习作本位的英语阅读课教学方法浅探

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1、基于基于“习作本位习作本位”的英语阅读课设计的英语阅读课设计策略策略南京一中南京一中 宗凤昌宗凤昌江苏省江苏省20122012高中英语骨干教师培训高中英语骨干教师培训 一、问题背景一、问题背景基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。用能力。问题：问题：刻意追求热闹，湮灭阅读本色；刻意追求热闹，湮灭阅读本色；一味地进行输出，忽略接受学习；一味地进行输出，忽略接受学习；教师突出文本主旨，忽略学生个体感悟；教师突出文本主旨，忽略学生个体感悟；生动多彩的多媒体取代学生无尽的想象；生动多彩的多媒体取代学生无尽的想象；教师感悟流于形式

2、，学生表达内涵苍白。教师感悟流于形式，学生表达内涵苍白。原因原因:教材中的文本语言真实性教材中的文本语言真实性(authenticity)不到位；不到位；题材、体裁比较单一（文学类文章严重缺乏）；题材、体裁比较单一（文学类文章严重缺乏）；内容多为学生不用阅读也能知悉。内容多为学生不用阅读也能知悉。教师的阅读课教学方法大多停留在简单的问题教师的阅读课教学方法大多停留在简单的问题（5W1H）及对与错（）及对与错（T or F）层面。）层面。附表附表1：英语课程标准英语课程标准在在“语言技能语言技能”方面对读写的最高要求方面对读写的最高要求读读写写1 1、能阅读一般的英文报刊杂志，、能阅读一般的英文

3、报刊杂志，获取主要信息；获取主要信息；2 2、阅读一般英文原著，抓住主要、阅读一般英文原著，抓住主要情节，了解主要人物；情节，了解主要人物；3 3、能读懂各种商品的说明书等非、能读懂各种商品的说明书等非专业技术性的资料；专业技术性的资料；4 4、能根据情景及上下文猜测不熟、能根据情景及上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象；悉的语言现象；5 5、能使用多种参考资料和工具书、能使用多种参考资料和工具书解决较复杂的语言疑难；解决较复杂的语言疑难；6 6、有广泛的阅读兴趣及良好的阅、有广泛的阅读兴趣及良好的阅读习惯；读习惯；7 7、能有效地利用网络等媒体获取、能有效地利用网络等媒体获取和处理信息。和处理信息。1

4、 1、能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知、能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知、公务信函等；公务信函等；2 2、能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情、能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或感情；景、态度或感情；3 3、能阐述自己的观点、评述他人的观、能阐述自己的观点、评述他人的观点，文体恰当、用词准确；点，文体恰当、用词准确；4 4、能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料、能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料及他人的原话；及他人的原话；5 5、能填写各种表格、写个人简历和申、能填写各种表格、写个人简历和申请书，用语基本正确、得当；请书，用语基本正确、得当；6 6、能作非专业性的笔头翻译；、能作非专业性的笔头翻译；7 7、在以

5、上写作过程中做到文字通顺，、在以上写作过程中做到文字通顺，格式正确。格式正确。目前高中英语写作教学存在以下问题：学生对写作有畏难情绪、信心不足以致拒写；写作基础不扎实，词汇贫乏、语法不过关、谴词造句基本功差；未能熟练地掌握写作技能和技巧，许多学生在写作技巧方面缺乏全面系统的学习，在写作时审题不清、要点不全、论证无效、思维混乱、结构松散。“习作本位”基本思路是将文本的纯阅读行为转换为以阅读促进写作的教学行为。二、实施途径二、实施途径1. 读前写读前写(Pre-reading writing) 图式是一种知识框架，是对世界经验的抽象。图图式是一种知识框架，是对世界经验的抽象。图式可以主要分为形式图

6、式，内容图式和语言图式。形式可以主要分为形式图式，内容图式和语言图式。形式图式可以指语篇结构、体裁风格特征等；而内容图式图式可以指语篇结构、体裁风格特征等；而内容图式指对某一主题的知识的了解，包括个体成分和事物式指对某一主题的知识的了解，包括个体成分和事物或概念及其之间的相互关系，它可以把文化图式包括或概念及其之间的相互关系，它可以把文化图式包括进去。语言图式则指句法，词汇如何组句成段落及篇进去。语言图式则指句法，词汇如何组句成段落及篇章。章。 写作是语言输出的过程，需要激活业已存储的知写作是语言输出的过程，需要激活业已存储的知识图式，应用形式图式和语言图式将内容图式转换成识图式，应用形式图式

7、和语言图式将内容图式转换成文本。文本。【课堂观察案例一【课堂观察案例一】牛津高中英语模块九Unit 1 Reading: Canadaland of the maple tree。步骤步骤1 1试写试写：在进入文本之前老师让学生观看了一段介绍南京的视频（约4分钟）然后要求学生用英语介绍自己的家乡城市南京（150字左右），所给时间约10分钟。学生习作一：学生习作一：NanjingMy Hometown Nanjing, my hometown, the capital of Jiangsu Province, is one of the largest Chinese cities. Known

8、 as the Capital City of Six Dynasties in history, it has a brilliant cultural heritage. Nanjing has the long history, which dates back to early 472 B.C. So Nanjing has a lot of scenic spots and historical sites, like Dr Sun Yat-sens Mausoleum, Ming Great Wall and other places. In addition, Nanjing i

9、s also home to many colleges and universities. Today, with high-rises and skyscrapers, Nanjing is developing rapidly. Great changes have taken place in the city. Transport in the city is very convenient with the new metro service in addition to taxis, buses and other means of transport. Nanjing, my

10、hometown, is the city which has become an international metropolis.步骤步骤2-赏析：赏析：教师让学生打开课本进入文本快速阅读，4分钟后回答以下问题：What kinds of information does the writer offer about Canada? “大”和“美”的词丰富多彩：Within this huge country, there are frozen wastes, vast mountain ranges, enormous open plains, countless rivers and

11、seemingly endless forests. There are many wild animals in the forests and on the freezing, ice-covered lands in the north, and fish are abundant in the seas and rivers. fantastic, unique, wonderful, superb, awesomespectacular, impressive, marvelous, breathtaking, splendid, gorgeous, amazing, terrifi

12、c生动句式：to the 8,892-kilometre-long border with the USA in the south, which is said to be(with复合结构，which引导的非限制性定语从句) Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian national Tower, which is(倒装)Montreal, , is, and also the second largest French-speaking city in the world, Paris being the largest.（独立主格结

13、构)Smaller in size, but equally famous, is the city of Vancouver in the province of British Columbia(倒装)步骤步骤3-仿写：学生习作二仿写：学生习作二 Nanjing, located on the lower reaches of the Yangtze river, is the capital of Jiangsu Province. It covers an area of about 6600 square kilometers with a population of more th

14、an 8 million. The climate here is mild with four beautiful seasons in one year. Nanjing is an ancient capital of six dynasties with a history of more than 2500 years. As a city with an ancient cultural background, there are abundant places of interest to visit. The famous Confucius Temple (Fuzimiao)

15、, known internationally for its beautiful architecture and unique culture, is home to countless shops, restaurants as well as a snack street. Lying in the southwest of the city is Qin Huai River, which extends one hundred kilometers. The river used to be the most flourishing part of Nanjing in the o

16、ld days. Today it has colourful nightlife that no visitor is ever bored. Beautiful scenery is just one of the treasures Nanjing has to offer. In the city center, Nanjing Museum is a must for travelers with a collection of more than 420 thousand pieces. Nanjing is also home to a large number of unive

17、rsities, second only to Beijing. Besides, Nanjing is also a modern city with skyscrapers reaching upwards and superb shopping malls and department stores. With all of these attractions, you can see why Nanjing is a fantastic city to live in.步骤步骤4-鉴赏鉴赏2.读中写读中写(While-reading writing) 克拉申（克拉申（Krashen）输

18、入理论认为，只有当习得者接触到）输入理论认为，只有当习得者接触到“可理解的语言输入可理解的语言输入”（comprehensive input ），即略高于），即略高于他现有语言技能水平的第二语言输入，而他又能把注意力集中他现有语言技能水平的第二语言输入，而他又能把注意力集中于对意义或对信息的理解而不是对形式的理解时，才能产生习于对意义或对信息的理解而不是对形式的理解时，才能产生习得。得。降低学生的情感焦虑，激发学生的写作兴趣。降低学生的情感焦虑，激发学生的写作兴趣。【课堂观察案例二【课堂观察案例二】牛津高中英语模块十Unit 1 Reading: Give a man a fish. 第一部分

19、讲述的是全世界饥荒问题以及国际组织（尤其是世界粮食计划署WFP）及个人（比如爱尔兰歌星Bob Geldof）为之所作出的努力。第二部分讲述的是如何从根本上解决全球的饥荒问题。It is without doubt an amazing achievement, but is it enough? 步骤1-快速阅读Bob Geldof was a great musician, why?What problems does the world face?What has the UN done to solve the problem?步骤2-小短文写作They need help, but t

20、he sad truth is that food aid alone is not enough to help these countries. It is merely a short-term solution to a long-term problem. There is a saying that goes Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. 步骤步骤3-续写续写 What are the long-term sol

21、ution to the long-term problem, worldwide hunger? 有一学生写出下面的短文：有一学生写出下面的短文： What should we do to deal with the problem? On one hand, we should focus on the environmental protection and improve the ecology. On the other hand, strict measures should be taken to protect farmland. The rich countries shou

22、ld spare no efforts to assist the poor ones in order to build a peaceful and harmonious world. And for the moment, I think, we should study hard to develop science and help solve the food shortage in the future. 步骤步骤4-续读重写续读重写One way to stop it is to improve a countrys infrastructure. Education and

23、training for young people is so important. 3. 3. 读后写（读后写（Post-reading writingPost-reading writing） 读后写指在阅读理解的基础上师生就某类似话题或问题展开讨论然后让学生仿写。读后写是处理和转移、内化阅读获取的信息的过程，是阅读后语言输出的重要形式，它既能够检查学生对阅读材料的理解，又能促使学生对某些相关问题进行独立思考，是阅读后发展学生批判性思维能力的主要活动。【课堂观察案例三【课堂观察案例三】牛津高中英语模块九第四单元的Project: Reporting on a historical reli

24、gious site. 步骤1文本常规处理步骤2仿写：历史宗教遗址-鸡鸣寺。鸡鸣寺位于南京东面，背靠玄武湖，东临紫金山。它是一座有着悠久历史的佛教寺庙。公元527年梁武帝在鸡笼山始建鸡鸣寺，初名为通泰寺。现在的鸡鸣寺建于明洪武年间。寺内有观音殿、豁蒙楼、景阳楼及胭脂井等。胭脂（rouge）井还有一传说。陈后主（陈朝最后一个皇帝）过着奢侈的（extravagant）生活，不理朝政。隋军攻入并占领陈都。藏入一井中的陈后主与其两个妃子还是被隋兵俘获。故后人将该井称为胭脂井或名辱井。据传为了人们来敬香特开凿了一条河叫进香河。后来鸡鸣寺在数朝代遭破坏。但经过频繁的重建和完善，它已成为著名的景点。其独特的

25、氛围能使你如入仙境。 Situated in the east of Nanjing, with Xuanwu Lake to the back and Purple Mountain to the east, Jiming Temple (Jiming si) is an ancient Buddhist temple with a long history. Jiming Temple was initially built on the Jilong Hill by Emper Liang Wu Di in AD527. Its former name was Tongtai templ

26、e. The present Jiming Temple was constructed the years of the Ming Emperor Hong Wu. Inside the temple grounds are the Guanyin Building, Huomeng Building, Jingyang Building and the Rouge Well. There is an old legend which related to the well. It is said that, the last emperor of Chen Dynasty Chen Hou

27、 Zhu lived in an extravagant life and paid little attention to the national affairs. Then the troop of Sui broke through and occupied the capital of Chen. Chen Hou Zhu and his two concubines were caught from a well, which was named by posterity as Humiliating Well or YanzhiWell for the stains of rou

28、ge were left o-n the wall of the well. A river named Jinxianghe was dug for people to offer incense. Unfortunately, the temple was ruined in many dynasties later, and even to the edge of changing its name. After frequent reconstructions and perfections, the Jiming Temple became a famous scenic spot.

29、 Its beautiful and peaceful atmosphere will lead you to a dreamlike fairyland. The temple is one of the famous ancient temples in Nanjing and the only one monastery in the southeast coastal area.总结语总结语 以以“阅读本位阅读本位”为价值取向，教学目标则指向为价值取向，教学目标则指向“对文本对文本内容的理解与感悟内容的理解与感悟”；以；以“写作本位写作本位”为价值取向，教学目标为价值取向，教学目标则指

30、向则指向“对言语形式的理解和运用对言语形式的理解和运用”。在写作教学中只加强。在写作教学中只加强“写写”的训练是远远不够的，因为在非自然英语环境中，学生的训练是远远不够的，因为在非自然英语环境中，学生只有通过大量的只有通过大量的“输入输入”，才会有足够的，才会有足够的“输出输出”。 写作课写作课的课堂上教师应更多地考虑如何选择适切的素材，提供适量的的课堂上教师应更多地考虑如何选择适切的素材，提供适量的语言信息和语言知识对学生进行可理解性输入。给予学生更多，语言信息和语言知识对学生进行可理解性输入。给予学生更多，更广泛的可理解性输入，不断提升其语言实际运用能力，只有更广泛的可理解性输入，不断提升其语言实际运用能力，只有长期坚持可理解性输入，输入的量越多，难度越适宜，学生接长期坚持可理解性输入，输入的量越多，难度越适宜，学生接受到的语言知识就越多，输出越自如，写作能力也就能够得到受到的语言知识就越多，输出越自如，写作能力也就能够得到不断提升。不断提升。E-mail: JSZFC江苏省南京市中山南路江苏省南京市中山南路301号号 南京市第一中学南京市第一中学 210000