2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第141期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Mr. Li is the present （ ）of the presidential chair of the company.问题1选项A.transactionB.prescriptionC.professorD.incumbent【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 李先生现任公司总裁。transaction交易；事务；办理。 prescription药方；指示；惯例。professor教授；教师。incumbent在职者；现任者 。2. 单选题By about A.D. 500 the Mound Builde

2、r （筑堤人）culture was declining, perhaps because of attacks from other tribes or perhaps because of severe climatic changes that undermined agriculture. To the west another culture, based on intensive agriculture, was beginning to flourish. Its center was beneath present-day St. Louis, and it radiated

3、out to encompass most of the Mississippi watershed, from Wisconsin to Louisians and from Oklahoma to Tennessee. Thousands of villages were included in its orbit. By about A.D. 700 this Mississippian culture, as is known to archaeologists, began to send its influence eastward to transform the life of

4、 most of the less technologically advanced woodland tribes. Like the Mound Builders of the Ohio region, these tribes, probably influenced by Meso-American cultures through trade and warfare, built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places. The largest of them, rising in four terraces to a heig

5、ht of one hundred feet, has a rectangular base of nearly fifteen acres, larger than that of the Great Pyramid of Egypt. Built between A.D. 900 and 1100 this huge earthwork faces the site of a palisaded （用栅围护）Indian city which contained more than one hundred small artificial mounds marking burial sit

6、es. Spread among them was a vast settlement containing some 30 000 people by current estimations. The finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered at Cahokia, as this center of Mississippi culture is called, include elaborate ceramics （陶器）finely sculpted stonework, carefully embossed and engraved co

7、pper and mica （云母）sheets, and one funeral blanket fashioned from 12 000 shell beads. They indicate that Cahokia was a true urban center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in tool making, hide-dressing, potting, jewelry-making, weaving, and salt-making.1.What is the main topic of the p

8、assage?2.The paragraph preceding this one most probably discussed （ ）.3.In relation to the Mississippian culture, the Mound Builder culture waslocated （ ）.4.The Mississippian culture influenced the culture of the（ ）5.According to the passage, the mounds were used as （ ）.问题1选项A.The Mississippian cult

9、ure.B.The decline of Mound Builder culture.C.The architecture of Meso-American Indians.D.The eastern woodlands tribes.问题2选项A.the Mound Builder cultureB.warfare in AD500C.the geography of the Mississippi areaD.agriculture near the Mississippi River问题3选项A.in essentially the same areaB.farther south al

10、ong the watershedC.to the eastD.to the west问题4选项A.eastern woodland tribesB.Mound BuildersC.Meso-AmericansD.Egyptians问题5选项A.palaces for the royal familiesB.fortresses for defenseC.centers for conducting tradeD.places for burying the dead【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。作者以时间为轴线介绍了密西西比文化。2.推断题

11、。第一句为: By about A.D. 500 the Mound Builder（筑堤人）culture was declining, 紧接着这种文化衰退的两个可能性的 因素，进而又讲述了另一种文化的繁荣。因此推测上一段应该是关于the Mound Builder culture。3.细节题。文章介绍完筑堤人文化之后接着说到To the west anotherculture/因此可以得知密西西比文化位于筑堤人文化的西边。4.细节题。文章指出: began to send its influence eastward to transform the life of most of the

12、 less technologically advanced woodland tribes(密西西比文化开始向东影响大多数技术落后的林地部落的生活)。5.细节题。文章指出: built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places (the mounds 是用来做葬礼和祭祀的地方)。3. 翻译题The undeniable fact is that climate is global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the No

13、rth contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the United States, must take significant steps immediately.Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful

14、participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the worlds leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions.In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of defore

15、station and other landuse practices that have raised carbon concentrations.Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immed

16、iate future，80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies.【答案】不容否认的事实是气候变化是一个全球问题，需要在全球范围内加以 解决。毫无疑问，北半球的工业化对温室气体量的增多负有很大责任。包括美国在内的 发达国家应该立即釆取措施。不过，发达国家孤军奋战并不能抑制全球温室气体的增多。从科学角度来看，主要发展中国家的参与是

17、必要的。几个最大的发展中国家很快就会成为世界上 最大的排放国。发展中国家化石燃料排放量已经占到全球排放量的44%。不仅如此，发展中国家还要对过度砍伐森林和其他引起碳浓度增加的土地使用行为负责任。尽管现在已经拥有了发达国家在工业化时还没有发明的清洁技术，一些发展中国家的人均能源消耗强度仍在持续快速增长。不远的将来，80%的新建发电项目会出现在发展中国家。我们所有人都希望这些项目将采用最新的尖端技术。4. 单选题Nobody knew how he came up with this （ ）idea about the trip.问题1选项A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD

18、.weird【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 没有人知道他是怎么想出这么一个 旅行点子。weary:疲倦的，使人厌烦的。twilight:虚幻的，暮年的。unanimous: 意见一致的。weird:怪异的，不可思议的。故D项符合句意。5. 单选题This spacious room is（ ） furnished with just a few articles in it.问题1选项A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely【答案】B【解析】副词辨析。句意: 宽敞的房间（ ）摆着几件家具。Lightly 轻轻地; sparsely 稀疏地; hardly 几

19、乎不, 多用于否定句, 故排除; rarely 很少地, 多用于修饰频率; 故选B。6. 单选题A few years ago a lone American campaigner wrote a book in which he set out the main point of his fascinate in go campaignto abolish television. His manifest “Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television” is an American bestseller, and after eight

20、editions is still generating great concern and debate in the USA.Jerry Mander, a former advertising expert is convinced that for the sake of our freedom, and mental and physical health, we should learn to live without TV. Through his advertising background Mander is aware of how much of television i

21、s concerned with advertising and money making. He sees the planting of values for profit as “a deep, profound and disturbing act by few against the many, for a trivial purpose.” And, even without commercials, he sees TV as disturbing because it crams peoples heads with images which alter the way the

22、y feel and behave. Pictures formed by 300,000 tiny dancing dots altering 30 times per second, bombard their eyes as people scan the images 10 times a second. The brain registers and stores all 30 images, but the conscious mind registers far fewer. But, argues Mander, even if you reject or doubt what

23、 you see consciously, it is too late.He further argues that TV is a deadening experience as it is restricted to just two sensessight and sound. Perception is dulled and flattened, says Mander, when you cant feel and smell and totally experience an event. People are just sitting passively for up to f

24、our hours a night watching a screen and listening to artificial sound. “No culture in history has spent such an enormous amount of time looking at artificial light,” says Mander, “and another worrying fact is that prolonged exposure to artificial light alters human cells, which is why it is being us

25、ed for certain medical treatment” Researchers do not know if life-long TV exposure is a physical risk or not, but as Mander would argue, why run the risk? It is important that people get up now and with it off before the harm is donethey might also become brain-washed, or who knows.1.Four Arguments

26、for the Elimination of Tedlevision is a book which（ ） .2.Jerry Mander objects to TV advertising mainly because （ ）3.Mander thinks peoples feelings and behaviors are changed because（ ） .4.By watching TV for several hours every night, Mander implies that （ ）.5.Mander suggests that viewing TV over long

27、 periods of time （ ）.问题1选项A.caused distress to many AmericansB.achieved great success overseasC.became a very popular book to readD.expressed the views of a fascinating man问题2选项A.the underlying principles concern money-makingB.it is ineffectual in getting its message acrossC.a few people are deeply

28、disturbed by itD.the values it conveys are accepted by all问题3选项A.the brain is able to make conscious decisionsB.the conscious mind is affected by TV imagesC.their eyes scan a TV screen 10 times a secondD.the conscious mind is unable to reject the images it sees问题4选项A.people would lose their other se

29、nsesB.people would be veiy imaginativeC.people will become very passiveD.people would come to depend on only watching问题5选项A.could lead to deathB.might cause brain damageC.could endanger peoples healthD.would make cells malignant【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第一段：after eight editions is still

30、 generating great concern and debate in the USA：这本书自从几年前出版以来已经出了八版。并且还在引起 广泛的关注和激烈的争论。由此可知，C项(成为了很受欢迎的书)为正确答案。A:给美国人带来了痛 苦。与原文不符。B:在海外取得很大成功。文章只提到在美国引起人们的关注与争议，故与原文不符。D:介绍一个有魅力者的观点。与原文不符。2.细节题。第二段：.how much of television is concerned with advertisingand money making. .； He sees the planting of value

31、s for profit as “a deep, profound and disturbing act by few against the many, for a trivial purpose.杰里反对电视中的广告并不是因为电视广告带来的利润太少。而是他认为对于以利益为导向的 价值观的灌输是少数人对于公众的不负责任的行为。3.推断题。第二段：.it crams peoples heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave （电视使人们的脑子里充斥着大量的画面和形象）。故选B项(意识受到电视画面的影响)。4.推断题。第

32、三段指出: Perception is dulled and flattened, .when you cant feel and smell and totally experience an event. People are just sitting passively for up to four hours a night watching a screen and listening to artificial sound (感觉会变得迟钝，人也变得没精打彩，也就不能感受与体会到整个事件的过程。这样人们就只能被动的一个晚上坐在那达四个小时，看着电视屏幕，听着人工的声音),因此选C项

33、(人会变得很被动)。5.推断题。最后一段指出：.prolonged exposure to artificial light alters human cells, which is why it is being used for certain medical treatment (长期暴露在人造光下会改变人体细胞，这就是为什么它被用于某种医学治疗的原因), 不难看出长时间暴露在电视人工的 光线也有可能威胁人们的健康。7. 单选题His work shed provocative yet necessary light on an important way to slow the spr

34、ead of this virus.问题1选项A.provisionalB.seductiveC.disturbingD.insulting【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 他的工作就是着手放缓这种病毒的传播。provisional:临时的,暂定的。seductive:诱人的，有魅力的。disturbing：干扰的，令人不安的,骚扰的(与画线词provocative:挑衅的，煽动的，意思相近)。 insulting:侮辱的，无礼的。8. 单选题The customer expressed her（ ） for that broad hat.问题1选项A.disapprovalB.dista

35、steC.dissatisfactionD.dismay【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意: 这位顾客表示她不喜欢那顶宽顶帽。disapproval后与of搭配，表示不赞成、不同意；distaste后与for搭配，表示不喜欢、厌恶；dissatisfaction后与with搭配，表示不满；dismay沮丧。9. 单选题The ideal companion machine-the computer-would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant m

36、anner. Those qualities that make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would

37、 not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if i

38、t imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity

39、that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide ma

40、ny of the benefits that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the users life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computers own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of

41、the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.1.Which of the following is not a feature of the ideal companion machine?2.The computer would develop friendships with humans in a (n) - way（ ）.3.Which of the following aspects is not mentioned wh

42、en the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?4.Throughout the passage, the author is in his attitude toward the computer（ ）.5.Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?问题1选项A.Active in communicationB.Attractive in personality.C.enjoyable in performanceD.unpredicta

43、ble in behavior问题2选项A.QuickB.unpredictableC.productiveD.inconspicuous.问题3选项A.Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B.Being sensitive to earlier contact.C.Being ready to learn about the persons lifeD.Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.问题4选项A.favorableB.criticalC.vagueD.hesitant问题

44、5选项A.Artificial relationships.B.How to form intimate relationshipsC.The affectionate machineD.Humans and computers【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出: machine would remain slightly unpredictable (机器有一点不可预测), 因此D项与原文不符。2.细节题。第二段: The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avo

45、id giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation (整个过程将以一种微妙的方式完成，以避免给人一种过于熟悉的印象，这可能会引起不安)。表明这种电脑与人类建立关系的过程是in a subtle way, 故选D项(不显眼的，不引人注意的)。3.细节题。第一段: it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of i

46、ts own (它有时会主动发展或改变话题，并拥有自己的个性), 可以看出A跟D项有提到, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style (但当它逐渐了解用户时，它会发展成一种更轻松、更贴心的风格), 可以看出C项有提到。而B选 项(对早起的接触很敏感)与In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant不符, 故选B。4.态度方向。形容这种电脑作者用到的词汇有: comfortable、interesting等,

47、不难看出作者对这种电脑的态度是favorable赞赏的。5.主旨大意题。作者介绍了这种“仿真交际”电脑与人类如何建立关系，并围绕这种电脑的各项特点来介绍它是具有人情味、人性化的, 因此C项作标题最合适。10. 单选题He is such a （ ）man that he built a porch for his house last summer.问题1选项A.productiveB.solitaryC.versatileD.diligent【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 他是一个 的人，去年夏天他就给他家房子建造了一个门廊。productive:生产的，多产的。solitary:孤独

48、的，单个的。 diligent:勤勉的，勤奋的，刻苦的。versatile:多才多艺的，多用途的，万能的。11. 单选题Agreement made by the President with other countries（ ） the approval of the senate.问题1选项A.is subjected toB.is subject toC.draws outD.substitute for【答案】A【解析】短语辨析。句意: 总统和别的国家所签订的协议要受到议会的批准。be subjected to受到.;经受.。be subject to受支配,从属于;常遭受有.倾向的。

49、draw out取出；拟订。 substitute for代替，取代。12. 单选题If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtract

50、ion of water from the ocean by means of evaporation- conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitati

51、on, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or de

52、creased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea

53、, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a

54、higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold

55、 water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.1.According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in（ ） .2.The world “it” in line 4(paragraph 4) refers to（ ） .3.Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?4.Which of the following is NOT a res

56、ult of the formation of ocean ice?5.What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?问题1选项A.coastal areasB.tropical areasC.rainy areasD.turbulent areas问题2选项A.sea iceB.salinityC.seawaterD.manner问题3选项A.To show that this body of water has salinity variationsB.To compare Antarctic waters w

57、ith Arctic watersC.To give an example of increased salinity due to freezing.D.To point out the location of deep waters问题4选项A.The salt remains in the water.B.The surrounding water sinks.C.Water salinity decreases.D.The water becomes denser.问题5选项A.It is relatively warm.B.Its salinity is relatively hig

58、h.C.It does not move.D.It evaporates quickly.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节题。第三段指出: Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation(通常，在光照很强的热带地区，海水盐度比世界上其他蒸发量不大的地区要

59、高一些)。2.词义题。“it”所在句子为: Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water,此处“it”是指代前面说的ice。3.推断题。根据题干定位至第五段: In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of

60、cold water(在南极洲外的威德尔海，海洋中密度最大的水是由于这种冻结过程而形成的，这会增加冷水的盐度)。由此可知，提及Weddell Sea,是为了证明前面提到的海水结冰对海水盐度的影响。4.推断题。文章指出,海冰的形成会引起海水盐度增加。5.推断题。文章指出，密度大的海水会下沉，可在海洋的深水域可以发现。也就是相对来说，海水的含盐度会高些。13. 填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and cr

61、eativity. Behaviorists（1）research the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain （2）rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence（3） approval and

62、 gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks （4）in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, （5）to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a （6） and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for（7）performance or creating too