2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第9期

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1、2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题思维这一主题是心理学的一个研究领域，许多观察者在研究机器人和计算机时都考虑到了这一方面：一些由来已久的关于AI（人工智能）的忧虑与计算机能否思考密切相关。第一批巨大的能快速运算（即使往往不太可靠）并且几乎或完全不能进行创造性活动的电子计算机，不久便被称作“电脑”。接着很快便产生了对这一术语的反应：为了做到恰如其分，人们把计算机称作“高速白痴”，以保护人类的虚荣心。在这样一种氛围里，人们很少考虑计算机可以实际上具有生命的可能性：计算机竟有可能思考，这已经够糟糕的了。但并不是人人都意识到“高速白痴”这一称谓的含义是什么。

2、人们很少提到的是：即使是人类中的白痴，也是地球上最有智慧的生命形态之一，如果早期的计算机就有那么聪明，那已经就是很了不起的事了。【答案】The topic of thought is one area of psychology, and many observers have considered this aspect in connection with robots and computers: some of the old worries about AI (artificial intelligence) were closely linked to the question o

3、f whether computers could think. The first massive electronic computers, capable of rapid (if often unreliable) computation and little or no creative activity, were soon named “electronic brains”. A reaction to this terminology quickly followed: To put them in their place, computers were called “hig

4、h-speed idiots”, an effort to protect human vanity. In such a climate, the possibility of computers actually being alive was rarely considered: it was bad enough that computers might be capable of thought. But not everyone realized the implications of the expression the “high-speed idiot” tag. It ha

5、s not been pointed out often enough that even the human idiot is one of the most intelligent life forms on the earth. If the early computers were even that intelligent, it was already a remarkable state of affairs.2. 单选题The fear of small pox, which terrorized the eighteenth century, has no analogy t

6、oday.问题1选项A.occurrenceB.remnantsC.witnessD.parallel【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。analogy表示“类比，类推，类似”；A项occurrence“发生，出现，事件”，B项remnant“残余，残留物”，C项witness“证人，目击者，证据”，D项parallel“平行线，对比”。句意：对天花的恐惧，曾使18世纪的人们惊恐万分，如今却无法与之相提并论。根据句意可知，D项符合语境。因此，该题选择D项正确。3. 单选题When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance. In

7、some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many o

8、f the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.A

9、s environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the pastand how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together a

10、n illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planets environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the c

11、limatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk o

12、n two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit

13、 in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 yearsduring which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared- is a mere bright sp

14、ot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earths climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the futureeven without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy be

15、cause man had been obliged _.2. Scientists believe that human evolution _.3. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that _.4. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that _.问题1选项A.to give up his former way of lifeB.to leave the coastal areasC.to follow the ever-shifting vegeta

16、tionD.to abandon his original settlement问题2选项A.has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB.has exerted little influence on climatic changesC.has largely been effected by climatic changesD.has had a major impact on climatic changes27. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that _.问题3选项A.hum

17、an activities have accelerated changes of Earths environmentB.Earths environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC.Earths climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD.Earths climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future28. The message the author wishes to con

18、vey in the passage is that _.问题4选项A.human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB.mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC.man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD.human civilization will continue t

19、o develop in spite of the changes of nature【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“农业作为一种生存策略出现是因为人类被迫”。根据第一段最后两句After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in

20、 widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming.（在把周围的许多动物逼到濒临灭绝的边缘后，人们被迫放弃原有的生活方式，转而采取一种全新的生存策略，这导致了大范围的饥饿和疾病；这种适应就是农业。）可知，A项“放弃他以前的生活方式”正确；B项“离开沿海地区”、C项“跟随不断变化的植被”和D项“放弃他原来的居住地”都属于导致人类被迫放弃原有生活方式的原因。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“科学家认为人类进化”。由第三段第一句Most importantly, scientists

21、 are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species.（最重要的是，科学家们开始意识到气候变化已经对人类物种的进化产生了重大影响）可知，科学家认为人类进化受到了气候变化的重大影响，C项“很大程度上受到了气候变化的影响”正确；由此也可知，A项“很少伴有气候变化”错误；B项“对气候变化影响不大”和D项“对气候变化有重大影响”文中没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“过去气候变化

22、的证据表明”。根据文章最后一段In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earths climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the futureeven without the influence of human activity.（事实上，过去的气候变化模式表明，即使没有人类活动的影响，地球的气候几乎肯定会在未来经历剧烈的变化）可知，C项“地球的气候在未来必然会发生显著变化”正确；A项“人类活动加速了地球环境的变化”、B项

23、“尽管有人类的干扰，地球的环境仍将保持温和”和D项“地球的气候在未来不太可能发生重大变化”都与原文内容不符合。因此，该题选择C项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者希望在文章中传达的信息是”。通读全文可知，文章在第一段就阐述了气候的变化导致人类放弃原有的生活方式而进行迁徙，寻求新的生存策略，接下来两段就气候的变化是如何改变人类生存和进化进行的阐述，最后一段总结根据过去的气候变化模式，即使没有人类的活动影响，地球的气候依然会经历剧烈变化，所以文章传达的信息是人类在面对气候的变化时，是无能为力的，故B项“面对气候的急剧变化，人类实际上是无能为力的”正确；A项“尽管受到气

24、候变化的影响，人类文明依然辉煌”和D项“尽管自然发生了变化，人类文明还是会继续发展的”没有提到；C项“人类必须限制自己的活动，以减缓全球变暖的进程”与文意相反。因此，该题选择B项正确。4. 单选题The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries:

25、 tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, and beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prev

26、ented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the l920s and 1930s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters.In the 1940s and l950s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They di

27、scovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of h

28、unters who are tracking genesthe blueprints for each of the enzymesand are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseasesdiabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial ce

29、lls and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the

30、 spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the

31、functions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters, I will return to them later.5. What is the main topic of the passage?6. How do vitamins influence health?7. Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of the passage?8. With which of the following statemen

32、ts would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The microbe hunters.B.The potential of genetic engineering.C.The progress of modern medical research.D.The discovery of enzymes.问题2选项A.They are necessary for some enzymes to function.B.They protect the body from microbes.C.They keep food from spoili

33、ng.D.They are broken down by cells to produce energy.问题3选项A.CriticalB.SpeculativeC.AppreciativeD.Emotional问题4选项A.The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades.B.Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.C.Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by mi

34、crobe hunters.D.Most diseases are caused by defective genes.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】5. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。由第一段中The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters.（微生物搜寻者在这个世纪（即20世纪）的前20年占主要地位）以及And so in the decades of the l920s and 1930s, nutrition became a science and

35、the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters.（因此在20世纪20年代和30年代的几十年里，营养成为一门科学，而维他命搜寻者替代了微生物搜寻者。）由此可知全文都在介绍医学的发展。因此C选项“现代医学研究的发展”正确，符合题意。A选项“微生物搜寻者”，B选项“基因工程的潜能”，D选项“酶的发现”都只是文中提及的一部分内容且包括在医学研究发展之中，不能作为整体概括，可排除。故选C。6. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】客观细节题。定位在文章的第二段They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend

36、 on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function.（他们发现，新陈代谢中关键的酶依赖一种或另外一种维生素，充当辅酶去完成为细胞生长和功能提供能量的这个化学过程。）由此可知维生素作为辅酶是酶进行新陈代谢作用的关键。因此A选项“它们对于酶发挥作用是必需的”正确，符合题意。B选项“它们保护身体不受微生物之害”，C选项“它们让食物不变坏”，D选项“它们被细胞分解去生成能量”均不符合题意，可排除。故

37、选A。7. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】观点态度题。定位在最后一段In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight.（鉴于科学发展的不可阻挡，我们能预期基因搜寻者在公众注意的中心中将会被取代。）而且最后一段，作者使用了大量的疑问句。由此可知，B选项“推测的；猜测的”正确，符合作者的语调。A选项“批评的”，C选项“赏识的；感激的”，D选项“易激动的”均不符题意，可排除。故选B。8. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断

38、题。定位在最后一段In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight.（鉴于科学发展的不可阻挡，我们能预期基因搜寻者在公众注意的中心中将会被取代。）可知作者认为医学研究中心是会改变的。但是由哪种搜寻者能够占据核心位置，还是尚未可知的。因此A选项“医学研究的中心在接下来的20年将会改变”正确，符合题意。B选项“医学上的突破经常靠运气”，C选项“微生物搜寻者在整个20世纪的医学研究中占主要地位”，D选项“大多数疾病由有

39、缺陷的基因导致”均未在文中有提及，可排除。故选A。5. 单选题The lost car of the Lees was found _ in the woods off the highway.问题1选项A.vanishedB.scatteredC.disregardedD.abandoned【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项vanish“消失，突然不见，成为零”，B项scatter“撒播，散开，散布”，C项disregard“忽视，无视，不尊重”，D项abandon“遗弃，离开，放弃”。根据句子可知，空格部分是动词的过去分词做宾语补足语，与The lost car“丢失的汽车”形成被动关系

40、，四个选项中只有abandon符合语境。句意：Lee的那辆丢失的汽车被发现遗弃在高速公路旁的树林里。因此，该题选择D项正确。6. 单选题_ designed to help poor African consumers, the beef program is really aimed at helping rich European farmers.问题1选项A.OstensiblyB.ConstantlyC.UltimatelyD.Furtively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A项ostensibly“表面上，外表”，B项constantly“不断地，时常地”，C项ultimately

41、“最后，根本，基本上”，D项furtively“偷偷地，暗中地”。由the beef program is really aimed at helping rich European farmers“牛肉项目实际上是为了帮助富有的欧洲农民”可知，前后语义上是转折关系，那么与really“实际上”相对的是ostensibly“表面上”。句意：这个牛肉项目表面上是为了帮助贫穷的非洲消费者，实际上是为了帮助富裕的欧洲农民。因此，该题选择A项正确。7. 单选题Every profession, every art, and every science has its technical vocabul

42、ary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of

43、 the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather

44、on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote time

45、s, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than mo

46、st other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their old strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain

47、essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom and abandoned with indifference whe

48、n they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild. The lawyer, the physician, the scientist, and the cleric associates freely

49、 with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the new

50、spapers, and everybody is soon talking about itas in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.13. The authors main purpose in the passage is to _.14. According to the author, which of the follow

51、ing special vocabularies is understood by more people?15. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds” he means that _.16. It seems that the passage implies _.问题1选项A.propose a solutionB.argue against a beliefC.describe a phenomenonD.provide entertainment问题2选项A.Medical voc

52、abulary.B.Legal vocabulary.C.Political vocabulary.D.Agricultural vocabulary.问题3选项A.it is much easier to become a professional today than it was in the pastB.there is more social interaction between professionals and othersC.popular science has told their secrets to the worldD.anyone can now understa

53、nd anything in a profession问题4选项A.the words of the English language are always changingB.one can never be sure of what a word means without consulting an expertC.like English, all languages are becoming more and more technicalD.technical terms in most non-scientific fields have little chance of beco

54、ming part of the main body of the language【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A【解析】13. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。段首句Every profession, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure

55、greater exactness in nomenclature.（每一种职业、每一种艺术、每一门科学都有它的专业词汇，其作用部分是用来指定在普通英语中没有名称的事物或过程，部分是为了确保命名的更精确。）与结尾句Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.（因此，我们的日常用语总是会接受新的技术术语，并使它们变得司空见惯。）扫描全文可知，文中主要对技术术语现象进行了介绍和描述。因此C选项“描述一种现象”正确，符合题意。A选项“提出一种解决方案”，B选项“

56、辩论一种看法”，D选项“提供娱乐”均不符合题意，可排除。故选C。14. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。第二段中谈及In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old.（在贸易、手工业和其他职业中，例如农业和渔业，这些从遥远的时代就占据了大量的人口，技术词汇非常古老。）以及后文Hence, thoug

57、h highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities.（因此，尽管这些词汇（农业和渔业）的词汇在许多细节上具有很高的技术性，但它们在读音上更为人所熟知，也比大多数其他技术性词汇更为通俗易懂。）由此可知，让更多人知道的特殊表达应该是与农业和渔业有关的词汇。因此D选项“农业词汇”正确，符合题意。A选项“医学词汇”，B选项“法律词汇”，C选项“政治词汇”均不符合

58、题意，可排除。故选D。15. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由关键词定位在最后一段Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild.（然而，如今没有一种职业像所有职业曾经那样，是一个封闭的公会。）The lawyer, the physician, the scientist, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professio

59、nal way.（律师和物理学家，以及科学家和牧师能自由地与同伴结交，并且在专业区域之外也能会面。）Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries.（此外，被称为通俗科学的东西使得每个人都熟悉时髦的观点和最近的发现。）因此，不再是closed guilds“封闭的公会”是因为现在不同专业的人之间也可以互相交流了。因此B选项“专业人员和其它人之间有更多的社交互动”正确，符合题意。A选项“如今相比过去更容易变成一位专业人员”

60、，C选项“大众科学已经将他们的秘密告知了世界”，D选项“任何人如今都能理解一个专业方面的任何事情”，均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。16. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在最后一段Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.（因此，我们的通用语一直在吸收新的技术术语，并让它们变成通用语）。可以知道我们所说的通用语都是将新的词汇融入后而形成的。因此A选项“英语语言词汇一直都在变化”正确，符合题意。B选项“在不咨询专家的情况下，一个人从不能确定一个单

61、词的意思”，C选项“如英语一样，所有的语言正变得越来越专业”，D选项“大多数非科学领域的技术术语很少有机会变成语言主体的一部分”。B，C，D选项均未在文中提及，可排除。故选A。8. 单选题Sadly, the Giant Panda is one of the many species now in danger of _.问题1选项A.extinctionB.immigrationC.distinctionD.extraction【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项extinction“灭绝，消失，消灭”，B项immigration“外来移民，移居”，C项distinction“区别，差别，

62、特性”，D项extraction“取出，抽出，拔出”。由Sadly“悲哀地”和the Giant Panda“大熊猫”可知，in danger of _表示“濒临灭绝”。句意：遗憾的是，大熊猫是许多濒临灭绝的物种之一。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题In his speech, the president emphasized that the challenge to mans future can never be met by making _ adjustments here and there.问题1选项A.adventurousB.assiduousC.marginalD.mo

63、derate【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项adventurous“爱冒险的，大胆的，充满危险的”，B项assiduous“刻苦的，勤勉的”，C项marginal“微不足道的，不重要的，边缘的”，D项moderate“稳健的，温和的，适度的”。根据句子意思“在他的演讲中，总统强调，人类未来的挑战永远不能通过到处的调整来应对”可知，四个选项中只有marginal符合语境。句意：总统在演讲中强调，人类未来所面临的挑战不可能通过到处的微小调整来应对。因此，该题选择C项正确。10. 单选题It is often _ to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child.问题1选项A.temptingB.unanimousC.irretrievableD.disgusting【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项tempting“吸引人的，诱惑人的”，B项unanimous“全体一致的，意见一致的，无异议的”，C项irretrievable“不能弥补的，不能复原的”，D项disgusting“令人厌恶的”。根据but可知前后语义是转折的关系，由后半句中