysical表示“形而上学的，玄学派诗歌的”。根据关键词fanciful poems（幻想的诗歌）可知，“玄学派诗歌的”符合语境。句意：现代诗人的许多意象又回到了十七世纪玄学诗人的幻想诗歌中。因此，该题选择D项正确。9. 单选题Many states in America have passed laws that say children cannot be enrolled in schools or day c

17、are unless they have been _ against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps and whopping cough.问题1选项A.diagnosedB.concurredC.immunizedD.infected【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项diagnose表示“诊断，断定”，B项concur表示“同意，一致，互助”，C项immunize表示“赋予免疫性，（尤指通过注射疫苗）使免疫”，D项infect表示“感染，传染”。根据unless（除非）可知，后面的句子表示条件，结合前面的句子children cannot be e

18、nrolled in schools or day care（儿童不能上学或上托儿所）以及后面的tetanus（破伤风）、diphtheria（白喉）等词，可知“使免疫”符合语境。句意：美国许多州都通过了法律，规定儿童不能上学或上托儿所，除非他们已经接种了预防破伤风、白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎和百日咳的疫苗。因此，该题选择C项正确。10. 单选题Do not bear malice toward him; he is really a good man by nature.问题1选项A.malignancyB.hospitalityC.meticulousnessD.mischievousness【答

19、案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项malignancy“恶性（肿瘤等），恶意”，B项hospitality“好客，殷勤”，C项meticulousness“谨小慎微”，D项mischievousness“恶作剧”。句意：你们不可对他怀恶意，他真是一个本性善良的人。根据句意可知，malice在句中表示“恶意”。因此，该题选择A项。11. 单选题Tucker is a _ eater. Every day he polishes off a half-dozen hamburgers, a pound of potato salad, and a giant bowl of chocolate mo

20、usse.问题1选项A.savoryB.palatableC.culinaryD.voracious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项savory“咸味的，好吃的，好闻的”，B项palatable“（食物或饮料）可口的，味美的”，C项culinary“烹饪的，食物的”，D项voracious“饭量大的，贪吃的，狼吞虎咽的”。由后面的句意“吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯”可知，D项符合。句意：塔克食量很大，他每天要吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯。因此，该题选择D项。12. 单选题No one thought the gigantic ship _ sink,

21、for she had sixteen watertight compartments.问题1选项A.would be possible toB.would be able toC.could possiblyD.should【答案】C【解析】考查情态动词。could可以表示惊异、不相信等语气，would表示过去经常性的行为或者动作，should表假设、责任和义务；前面这个句子表达的意思是“没人能想到这艘巨轮会沉没”，这里是一个惊异的语气，所以用情态动词could最符合语境。句意：谁也没有想到这艘巨轮会沉没，因为它有16个密封舱。因此，该题选择C项正确。13. 单选题Shams and del

22、usions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous. If men would steadily observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be deluded, life, to compare it with such things as we know, would be like a fairy tale and the Arabian Nights Entertainments. If were respected only what is

23、inevitable and has a right to be, music and poetry would resound along the streets. When we are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy things have any permanent and absolute existencethat petty fears and petty pleasure are but the shadow of reality. This is always exhilarating an

24、d sublime. By closing the eyes and slumbering, by consenting to be deceived by shows, men establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which still is built on purely illusory foundation. Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, who

25、 fail to live worthily, but who think that they are wiser by experience, that is, by failure. I have read in a Hindoo book, that “there was a kings son, who, being expelled in infancy from his native city, was brought up by a forester, and, growing up to maturity in that state, imagined himself to b

26、elong to the barbarous race with which be lived. One of his fathers ministers having discovered him, revealed to him what he was, and the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince. So soul, from the circumstances in which it is placed, mistakes its own character,

27、 until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher, and then it knows itself to be Brahme.” We think that that is which appears to be. If a man should give us an account of the realities he beheld, we should not recognize the place in his description. Look at a meeting-house, or a court-house,

28、or a jail, or a shop. Or a dwelling-house, and say what that thing really is before a true gaze, and they would all go to pieces in your account of them. Men esteem truth remote, in the outskirts of the system, behind the farthest star, before Adam and after the last man. In eternity there is indeed

29、 something true and sublime. But all these times and places and occasions are now and here. God himself culminates in the present moment, and will never be more divine in the lapse of all ages. And we are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual instilling and dren

30、ching of the reality that surrounds us. The universe constantly and obediently answers to our conceptions; whether we travel fast or slow, the track is laid for us. Let us spend our lives in conceiving then. The poet or the artist never yet had as fair and noble a design but some of his posterity at

31、 least could accomplish it.39. The writers attitude toward the arts is one of _.40. The author believes that a child _.41. The author is primarily concerned with urging the reader to _.42. The passage is primarily concerned with problem of _.问题1选项A.admirationB.indifferenceC.suspicionD.repulsion问题2选项

32、A.should practice what the Hindoos preach.B.frequently faces vital problems better than grownups do.C.hardly ever knows his true origin.D.is incapable of appreciating the arts.问题3选项A.look to the future for enlightenment.B.appraise the present for its true value.C.honor the wisdom of the past ages.D.

33、spend more time in leisure activities.问题4选项A.history and economics.B.society and population.C.biology and physics.D.theology and philosophy.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D【解析】39.【试题答案】A【试题解析】作者态度题。题干意思是“作者对艺术的态度是”。文章第三句提到If were respected only what is inevitable and has a right to be, music and poetry woul

34、d resound along the streets.（如果我们只尊重必然的东西，尊重有权威为必然的东西，那么音乐和诗歌会重新在街上唱诵）以及最后一句说到The poet or the artist never yet had as fair and noble a design but some of his posterity at least could accomplish it.（虽然诗人或艺术家从来没有如此美好和崇高的设想，但至少他的一些后代会达到这一步的），从这两个句子我们可以知道作者把艺术看作是崇高和美好，而不是被蒙蔽的东西，所以A项“钦佩，赞赏”符合。B项“漠不关心”、C项

35、“怀疑”和D项“反感，厌恶”都不准确。因此，该题选择A项正确。40.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者相信一个孩子”。第七句提到Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, who fail to live worthily（孩子们游戏生活，却比那些难以很好生活的成人们更能清楚的分辨出显示生活的真正规律和联系），由此可知，对于生活中的困难和问题，作者相信孩子们能够比成年人更好地去面对，故B项“常常比成年人更好地面对各种问题”符合题意。C项“几乎不知道他的真

36、实出身”，这是讲的王子的事情，不是一般的孩子。A项“应该实践印度布道所宣扬的东西”和D项“难以欣赏艺术”在文中没有描述。因此，该题选择B项正确。41.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者主要关心的是敦促读者”。文章提到In eternity there is indeed something true and sublime. But all these times and places and occasions are now and here. God himself culminates in the present moment, and will never be

37、 more divine in the lapse of all ages. And we are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual instilling and drenching of the reality that surrounds us.（永恒中，确实有真实和崇高的东西存在。但是所有这一切时间，地点，机遇都是在此时此地。上帝本身在现时达到了顶峰。在今后流逝的岁月中，它绝不会更加神圣崇高。我们只有长期不断地灌输和浸润在周围现实之中，才能理解什么是崇高和神圣的东西。），

38、由此可知，真实和崇高的东西都是存在于现在的，在今后的岁月中，绝对不会变得更加神圣和崇高，所以可推知，作者强调的是人们应该珍惜现在，所以B项“珍视目前的真正价值”符合题意。A项“展望未来，寻求启迪”与原文不符。C项“尊重过去的智慧”和D项“花更多的时间在休闲活动上”没提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。42.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章主要是关于的问题”。通读全文可知，文章整篇都在就真理和现实来展开论述，传递的内容是哲学推理论说，所以D项“神学和哲学”符合题意。A项“历史和经济学”、B项“社会和人口”和C项“生物学和物理学”都在文中找不到相关的信息。因此，该题选择D项正确

39、。14. 单选题The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious, self-reflective, and independent testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in childrens books.问题1选项A.inspiration forB.evidence ofC.requirement forD.development of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A

40、项inspiration for“对的启示，对的灵感”，B项evidence of“的证据”，C项requirement for“需要”，D项development of“的发展”。句意：这部小说中的儿童角色严肃、认真、自我反思，是早期美国道德传统影响儿童书籍的证明。testimony to在句中表示“的证明”。因此，该题选择B项。15. 单选题In the _ areas of the railroad terminal, thousands of travelers lingered while waiting for their train.问题1选项A.circuitousB.bale

41、fulC.auxiliaryD.capacious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项circuitous表示“迂曲的，绕行的”，B项baleful表示“恶意的，有害的”，C项auxiliary表示“辅助的，副的，附加的”，D项capacious表示“宽敞的，广阔的”。根据railroad terminal（铁路终点站）和thousands of travelers（成千上万的旅客）可知，_ areas表示“宽敞的地方”。句意：在铁路终点站广阔的区域里，成千上万的旅客逗留在那等待火车。因此，该题选择D项正确。16. 单选题As more and more people pay their b

42、ills electronically on-line, writing out checks every month is slowly becoming a(n) _ practice.问题1选项A.obsoleteB.contemporaryC.novelD.antique【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项obsolete“废弃的，过时的”，B项contemporary“发生（属）于同时期的，当代的”，C项novel“新奇的，异常的”，D项antique“古老的，年代久远的”。由pay their bills electronically on-line（网上支付账单）和writin

43、g out checks（开具支票）对应可知，_ practice表示“过时的做法”。句意：随着越来越多的人在线支付他们的账单，每月开具支票慢慢地成为一种过时的做法。因此，该题选择A项。17. 单选题Its a brand new worlda world built around brands. Hard charging, noise making, culture shaping brands are everywhere. Theyre on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for dotcom st

44、artups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating peoples everyday livesby sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station wall, even in elementary school classrooms.We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger Ki

45、ng and McDonalds open kiosks in elementary-school lunchrooms, in which schools like Stanford University are endowed with a Yahoo! Founders Chair. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutinyand an inevitable

46、 backlash by consumers.“Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketingand that has real implications for citizenship, says author and activist Naomi Klein. “Its important for any healthy culture to have public spacea place where people are treated as citizens instead

47、of as consumers. Weve completely lost that space.”Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideasStarbucks isnt sling coffee; its selling community!those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.To pay for thos

48、e campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewherefor example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide (any benefits, such as healt

49、h insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporaryeven though these jobs are usually held by adults wh

50、o are trying to support families.The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of th

51、e needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.46. What does the passage intend to tell us?47. Which of the following does the author state as a factor in the increasing presence of brands in peoples lives?48. The text suggests that mos

52、t contract laborers in the U.S. _.49. We may infer from the last paragraph that _.问题1选项A.The problems with current corporate practices.B.The nature of current marketing campaigns and strategies.C.The importance of brands in American culture.D.The excessive presence of brands and marketing in peoples

53、 lives.问题2选项A.The aggressive nature of corporate marketing.B.The willingness of schools and museums to cooperate with private companies.C.The lack of government regulations of marketing methods.D.The marketing campaigns take up public spaces.问题3选项A.pretend to be temporary workersB.may have trouble s

54、upporting their families financiallyC.have work conditions comparable to those of low-wage workers overseasD.are likely to receive health benefits from their employers问题4选项A.inadequate federal funding facilitated the privatization of schools and museumsB.government reduced spending for schools and m

55、useums for their cooperation with companiesC.public institutions were too quick to accept corporate marketing as a source of fundingD.by the 1980s, very few public institutions were not being funded by corporations【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C【解析】46.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章想要告诉我们什么？”。文章在第一段就提到Its a

56、brand new worlda world built around brands. Hard charging, noise making, culture shaping brands are everywhere.（这是一个全新的围绕品牌建立的世界。强势收费、制造噪音、塑造文化的品牌无处不在。），接下来几个段落，作者通过举例指出品牌和营销在人民生活中的不断渗入，包括衣服、电视节目、公共空间和教室等，并且品牌和营销使得公司费用增加，从而迫使公司降低员工的成本；综合推断可知，这篇文章主要讲的是品牌和营销在人们生活的方方面面中过度渗透，D项“品牌和营销在人们生活中的过度存在”正确；A项“公司

57、现行做法存在的问题”和B项“当前营销活动和策略的性质”都只是文章的部分内容；C项“品牌在美国文化中的重要性”没有提到。因此，该题选择D项正确。47.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为下列哪项是品牌在人们生活中日益增多的一个因素？”。第二段最后一句提到But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutinyand an inevitable backlash

58、 by consumers.（但是，随着品牌渗透到我们生活的方方面面，然后是过度渗透，它们背后的公司引来了更多的问题和更深入的审视，以及消费者不可避免的强烈反应。），以及文章最后一句But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.（但企业利用了这些机构的需求，影响太远，用营销计划压倒了公民空间。）综合推断，品牌在人们生活中日益增加的一个原因是品牌营销侵略性

59、太强，故A项“企业营销的侵略性”正确；由文章最后一段第一句The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums.（20世纪80年代，市场营销活动的大规模扩张与政府对学校和博物馆的开支削减相吻合。）可知，B项“学校和博物馆与私营公司合作的意愿”只是市场营销活动的大规模扩张与政府开支削减吻合的结果，并不符合题干；C项“市场营销方式缺乏政府监管”没有提到；D项“营销活动占用了公共空

60、间”属于营销侵略性的特点。因此，该题选择A项正确。48.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章暗示美国大多数合同工”。根据第五段最后一句In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporaryeven though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families.（在美国，合同劳工催生

61、了所谓的“麦当劳工作”，雇主和工人都假装这些工作是临时的，尽管做这些工作通常是设法养家糊口的人。）可推知，文章暗含的意思就是这些美国合同工养家糊口可能是有困难的，B项“养家糊口可能有困难”正确；A项“假装是临时工”在文章中明确提及了，并不是暗含的意思；C项“工作条件与海外的低薪工人相当”没提到；由第五段中的Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide (any benefits, such as health insura

62、nce) or long-term job security.（合同工是临时雇佣的，按任务分配，雇主没有义务提供任何福利，如医疗保险或长期的工作保障）可知，D项“有可能从他们的雇主那里得到健康福利”错误。因此，该题选择B项正确。49.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“我们从最后一段可以推断出”。根据最后一段前两句的内容The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for mu

63、seums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies.（20世纪80年代，市场营销活动的大规模扩张与政府对学校和博物馆的开支削减相吻合。这使得这些机构非常愿意、甚至迫切地与私营企业合作。）可以推断，学校、博物馆等这些公共机构急于通过企业营销来削减开支，即作为一种资金的来源，故C项“公共机构太急于接受企业营销作为一种资金来源”符合题意；最后一段没有提到联邦资金，A项“联邦资金不足导致学校和博物馆私有化”不正确；B项“政府减少了学校和博物馆与公司合作的开支”错误，并不是政府减少了开支，而是市