2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷99（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题The sale of alcohols beverages is （ ）to those above 21 in some regions.问题1选项A.confinedB.inhibitedC.obligedD.restricted【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。四个选项都有“限制”的意思，其中A选项confine暗示束缚性、限制性的或阻挠性的限制；B选项inhibit强调禁止、抑制；C选项oblige 除了“限制”外，还有“迫使”的含义，D选项restrict指限制行为、活动、事物的范围；句意是在有些地区，酒精饮料

2、只能出售给21岁以上的成年人。所以D选项正确。2. 单选题The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 3000/5000BC in the ancient counties of China and 304. According to Chinese history, Huang-Ti claimed different types of pair felt in the mouth could be cured by sticking gold and silver needles into different parts of th

3、e jaw and gum. It was theories such as these that led to the development of dental cream. During the years 3000/5000BC, Egyptians made toothpaste using a recipe of powdered ashes of hooves of oxen, myrrh, powdered and burned egg shells and pumice. It is assumed that the ancient Egyptians used their

4、fingers to rub the mixture onto teeth.The too shtick, the forerunner of the toothbrush had not, as far as is known, been discovered at this time. From the records of the ancient countries of India China and Egypt, it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toothpaste and developed a lea

5、den instrument for the extraction of teeth. They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire. During 1000AD, the Persians, gave advice on the dangers of using hard toothpowder and recommendations were made to make toothpowder from burnt hart

6、-shorn, the burnt shells of snails and oysters and burned gypsum.Other Persian recipes included dried animal parts, herbs, honey and minerals. One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.Toothpowder or dentifrice, was first available in

7、 Britain in the late 18th century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers. The powders were developed by doctors, dentists and chemists and often contained ingredients that were highly abrasive and harm

8、ful to the teeth, such as brick dust, china, earthenware or cuttlefish, and to make them more palatable, they contained glycerin. By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium was introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums. In the

9、late 18 century, borax was introduced in the U.S. and in, 1896, Dental Cream was first packaged in powder was used to get the foaming effect. In 1873, an aromatic toothpaste in a jar: collapsible tubes. Before the Second World War, the majority of toothpaste on the market used soap as an emulsifying

10、 agent, even though it was known that soap had certain inherent defects.1.What is the main subject of the passage?2.The word extraction in line 11 refers to （ ）.3.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the Greeks and Romans （ ）.4.The author mentions that the Persians used toothpowders for

11、 which purpose other than cleaning teeth?5.According to the passage, strontium was most useful for （ ）.问题1选项A.methods of cleaning teethB.methods of caring for teethC.development of toothpasteD.dental history问题2选项A.cleaningB.removalC.replacementD.brushing问题3选项A.also developed the toothbrushB.had more

12、 dental problems than other cultureC.were the first to support artificial teethD.did not keep records of their dental practices问题4选项A.strengtheningB.beautifyingC.coloringD.extracting问题5选项A.concentrating on the gumsB.getting a foaming effectC.reducing sensitivityD.emulsifying agent.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:

13、C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了牙膏出现的理论基础以及古代牙膏的组成成分；第二段主要介绍了古代其他国家对牙膏的改进；第三段简要介绍了古代牙膏的配方；最后一段主要介绍了18世纪到19时间牙膏的改进和发展，因此C选项“牙膏的发展”符合题意。2.词义题。A选项“清洁”；B选项“移动”；C选项“代替”；D选项“（用刷子）刷”根据题干信息“extraction”定位至文章第二段中，由it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toothpaste and developed a leaden instr

14、ument for the extraction of teeth.（正是希腊人和罗马人发明并改进了牙膏，并研制出一种用于牙的铅仪器）可知B选项更符合语境，指拔牙的仪器。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息“Greeks and Romans”定位至文章第二段中，由They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire.（他们也是第一个把松动的牙齿绑在一起，用金丝支撑人造牙齿的人）可知希腊人和罗马人是第一个制作人造牙齿的人，因此选C。4.细节事

15、实题。由文章第二段中的One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.（强化牙齿的配方包括绿铅、紫草、熏香、蜂蜜和粉状火石）可知波斯人的牙粉具有强化牙齿的作用，因此选A。5.细节事实题。根据题干信息“strontium”定位至文章最后一段中，由By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium was introduced, to strengthen teeth

16、and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums.（在十九世纪初，引入了锶成分，以加强牙齿并降低敏感度，但它真正只集中在牙龈上）可知锶有加强牙齿和降低敏感度的作用，因此选C。3. 单选题We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to co

17、llege on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar co

18、nfidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with t

19、he Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration

20、, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Miess sophisticated presentation mas

21、ked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the citys Gol

22、d Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wrig

23、ht started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945

24、 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his bel

25、ief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.1.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans（ ）.2.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?3.Mies held that elegance of architectural design（ ）.4.What is true about the

26、apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?5.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?问题1选项A.prosperity and growthB.efficiency and practicalityC.restraint and confidenceD.pride and faithfulness问题2选项A.It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B.Its designing concept was af

27、fected by World War II.C.Most American architects used to be associated with it.D.It had a great influence upon American architecture.问题3选项A.was related to large spaceB.was identified with emptinessC.was not reliant on abundant decorationD.was not associated with efficiency问题4选项A.They ignored detail

28、s and proportions.B.They were built with materials popular at that time.C.They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D.They shared some characteristics of abstract art.问题5选项A.Mechanical devices were widely used.B.Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C.Details were sacrificed for the

29、overall effect.D.Eco-friendly materials were employed.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到文章第一段“We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth”我们倾向于认为二战后的几十年是繁荣和发展的时期。由此可知A选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。定位到文章第三段“The phraseless is morewas actually first

30、popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.”事实上，“less is more”一词最初是由一位德国建筑师路德维希密斯凡德罗普及的。他和其他与包豪斯设计学院有关的人一

31、样，在二战前移民到美国，并在美国建筑学院任职。由此可知C选项Most American architects used to be associated with it.大多数美国建筑师曾经与它联系在一起符合题意。3.细节事实题。定位到文章第四段“Miess signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.”密斯的名言是，少装饰，合理组织，会产生更大的影

32、响。他认为优雅不是来自丰富。由此可知C选项was not reliant on abundant decoration不依赖于丰富的装饰正确。4.细节事实题。定位到文章第五段“But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildingsdetails and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.”

33、但它们之所以受欢迎，是因为它们有通风的玻璃墙，提供的视野，以及建筑的优雅、细节和比例，这种与当时流行的抽象艺术相当的建筑风格。由此可知D选项正确。5.细节事实题。定位到文章第二段最后一句“In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was

34、widely shared.”在他的个案研究室里，拉尔夫的日常生活很少有美国家庭购买直升机，但大多数家庭最终都买了干衣机但他自给自足的信念得到了广泛的认同。由此可知机器设备已经得到使用，因此选项A正确。4. 单选题Fluorine, （ ）, is a greenish-yellow gas that is poisonous and highly corrosive.问题1选项A.a chemical element thatB.a chemical elementC.which chemical elementD.is a chemical element【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据句子

35、结构，可知句子的主语为Fluorine，谓语部分为is a greenish-yellow gas，后面是由that引导的定语从句，所以空格中为同位语，对主语起补充说明作用，应选用名词短语充当同位语。句意：氟，一种化学元素，是一种黄绿色的有毒且具有高度腐蚀性的气体。选项B符合题意。5. 翻译题Read the following passage and then translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.By charting out the typical cognitive development of children, Swiss p

36、sychologist Jean Piaget has heavily influenced how psychologists delineate the progress of juvenile psychological growth. Beginning in the 1920s and up until his death in 1980, he studied the errors school children made on various tests and realized that children of the same age made the same kinds

37、of reasoning errors. Based on these recurring patterns, he identified stages in a childs cognitive development, beginning from infancy and extending through adulthood. Essentially, he proposed that there was a common timetable by which children initially develop simple cognitive skills and gradually

38、 refine them into more abstract ways of thinking. While more recent theories on the matter suggest that there is more overlap among these stages and that different environments affect childrens progress. Piauet s theory was nonetheless extremely important to initial studies of cognitive development.

39、 According to Piaget, the first stage that children go through is the sensorimotor stage, an eventful and complex period that Piaget further divided into six sub-stages. The sensorimotor stage begins at birth and lasts roughly until the child is two years old. During this time, the child experiences

40、 the world through his senses and motor skills, and he will initially develop and master the basic reflexes of infants, such as grasping, sucking, looking, and listening. Moreover, the infants begin to develop the fundamentals of basic cognitive functions. He develops awareness of himself and of sub

41、jects as separate entities and begins to manipulate his external environment, usually by kicking, moving objects, and chewing on toys.The child also learns that certain actions will have certain effects, and he may perform an action to recreate these effects. For instance, he may accidentally suck h

42、is thumb and find it pleasurable, so he repeatedly sucks his thumb to experience the pleasure again. Finally, the child also shows the basic capacity for understanding symbols, and he develops a rudimentary use of language toward the end of this stage, most notably by identifying parents with words

43、like “Mama” and “Dada”. In the next stage, the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) the child expands his capacity for symbolic thinking, and he can envision the environment and manipulate it with his imagination. Imagination thus develops more fully, as seen in the childs tendency to role-play other peo

44、ple (like his parents, firefighters, ect.), and to pretend that objects are other things, like pretending that a broom is a horse. This Stage is marked by two other distinctive characteristics. The first is egocentrism.While Childs language develops more fully for the purpose of social interaction,

45、his thought process is still limited by individual experiences, and these cognitive limitations exclude any alternative viewpoints. The other characteristic is that thought occurs in an illogical and irreversible manner. A child can easily believe that things can magically increase, decrease, or van

46、ish, as perceptions often dictate their reality.In the concrete operational stage (ages 7-11), the child shows evidence for logical thought and becomes less egocentric in his thinking. He begins to grasp concepts such as mass, length, volume, time, and other abstract measurements, and he becomes cap

47、able of solving basic logical problems and understanding reversible logic. He can perform simple arithmetic like addition, subtraction and multiplication and his understanding of how these concepts relate to each other increased. In the fourth and final stage, the formal, operational stage, (from pu

48、berty to adulthood), the child is finally able to think in completely abstract terms. He is able to perform algebra, calculus, and other mathematics that utilize symbols, formulas and logic, and he is capable of other complex critical and some may never fully or adequately grasp these skills, even a

49、s adults.【答案】而最近关于这个问题的理论表明，这些阶段存在很多重叠部分，不同的环境对孩子们的成长都有影响。尽管如此，Piauet的理论对孩子们认知能力发展的最初研究是非常重要的。孩子也明白，某些特定的行为将会带来特定的影响和结果，他可能会发出一种行为再创这些结果。比如，他可能偶然吮吸自己的大拇指，发现这相当有趣，所以他会重复吮吸他的大拇指来再次体验这种快乐。在下一阶段，前运算阶段（2-7岁），孩子会发展他象征性思维的能力，他能够想象一个环境，并且用自己的想象力去处理操控它。尽管孩子的语言能力得到完全发展，能够适应社会交流的目的，但是他的思维能力仍然因为个人的经历而受限，并且这些认知限

50、制排除任何不同的观点。在具体运算阶段（7-11岁），孩子表现出逻辑思维能力，并且在他的思想里存在更少的利己主义思想。6. 单选题This special committee was established for well-integrated members of the society and not for（ ）individuals.问题1选项A.marginalB.minorC.eccentricD.distinctive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Marginal “边缘的，临界的，末端的”；minor “次要的”；eccentric “古怪的，反常的”；distinct

51、ive “独特的，与众不同的”。句意：特殊委员会是为了品行优良的社会成员建立的，而不是为那些边缘人士设立。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题The government is expected to make new legislations to （ ）foreign investment in real estate.问题1选项A.manipulateB.regulateC.dominateD.prevail【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项manipulate “操纵，控制”；B选项regulate “调节，管理”; C选项dominate “控制，支配”；D选项prevail “盛行，战

52、胜”；空格前的“legislations法规”是这个动词的逻辑主语，所以跟“法规”搭配应该是B选项。8. 单选题A person who is found guilty of embezzlement may be required to（ ）his property as penalty.问题1选项A.concedeB.defrayC.forfeitD.gape【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。Concede “承认，退让”；defray “支出，支付”；forfeit “丧失”；gape “裂开，张开”。句意：被发现犯有贪污罪的人，会被要求没收财产作为处罚。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Bas

53、ketball,（ ）1891 by Canadian James Naismith, was never intended to be anything more than an interesting style of hand soccer for university students.问题1选项A.when it was invented inB.which inventedC.was invented inD.which it was invented in【答案】A【解析】语法（从句）题目。分析题干结构可知空格后一句是真正的主句，所以空格所在句是一个从句，所以排除C选项；从句是修

54、饰Basketball，是被动关系，排除B选项，which 在引导定语从句时，需在从句中充当成分，所以排除D选项;所以正确答案是A选项，是一个表示时间的状语从句。10. 单选题They arranged daily routine that would （ ）her sense of security though she was just a trainee.问题1选项A.bombardB.bolsterC.breedD.bruise【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项bombard“轰击”；B选项bolster“支持、支撑”；C选项breed“培养”；D选项bruise“使擦伤”。本句表

55、示“他们安排了每天的例行公事来培养她的安全感虽然只是个实习生”安全感需要培养。因此C选项符合题意。11. 翻译题1.经济活动对环境有着潜在的影响，人们对此已经有了一定的认识。2.要让我们的国产品牌为世界更多的消费者认可，广告创作就必须使用国际通用的语言。3.有一种理论，把对目的语的敏感性视作语言学习中最重要的因素之一。4.为了帮助学生学习语言，图书馆已经决定将英语原版电影出租给他们。5.心理学家们已经做了无数次试验表明，在改进人的行为方面，表扬比批评有效得多。【答案】1.The potential impact of economic activity on the environment h

56、as been well understood.2.In order for our domestic brands to be recognized by more consumers in the world, the creation of advertisements must use the internationally used language.3.One theory holds that sensitivity to the target language is one of the most important factors in language learning.4

57、.To help students learn language, the library has decided to rent out original English movies to them.5. Psychologists have conducted numerous experiments, showing that praise is far more effective than criticism at improving peoples behavior.12. 单选题Unlike photographers on Earth, astronauts in the s

58、pace have the opportunity to take photographs from （ ）perspectives.问题1选项A.underminedB.undulatedC.unilateralD.unprecedented【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。Undermined “潜行的”；undulated “波状的”；unilateral “单方面的”；unprecedented “空前的，无前例的”。句意：与地球上的摄影师不同，太空中的宇航员有机会从前所未有的角度拍摄照片。选项D符合题意。13. 单选题Two centuries have（ ）to meet in s

59、maller working groups and deepen negotiations over the Norths nuclear.问题1选项A.persistedB.pledgedC.assertedD.petitioned【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。persist“坚持”；pledge“发誓”；assert“声称”；petition“请愿”。本句意为“两个世纪以来，他们坚持以较小的工作小组开会，就朝鲜的核问题深化谈判”，较小的工作会议形式需要坚持进行，因此选项A正确。14. 单选题What our society suffers from most today is the a

60、bsence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus

61、 in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a l

62、ong history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has be

63、come characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, tortured by self-consciousness turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined and we have lo