英语专业英国文学史及选读12册复习要点

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1、wordPart 1 The AngloSaxon Period449-1066秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1. Historical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C.AngloSaxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D.Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)条顿人or日耳曼人陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学 2 christian基督徒文学 alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武

2、甫Denmark背景the hall heorot鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下局部由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，englands national epic民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期

3、1. Historical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.the battle of hastings希斯廷战役KingsBarons男爵Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团 was formed2. The languageUpper classes: Frenc

4、h, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people. 3.The literatureRo

5、mance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures. Subject matter:Geoffreys History杰弗里史记，ri

6、ming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3) Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table 3. main literaturearthur，gawain,green kni

7、ght, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (13401. Historical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain.In 1350 AD, 100 Years War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it al

8、l. He is father of English poetryWar of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2. Whats middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system. 2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology思想体系3. Life and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between

9、 (1340-1400). His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family. Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣. He married the sister of Gaunts wife. He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture. E. G. Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Bocca

10、ccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著十日谈,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为根底的格律诗先河。首创heroic couplet英雄双行体。His career can be divided into several periods1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.

11、English The Canterbury tales4. The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucers originality. He retells the stories in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from

12、Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to bee someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. -Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too muchChaucer has different attitude to different c

13、haracters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1) it gives a prehensive广泛的 picture of Chaucers time2) the dramatic structure3) Chaucers humor4) Chaucers contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman C

14、onquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5. Pop

15、ular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative表示 poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的 incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets相连并押韵的两行诗two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗_ ababcdc

16、dCharacteristics:1) The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale2) There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals with a single episode插曲3) the story is often told through dialogue and action4) the theme is often tragic悲剧的5) The ballad meter

17、is used. It contains four-line stanza节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到英诗辑古Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔Get Up and Bar the Door.起来去关门Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯宾塞爵士Part IV The Renaissance文艺复兴时期1. Historical Background1) The reign of Queen El

18、izabeth (1558_1603) England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity2) The defeat of the Spanish Armada舰队 by the English navy in 1588. After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海军的power.3) Humanism人文主义Renaissance: it is a French word that means “rebirth复活 in English. In the 15th and 1

19、6thHumanism: The welfare幸福 of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being. 4主要作者介绍Thomas More :Utopia托马斯。莫尔：乌托邦Thomas Wyatt:怀亚特：把sonnet十四行诗引入英国第一人Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯宾塞：仙后John Lyly: Eupheus约翰。黎里：艳词，首创euphuism绚丽体Christophe

20、r Marlowe:克里斯托弗。马洛：把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流2. The writersWilliam Shakespeare (15641616)1) His life and work 1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlains国王侍从 pany, became very famous.He became a shareholder股东 in the Globe and bought a bi

21、g house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnetsThe importance of his writing( more can be added)1) Shakespeare represented the tread脚步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace)

22、2) Shakespeares humanism. His plays reflected the spirit of his age.3He was a great poet4） He was a master of the English language.5） His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI6） Hmalet,哈姆雷特Othello,奥赛罗King Lear,李尔王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白 are regarded as Shakespeares four g

23、reat tragedies.Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情主要人物：Claudius克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得：王子的母亲，Polonius波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的官员，Ophelia奥菲利亚：官员的女儿，Laertes雷欧提斯：官员的儿子The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人主要人物：Bassanio巴萨尼奥，Antonio安东尼奥，Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy Jew犹太人，Portia鲍西亚：Bassanios girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylocks daughter, Lorenz

24、o罗兰佐：Bassanios friend and Jessicas boyfriend,Nerissa尼莉莎：Portias waiting-woman侍女，Gratiano:葛莱某某诺：Bassanios another friend and Nerissas boyfriend 地点：Belmont贝尔蒙特Sonnet 18:The first eight lines: shall I pare thee to a summers day?thou art more lovely and more temperat.-The English summer: warm, not hot,

25、gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine-Proposing a parison：Even better to a summers day-Rough windsnature ，The duration持续 of summer: ends very soon ，Hot_ the sunSummer is beautiful, but it will change into winter，ButchangeThis poem is similar the Spencer斯宾塞s sonnetsSpencer is using tide潮水_ti

26、me，Shakespeare is using summertimeSonnet 29:The first eight lines: “when ,in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes, I all alone. unlucky, unfortunate despised by other peopleDescribes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad.Line 9-12：The authorthe lark云雀His great happinessthe memory of his

27、 friend brings his happiness-Magical effectFrancis Bacon：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家1. his life：Pope蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind，Bacons work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. The final edition of essays contains 58 essays.

28、2. writing(Of Truth,谈真理Of Studies谈读书)Part V The 17th1. Historical Background1) English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development. James I (Stuart斯图亚特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizab

29、eth reign, has e into surface. James I imposed担负的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product_monopoly垄断, but people believed in free tradeKing VS. The Parliament (has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)2) the persecution迫害者 of

30、the PuritansCharles I was beheaded砍头. After the civil War, the parliament was in powerCrowell克罗韦尔 became the Lord君主 Protector (1653) Charles II, and restoration, James IIWilliam Orange singed “ The Bill of Rights which greatly restricted约束 the power of the English King. The civil war has transformed

31、 the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak2，literature这一时期的四约翰John Milton弥尔顿，John Bunyan班扬，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德莱顿成为文坛杰出人物，metaphysical poet玄学派 and French drama的影响成

32、为两个重要的文学概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论of Dryden. Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us t

33、he only epic史诗 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言.2. Writers John Donne:玄学派代表人物John Milton：Paradise Lost失乐园：consists of 12 booksits based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亚当 and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plotThe character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either

34、as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction消灭 by the flaw缺点 of slef-love.1. his good mastery熟练 of LatinHis writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin2. revolutionary enthusiasmHis attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedomHis l

35、anguage-Long, plex sentence structures-Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神话-Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end. Some are inverted John Bunyan The book: The pilgrims Progress天路历程，its written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的旧体形式，大量运用了中世纪时的比

36、喻和梦的形式。In the Pilgrims Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction消灭城. The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒. Christ基督-Vanity虚荣心 Fair-HeavenS

37、tyle: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣经的“ The Vanity虚荣心 Fair, an Excerpt摘录 from Part 1 The Pilgrims ProgressPart VI The 18th CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in England英国启蒙运动时期1. Historical BackgroundIn 1688, the constitutional宪法的 monarchy君主制. The monarch was deprived剥夺 of its ruling power and in h

38、is place Parliament议会 became the actual leader of the country. England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派辉格党, the conservative Tory保守派托利党， on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bri

39、ng the Stuarts back to the throne.托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派，妄图恢复斯图亚特王朝All the struggles, violence has e to an end with the coning of the weak kings. People desire peace and stabilityAny extreme actions are regarded as irrational.无理性The puritans revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive过度的 z

40、eal热情 and subversion颠覆, irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒谬. People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.Moderation温和, tolerance宽容, restraint约束, rule规如此, order次序, these qualities are the most important. With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone经历 remarkable changes. Som

41、e special features:1) political writings2) newspapers and journals杂志3) coffeehouse4) the new morality道德5) science and technologyNewton牛顿s scientific discoverymen were living in a mechanistic机械地 world which ran as precisely准确地 as a clock.6) the French influence18世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文prose而不是诗歌的时代。文学主流是现实主义，

42、小说是主要的文学样式Authors 1. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔。笛福作者介绍：He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.开创了现代派小说的先河。Work：Hymn to the Pillory立伽颂: a set of doggerel verses打油诗The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此书根据Alexan

43、der Selkirk经历改编.2. Jonathan swift乔纳森。斯威夫特1） life: He was born in Dublin都柏林爱尔兰首都，He was the most remarkable satirist讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容，he supports the conservative Tory2） works:the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on

44、 religion.Gullivers Travels格列弗游记：包括4局部1，Lilliputians厘厘普特人：矮人, 2， tBrobdingnagians伯罗白丁拉格人：giants, 3， the flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飞岛：on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4，Houyhnhnms胡己姆：horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue m

45、uch superior to that of men.比人聪明，也比人品格高尚。And 雅虎：repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.长相像人，行为丑陋A modest proposal一个小小的建议：is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swifts great sympa

46、thy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主3Joseph Addison约瑟夫。爱迪生 Life: he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作为The Tatler闲谈者得主要撰稿人和the Spactator旁观者得合办者，他把期刊散文艺术开展到极致。这两本杂志brought literature down to everyday life and kept it

47、 clean and wholesome健康。These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers. Sir Roger是他塑造的经典形象。4) Henry Fielding亨利。菲尔丁：英国十八世纪最伟大的小说家。主要作品：Jonathan Wild乔纳森。威尔德，the history of tom jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆。琼斯的故事, amelia阿米莉亚5Thoma

48、s Gray托马斯。格雷：浪漫主义运动的先驱。主要作品：Elegy written in a country churchyard墓园挽歌：表达了对农民贫苦遭遇的同情，歌颂了他们的质朴品质。前几句是：the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea.6)Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗。歌尔德斯密斯：he was born in Ireland. As an essayist散文家，he is among the best in the century. As a poe

49、t, he makes the riming couplets英雄双行体 as natural and simple as his prose.主要作品：novel：the vicar of wakefield维克菲德尔的牧师，edy:She stoops to Conquer委曲求全，essay:the critizen of the world世界公民，poems:The traveler旅行者 and 7Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。谢里丹：主要作品：讽刺喜剧：the rivals对手，the school for scandal造谣学校：(pres

50、ents a brilliant portrayal描绘 of englands high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners of that age.主要人物：Charles查尔斯，Joseph约瑟夫：charlesbrother, sir oliver surface奥利弗。萨费恩：their wealthy uncle)8)William Blake ( 17571827)1) LifeHe lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not consid

51、ered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的 experience: Classicism典X: reason, order, law, art techniquesHe believed the power of imagination. With it

52、a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯the romantic revival复活to break away with the convention习俗，协议2) His workSongs of Innocence天真之歌delightSongs of Experience经验之歌confusion困惑They show two contrary states of human soulsLondon:I wander thro each charterd street, near where the .It is taken from The Son

53、gs of ExperienceBackground: industrial revolution, the fog cityThe scene was in London, in Blakes time. The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night.It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blakes best known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzleme

54、nt. What imagination inspires the creator1. The image of the maker is plete. the process of creating tiger. Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questionsare not able to be answeredThe Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring weep, weep in notes of woe!T

55、he short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my hearts in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生，我爱，a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期A new movement appear

56、ed in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor. Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798. Coleridges chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏1. Historical BackgroundFrench Revolution，American Revolution，The Industrial R

57、evolution2. Intellectual BackgroundRousseau卢梭 (17121778) the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of romanticism. English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life. Individual is the center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individua

58、l, the intense强烈的 subjectivity主观性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature. Interest in supernatural; take an interest in the pastancient civilization represented by Greece and Rome.1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the th

59、rone, the start of Victorian Age.The older generation: Wordsworth, ColeridgeThe younger generation: Byron拜伦, Shirley雪莱, and Keats济慈Characteristic features of the romantic movement( more can be added)(1) Subjectivism主观主义: imagination.(2) Spontaneity自发性: A work of art must be original. The role of ins

60、tinct本能, intuition直觉, and the feeling of “ the heart is stressed.(3) Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壮丽的, the picturesque生动的, and the illogical.(4) Worship of nature: (5) Simplicity: Romantic poe

61、ts take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic乡村的 people. A reviva复活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing sympathy for the suffering of the people.(6) There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.(7) The use of free verse formThe

62、characteristics of Gothic novels( search from the Google)AuthorsWilliam Wordsworth (17701850)威廉。华兹华斯1. his lifeHis love for nature is boundless. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him

63、 the embodiment表现 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit. He believes the God and universe are identical同一的2,his work:大局部主题是关于nature and country life.主要有：lines posed a few miles above tintern abbey丁登寺，the prelude序曲，the excursion漫游，miscellaneous十四行诗课文节选：Tintern Abbey丁登寺It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成

64、年人Selected挑选出的 reading:She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边：悼亡露西I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤独旅行I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云：its about the beauty of nature.there is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poets philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。Soonet posed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺桥上 Soonet :London 1802George Gordon Byr