2022年考博英语-西北大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第84期

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1、2022年考博英语-西北大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In early 19th century America, care for the mentally ill was almost non-existent: the afflicted were usually relegated to prisons, almshouses, or inadequate supervision by families. Treatment, if provided, paralleled other medical treatments of the time, includin

2、g bloodletting and purgatives. However, in a wave of concern for the oppressed, some took action. Among these, Dorothea Dix was the leading crusader for the establishment of state-supported mental asylums. Through her efforts, the first state hospitals for the insane were built in New Jersey and Pen

3、nsylvania. She and other reformers sought humane, individualized care, with the rich and the poor housed together to insure high standards for all. The movement was generated by social reform, but throughout the century, mental illness was probed and analyzed, and “cures” prescribed by both the scie

4、ntific and lay communities. “Moral treatment” was the predominating philosophy to cure the insane.This system was developed in late 18th century Europe, and by Benjamin Rush in the United States. It challenged the demonic explanations for insanity and emphasized the role of environment in determinin

5、g character: improper external conditions could induce derangement. The “moral treatment” system was optimistic that an appropriate environment could facilitate cure, especially for those with acute (not chronic) afflictions. Essential to this theory was a physiological basis/for mental disorder: in

6、sanity was caused by brain damage. The brains surface was soft and malleable and physically altered by outward influence. This idea was closely related to phrenology, which assigned specific faculties to sections of the brain.The notion that mental illness resulted from physical impairment was rarel

7、y challenged, but the nature and treatment of ailments were continually debated. To find physical evidence for mental deficiencies, autopsies performed on mental patients to discover lesions or other abnormalities. Although progress was made in the diagnosis of somatic diseases like tumors syphiliti

8、c derangement, these efforts were frustrating and subjective. Also controversial was the fate of the chronically versus acutely ill: the differences between them, whether they should be housed together, and whether the chronically ill should be treated at all.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.Acc

9、ording to paragraph 1, the movement to establish state-supported mental asylums was motivated by concern for （ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used in “moral treatment” were（ ）.4.According to the passage, phrenology was（ ）.5.Autopsies were performed on mental patients（ ）.问题1

10、选项A.Care of the mentally illB.The influence of “moral treatment”C.The influence of Dorothea Dix and Benjamin RushD.Social and medical reform问题2选项A.inadequate care by familiesB.social reformC.the effects of medical treatmentD.those who were not mentally ill问题3选项A.controversialB.acceptedC.provenD.dang

11、erous问题4选项A.never very popularB.a theory about determining a persons characterC.a cause of mental illnessD.a theory about a persons brain问题5选项A.to find evidence for moral treatment theoryB.for diagnosis of mental illnessC.as part of treatmentD.on acute rather than chronic patients【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A

12、第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文第一段首先指出早期的美国对精神病人的照顾是不存在的，接下来的段落则是探讨精神疾病的治疗方法。由此可知，本文主要讲述的是对精神疾病的关注，所以选项A正确。2.细节事实题。根据原文第一段倒数第二句“The movement was generated by social reform.”这场运动是由社会改革引发的所以选项B正确。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“The notion that mental illness resulted from physical impairment was rarely challenged, but the

13、 nature and treatment of ailments were continually debated.”精神疾病是由身体损伤引起的这一概念很少受到挑战，但对疾病的性质和治疗一直存在争议。所以选项A正确。4.推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“This idea was closely related to phrenology, which assigned specific faculties to sections of the brain.”这一想法与颅相学密切相关，颅相学将大脑分为各个不同的机制。由此可知，颅相学是关于人类大脑的理论。选项D符合原文。5.细节事实题。根据最后

14、一段第二句“To find physical evidence for mental deficiencies, autopsies performed on mental patients to discover lesions or other abnormalities.”为了寻找精神缺陷身体上的证据，对精神病人进行尸检以发现病变或其他异常。由此可知，对精神病人验尸是为精神治疗理论寻找证据。选项A符合原文。2. 单选题His father read the newspaper at the kitchen table, all the while delivering （ ）on the

15、 politics of the day for the benefit of anyone within earshot.问题1选项A.complementsB.remarksC.speechD.animadversions【答案】D【解析】complement 补语，补足物；remark言辞；speech演讲，讲话；animadversion 批评，评语。句意：他的父亲坐在餐桌旁看报纸，一直批判当今政治只对极少数人有利。选项D更符合语境。3. 单选题He was filled with apprehension about the future.问题1选项A.fearB.hesitatio

16、nC.excitementD.eagerness【答案】A【解析】根据句意可知，apprehension意为恐惧。fear 害怕，恐惧；hesitation犹豫；excitement刺激，兴奋；eagerness渴望，热心。选项A与之意思相近。4. 单选题An abstract is（ ） form of an academic article. Many journals publish abstracts so readers can decide if it is worthwhile to read the full version of the article.问题1选项A.conc

17、iseB.comprehensiveC.concreteD.conceptual【答案】A【解析】concise简明的，简洁的；comprehensive综合的，广泛的；concrete具体的，有形的；conceptual概念上的。句意：摘要是学术文章的简洁形式。许多学术期刊会刊登摘要，以便读者决定是否值得阅读全文。选项A符合句意。5. 单选题In the face of an uncooperative Congress, the Chief Executive may find himself （ ）to accomplish the political program to which

18、he is committed.问题1选项A.neutralB.impotentC.impudentD.pious【答案】B【解析】neutral 中立的；impotent无力的，无效的；impudent鲁莽的，无礼的；pious虔诚的，尽责的。句意：面对不合作的国会，行政长官可能会发现自己无力完成他所承诺的政治计划。选项B符合句意。6. 单选题Lisas friends have varying capacities to cope with the affliction.问题1选项A.situationB.misfortuneC.changeD.affection【答案】B【解析】affl

19、iction意为苦难，折磨。situation 情况，形势，处境；misfortune 不幸，灾祸，灾难；change 变化，找零；affection 喜爱，感情，影响。选项B与之意思相近。7. 单选题We are not sure that he will be able to （ ）the shock of going bankrupt.问题1选项A.get overB.put throughC.take upD.depend upon【答案】A【解析】get over 克服，恢复，熬过；put through 接通，完成，使经受；take up拿起，开始从事；depend upon依赖，

20、取决于。句意：我们不确定他能否从破产的打击中恢复过来。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题You must be （ ）when buying a used car; be sure the engine is in good condition.问题1选项A.wearyB.zealousC.waryD.wily【答案】C【解析】weary 疲倦的，厌烦的；zealous 热心的，积极的；wary 谨慎的，考虑周到的；wily狡猾的，诡计多端的。句意：当你买二手车时一定要小心谨慎，确保发动机处于良好状态。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题A series of rifle shots disturbed t

21、he （ ）of the camp grounds.问题1选项A.solidarityB.tranquilityC.equanimityD.propinquity【答案】B【解析】solidarity 团结；tranquility 宁静，平静；equanimity镇定；propinquity接近，邻近。句意：一连串的步枪射击打破了营地的宁静。选项B符合语境。10. 单选题He got after you to change your mind, didnt he?问题1选项A.wantedB.urgedC.persuadedD.forced【答案】B【解析】get after攻击，追击，催促。

22、只有选项B有催促的意思，所以正确。11. 翻译题Learning disabilities are very common. They affect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.Since about 1970, new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better. （1）Scientists now know there are man

23、y different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by different things. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.（2） You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. There is n

24、o outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.In one study, researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person, who had died in an accident. （3）They found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the bra

25、in, which control language. These cells are normally white. In the learning-disabled person, however, these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.The study was carried out under t

26、he guidance of Norman Geschwind, an early expert on learning disabilities. （4）Dr. Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally. Probably, he said, nerve cells there did not con

27、nect as they should. So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were not crossed.（5）Other researchers did not examine brain tissue. Instead, they measured the brains electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals. Frank Duffy experimented with this technique at Child

28、rens Hospital Medical Center in Boston. Dr Duffy found large difference in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems. The differences appeared throughout the brain. He said his research is evidence that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain, not

29、just the left side.【答案】（1）现在科学家们知道学习障碍有很多不同的种类，且还知道它们是由不同的事物引起的。（2）你不能仅凭看一眼孩子就能判断他或她是否有学习障碍。这种机能失调没有外在的标志。因此，一些研究人员开始观察大脑本身来了解什么地方可能出了问题。（3）他们发现了两种不同寻常的情况。一个与控制语言的大脑左半部的细胞有关。这些细胞在正常情况下是白色的。然而，有学习障碍的人这些细胞却是灰色的。（4）Geschwind博士提出学习障碍主要是由大脑左半部分出现的问题引起的。他认为大脑的这一部分未能正常地发育。（5）其他研究人员没有检查脑组织。作为替代，他们测量了大脑的电活动，

30、并就这些电信号绘制了一张图。12. 单选题In describing the grandeur and sublimity of this country, the Haitian (海地人)may well enough to adopt the poetic description of their own proud country.问题1选项A.serenityB.splendorC.elegantD.sight【答案】B【解析】句意：在描述这个国家的伟大和庄严时，海地人很乐意接受对他们引以为豪的祖国这样诗意的描述。sublimity意为“庄严，崇高”。serenity 平静，宁静；s

31、plendor 壮丽，显赫 ；elegant优美的，讲究的；sight 视力，见解。选项B与之意思相近。13. 单选题The power （ ）in the office of President must not be abused.问题1选项A.inheritB.inherentC.instinctiveD.inhibitory【答案】B【解析】inherit 继承，遗传而得；inherent 固有的，内在的，与生俱来的；instinctive 本能的，直觉的，天生的；inhibitory 禁止的，抑制的。句意：总统办事处的固有职权不能滥用。选项B符合句意。14. 单选题He thinks

32、 about nothing but play billiard. Hes completely addicted to it.问题1选项A.ascribed toB.hooked up toC.indulged inD.tended to【答案】C【解析】句意：他只想着打台球，完全沉迷其中。addicted to意为“沉迷于”。ascribed to 归因于；hooked up to连接到；indulged in 沉溺于；tended to倾向于。选项C与之意思最为相近。15. 单选题Plays are an important form of entertainment in most c

33、ountries. Two kinds of drama unique to Japan are Noh and Kabuki. Music is used in both types of drama. Originally, men performed both mens and womens parts in Noh and Kabuki plays. But the similarities end there.Kabuki costumes are fancy, bright, and heavy. Real gold is used on them. On the other ha

34、nd, Noh costumes are quite simple. Kabuki stages are huge. The stage sets are elaborate. Noh stages are only 18 feet (5.4 meters) square. The only scenery used is background wall with a tree painted on it. A scene changes when the Noh actors change their places. The audience must use a lot of imagin

35、ations.Noh plays started in the fourteenth century to entertain the upper class. The form of the play has not changed much since that time. All parts of a Noh play must follow a certain set of rules. To a person unfamiliar with Noh drama, a Noh actor may look as if he is sleepwalking. The action of

36、the play is slow. Every movement is controlled. Certain actions stand for certain things. For example, a few steps forward mean the end of a journey. An important part of a Noh play is the chorus that chants much of the story.Kabuki plays were developed in the seventeenth century for the common peop

37、le. Theatre was the main amusement of the merchants of that time. Kabuki plays give a clear picture of those merchants tastes and ideas. The colorful costumes reflect their gay moods. The heroes are often warriors who perform daring feats. The players wear thick makeup. They exaggerate their movemen

38、ts and facial expressions to communicate feeling.Music is very important to Kabuki plays, Kabuki actors sing, dance, and speak their lines while the music is played in the background. The music may sound strange at first, but it makes the action on the stage more exciting. Musicians play instruments

39、 such as flutes, drums, and gongs. They also use the samisen, a three-stringed instrument shaped somewhat like a banjo. Another instrument has two small blocks of wood that are banged on the floor.1.What do Noh and Kabuki share in common?2.Which statement is true about the Kabuki plays?3.One of the

40、differences between Noh and Kabuki plays is that （ ）.4.Kabuki plays can inform us about（ ）.5.What musical instruments are used in Kabuki plays?问题1选项A.Music is used in both types of drama.B.Women performed both mens and womens parts in the beginning.C.Both mens andwomens parts were played by males in

41、 the earlier period.D.Both A and C.问题2选项A.Costumes are funny, light and rough.B.Stages are 18 feet square.C.A background with a tree painted on it is the only scenery.D.The performers must use all their imaginations.问题3选项A.Noh is slowerB.Noh is simplerC.Noh is more colorfulD.Noh is more exciting问题4选

42、项A.likes and dislikes of the 17th century common peopleB.the tastes of the 17th century Japanese merchantsC.the life style of the ruling classD.the courageous deeds of the soldiers问题5选项A.Flutes, gongs and two blocks of wood.B.Drums and samisens.C.Gongs, drums and wooden hammers.D.A and B.【答案】第1题:D第2

43、题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的三四句“Music is used in both types of drama. Originally, men performed both mens and womens parts in Noh and Kabuki plays.”两种戏剧都使用音乐。最初，男性在能剧和歌舞伎剧中同时扮演男性和女性角色。选项A和C均正确，所以本题选D。2.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Kabuki costumes are fancy, bright, and heavy.”可知选项A错误；选项B和C都是描述能剧的，所以只有选项D正

44、确。3.推理判断题。根据最后三段的内容可知，选项C和D是描述歌舞伎剧，首先排除；选项B在文中没有提及；选项A符合原文，所以正确。4.细节事实题。根据倒数第二段的第三句“Kabuki plays give a clear picture of those merchants tastes and ideas.”歌舞伎剧清楚地展现了这些商人的品味和思想。选项B符合原文。5.细节事实题。根据最后一段的最后几句“Musicians play instruments such as flutes, drums, and gongs. They also use the samisen, a three-

45、stringed instrument shaped somewhat like a banjo. Another instrument has two small blocks of wood that are banged on the floor. ”可知选项A和B都有提及，所以选项D正确。16. 单选题What is the proper balance between the culture heritage and the globalization that threatens to （ ）the world in one model?问题1选项A.classifyB.justi

46、fyC.purifyD.unify【答案】D【解析】classify分类，分等；justify证明合法，替辩护；purify净化，使纯净；unify统一，使一致。句意：文化遗产和威胁世界统一成一种模式的全球化之间的适当平衡是什么？选项D符合句意。17. 单选题Johns evenings out are usually followed by a quick dash back to his own flat to finish his reading for the following days tutorial.问题1选项A.lectureB.reportC.quizD.discussio

47、n【答案】A【解析】根据句意可知，tutorial指辅导课，辅导材料。lecture 演讲，讲稿，教训；report 报告，成绩单；quiz恶作剧，随堂测验；discussion 讨论。选项A最符合原文语境，所以正确。18. 单选题His talk was generally well received, but as for the statistics he（ ） , I dont think all of them were up-to-date.问题1选项A.referred toB.related toC.adjusted toD.appealed to【答案】A【解析】refer

48、to谈到，提及；relate to涉及，有关；adjust to调节，调整以适应；appeal to呼吁，上诉。句意：他的演讲受到了普遍的欢迎，但关于他提及的统计数字，我不认为所有的数据都是最新的。选项A符合句意。19. 单选题The lawyer browbeat the witness into confessing he had seen the crime committed.问题1选项A.talkedB.forcedC.caressedD.intimidated【答案】D【解析】句意：律师恫吓证人承认他目睹了犯罪。browbeat意为恫吓，吓唬。只有选项D与之意思相近。20. 单选题

49、The kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, in my way to work these mornings. They have become a familiar part of the summer landscape. These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without school. The calendar called the school yea

50、r ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once supervised by teachers and principals, they now appear to be in self care.Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of our history, after all, Americans arranged the school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th-century cities, scho

51、ols were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off t

52、o work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus.The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. But when parents work an eight-hour day and a 240-day year, something

53、 different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they hang out.“We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and realities of family life.” says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Dr. Boyer is one of many

54、 who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable. “School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been.”His is not popular idea. Schools are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work

55、and family lives?In may be easier to promote a longer school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Eur

56、ope, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesnt produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll.The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to

57、and can provide other experiences for their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of the conflict has been over the money.1.Which of the following is an opinion of the authors?2.The current American school calendar was developed

58、in the 19th century according to （ ）.3.The author thinks that the current school calendar（ ）.4.Why was Dr. Boyers idea unpopular?5.The main purpose of the passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.“The kids are hanging out.”B.“They are school children without school.”C.“These kids are not old enough for jobs.”D.“The cal

59、endar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago.”问题2选项A.the growing season on nations farmB.the labor demands of the industrial ageC.teachers demands for more vacation timeD.parents demands for other experiences for their kids问题3选项A.is still validB.is out of dateC.cannot be revisedD.can

60、not be defended问题4选项A.He argues for the role of school in solving social problemsB.He supports the current school calendarC.He thinks that school year and family life should be considered separatelyD.He strongly believes in the educational role of school问题5选项A.to describe how American children spend

61、 their summerB.to explain the needs of the modern working familiesC.to discuss the problems of the current school calendarD.to persuade parents to stay at home to look after their kids【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.观点态度题。根据第一段的描述可知，作者主要想表达的是孩子们上学的时间太短，很多时间都在外面闲逛。所以选项A是作者的观点，其他选项都是事实。2.细节事实题。根据第二

62、段三四句“In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season.”在19世纪的城市，学校每天开放7到8小时，一年11个月。在美国农村，一年是围绕着（农作物）生长季节来安排的。选项A符合原文。3.推理判断题。根据第二段“Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model,”现在，只有3%的家庭遵循农业模式。由此可知，作者认为现有的上学时间安排已经不适用于现在的情况，也就是已经过时