2022年考博英语-湖南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第20期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Foreign disinvestment and the （ ）of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.问题1选项A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意:1985以后，外资撤资以及世界资本市场的 （ ）使南非经济进一步削弱。displacement 代替; Elimination 剔除, 消除，消灭

2、; Exclusion 排斥; Exception 例外。2. 单选题He is often inclined to （ ）in other peoples affairs, which is none of his business.问题1选项A.manipulatedB.lumberedC.meddleD.littered【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意: 他总是喜欢插手别人的事，那些事跟他毫无关系。manipulate操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改。lumber缓慢吃力地移动;笨拙地行进;迫使担负(职责等) 。meddle管闲事;干涉;干预;瞎搞，乱弄(尤指不应管或不懂的事物) 。litt

3、ern.乱丢；给.垫褥草；把.弄得乱七八糟; 乱扔废弃物。3. 单选题He is such a （ ）man that he built a porch for his house last summer.问题1选项A.productiveB.solitaryC.versatileD.diligent【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 他是一个 的人，去年夏天他就给他家房子建造了一个门廊。productive:生产的，多产的。solitary:孤独的，单个的。 diligent:勤勉的，勤奋的，刻苦的。versatile:多才多艺的，多用途的，万能的。4. 单选题The advertisin

4、g industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.问题1选项A.avertB.denyC.excludeD.reduce【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 广告业通过加强自律努力清除印刷制品与各类插图中的低俗内容、失实报道与欺骗信息。avert:避免，防止。deny:否认，拒绝。reduce:减少，降低，缩小。curtail:缩

5、减，缩短。故D项与题意一致。5. 单选题Many people are（ ） to insect bites, and some even have to go to hospital.问题1选项A.insensitiveB.allergicC.sensibleD.infected【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 很多人对蚊虫叮咬 （ ），有些甚至不得不去医院治疗。Insensitive感觉迟钝的; allergic过敏的,例如be allergic to对某事或某物过敏; sensible理智的; infected被感染的。故选B。6. 单选题The reception was atte

6、nded by（ ） members of the local community.问题1选项A.excellentB.conspicuousC.prominentD.noticeable【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 来参加招待会的都是当地的（ ）人物。Excellent 优秀的; conspicuous显眼的; prominent重要的, 著名的; noticeable显而易见的。故选C。7. 判断题判断题测试0.0问题1选项A.对B.错【答案】A【解析】试题解析T.T8. 单选题She got very angry and（ ） her clothes about in the r

7、oom.问题1选项A.flungB.flewC.clampedD.clashed【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 她很生气，把衣服扔的房间里到处都是。fling (尤指生气地)扔，掷，抛，丢;猛动(身体或身体部位);粗暴地(向某人)说;气势汹汹地(对某人)说。clamp夹住，固定;紧紧抓住;紧夹住;被抓住;被夹紧;用夹锁锁住(车) 。clash打斗;冲突;比赛;(公开地)争论。9. 单选题We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that

8、in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme as Panoroma. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed too much intimation about societies, forms of life, and attitudes other than those which they obtain i

9、n their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, and a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative developm

10、ent. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in quarry(采石场)and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones do not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-cont

11、ained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have toor feel we should try tomake decisions, as citizens or as priva

12、te individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the p

13、roduct of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communications. The organs of the establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring

14、that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt

15、. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give,

16、 but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo (现状).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1.According to the passage, the mass media prese

17、nt us with（ ） .2.What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?3.The author uses the comparison with building a cathedral that（ ） .4.How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?5.The main weakness of the mass media is ide

18、ntified by the author as （ ）.问题1选项A.insufficient diversity of informationB.too restricted a view of lifeC.a wide range of facts and opinionsD.a critical assessment of our society问题2选项A.They are likely to frustrate this development.B.They can form a basis for it.C.They can distort our judgment.D.They

19、 can stimulate too much mental activity.问题3选项A.worthwhile results do not depend on raw material onlyB.the mediaeval media had different beliefsC.great works of art require good foundationsD.close attention to detail is important问题4选项A.They disturb us by their prejudices.B.They make us doubt our own

20、judgments.C.They make no contribution in this area.D.They make decisions which appear too complicated.问题5选项A.fear of losing the customerB.the diverse views of the contributorsC.service to the profit motiveD.trying to cater for a vest range of audience【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出: 人类历

21、史上从来没有过如此多的人频繁地批露，诸如：社会、 生活方式以及思想观念的阴暗面，而这些与人们从所处社会接收的那些信息是不同的。因此排除A、B项。第二段指出: Though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such enquires might really hurt (尽管他们辩论、质疑，但仍然触及不到关键之处), 由此推断D项(对社会的一个批判性评估)是大众传媒所不具备的。故选C项(广泛的事实和意见)。2.细节题。根据题干关键词intellec

22、tual and imaginative development定位至第一段: This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, and a sense of the variety of possible attitudes。据此可知B项正确。3.推断题。根据题干定位至第一段: The mass media cannot build the cathed

23、ral, and their way of showing the stones do not always prompt others to build, 作者用建大教堂这个比喻说明有价值的结果不仅仅依靠原材料。故选A。4.细节题。根据题干关键词定位至第二段。第二句说:大众媒介经常不能把做这些决定的困难进行报道，它不起作用，更不会使决定变得更为复杂。故选C。5.细节题。作者认为大众传播媒介的主要弱点是为了获得利益,故C项(因为获利动机)正确。10. 单选题Like a ticking time bomb, the failing dollar has grabbed the attentio

24、n of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic policies the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsch mark, U.S. goods become cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and ab

25、road, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroadespecially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture i

26、s improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather fashionable notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappoi

27、nting in the next few quarters, the buying spree might disappear. And finally, if a falling dollar leads to a rise in interest rates, the stock market rally could stop.Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in anothers competitiveness.Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their ex

28、port-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.Could the fa

29、lling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investmentsespecially the government bond market. The money to finance the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere; inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufactur

30、ers will eventually pass along price hikesand U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. Federal Reserve then might need step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall S

31、treet Rally.Worried about these side effects，Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect .from U.S. Treas

32、ury Bonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors. The chances are relatively good that we will avoid an Investor break or panic.”1.What is the main idea of this

33、text?2.What does the word “rally” (Para. 2) mean?3.Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?4.If dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in, what would happen?5.It can be inferred from the text, that the devaluation of the U.S. dollar（ ） .问题1选项A

34、.The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.B.The results of the devaluation of U.S. dollar.C.The side effects of devaluation of U.S. dollar.D.The effects of idling U.S. dollar on world economy.问题2选项A.Prosperity.B.Decline.C.Richness.D.Improvement.问题3选项A.Because the falling dollar may cause inflation

35、in their countries.B.Because it may force them to devaluate their currency.C.Because it may do damage to their trade.D.Because it may make Japanese company less competitive.问题4选项A.The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.B.The U.S. economy might face serious problems.C.Investors might lose

36、 confidence in U.S. investments.D.Runaway inflation could not be stopped in the U.S.问题5选项A.is not responded by countermeasures of Japan and West Germany.B.will not be suspended until the U.S. trade turns aroundC.brings about obvious changes to American economyD.has destroyed the economy of Japan and

37、 West Germany【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。全篇文章都讲的美元下跌的后果。2.词义题。定位至第二段, “rally”所在句意为:最后，如果美元贬值导致利率上升，股市的反弹/繁荣可能会停止。故选A。3.细节题。第三段，“日本和西德正濒于经济衰退的边缘。其出 口导向的经济正在面临严重问题。日本担心由于日元坚挺而给其贸易带来损害， 西德也在发愁。上个星期，法兰克福股市价格暴跌。据说，波恩已在考虑降低 利率以振兴其经济。因此C项(这可能会损害他们的贸易)正确。4.推断题。文章指出:较高利率会导致美国经济减慢，华尔街的繁荣将结束。5.推断题

38、。A:日本与西德没有采取应对措施，与文章不符。B:美国贸易出现逆转才会得以解决。与文章不符。D:已经破坏了日本和西德的经济。是文章指出的事实,不符合题意。故选择C。11. 单选题Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years-and why in the following two hundred years a k

39、nowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times-are questions which have interested the modernm philosopher not less than the objects with which these scien

40、ces are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modernm phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modernm era one of normal grow

41、th? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the anci

42、ents employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the modernms employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modernm scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all kno

43、wledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction-by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sc

44、iences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness i

45、n observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation-these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the modernms; but this statement does not explain why the modernm is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he a

46、ttained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “”facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “”ideas”n-in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive at

47、tention to the latter- proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical

48、 connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of

49、simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.1.

50、The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is（ ） .2.The difference between “fact” and “theory .3.The statement “Theories are facts may be called（ ）4.According to the author, mathematics is（ ） .5.According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of th

51、e ancient Greeks and in modern times is（ ） .问题1选项A.Philosophy of mathematicsB.The Recent Growth in ScienceC.The Verification of FactsD.Methods of Scientific Inquiry问题2选项A.is that the latter needs confirmationB.rests on the simplicity of the formerC.is the difference between the modern scientists and

52、 the ancient GreeksD.helps us to understand the deductive method问题3选项A.a metaphorB.a paradoxC.an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD.a pun问题4选项A.an inductive scienceB.in need of simple verificationC.a deductive scienceD.based on fact and theory问题5选项A.the similarity between the two peri

53、odsB.that it was an act of GodC.that both tried to develop the inductive methodD.due to the decline of the deductive method【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章通篇都是在讨论科学研究或探索的方法。2.细节题。第四段指出: The attempt to discover the explanation of this henomenon in the antithesis of facts and theories or fa

54、cts and ideas-in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter- proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species.试图在事实的对立面和理论

55、，或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有些太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭批评。 因为，对立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。第五段指出：A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is

56、to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的， 遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。由此得出，选择A:后者(理论)需要证实。3.推断题。文章指出: 事实和理论不是同类的事物。因此 “理论即事实”的论断就是悖论。故B项正确。4.推断题。选项C推理演绎科学正确。5.细节题。第一段指

57、出：Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence? 或者，我们是否应该把这两个时期的特征都归因于所谓的历史意外事件一一归因于客观环境中相似性结合的影响。这一点除非以指导一切

58、的上帝的智慧和无限权利来解释， 否则难以解说清楚。因此B项:是上天的安排为正确选项。12. 单选题An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of（ ） that produces it.问题1选项A.causalityB.marginC.persistenceD.purpose【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意: 地震的解释就是对造成地震因果关系链的描述。causality因果关系。margin边缘； 利润。persistence持续；固执；存留。purpose目的，意图。13. 单选题At our house,

59、nobody gets more mail than Jake: catalogs, coupons, and offers to subscribe to magazines. He is also urged to donate to worth causes and take advantage of some pretty incredible credit-card offers.He ignores all of them. What do they expect? Hes a dog.It all started when I used Jakes name as an alia

60、s on the Internet, in an attempt to protect whats left of my privacy. Before I knew it, junk was poring in, proving once again that these days every move you make online can be, often is, carefully watched and recorded by people who dont know you from your dogeveryone from ad and insurance agencies

61、to nonprofit groups and even the dreaded telemarketers. And lets not forget the more, shall we say, unscrupulous characters.Weve all heard horror stories about people whose identities, in the form of credit card or Social Security numbers, were assumed by crooks. Identity theft is one of the fastest

62、-growing crimes around.Even if you never buy anything online, your privacy can be compromised by Web “cookies”. A cookie is a small file that a Web site stores on your computer containing information it can use to “recognize” you if you return to that site.Most cookies pose little risk to privacy on

63、 their own. The problem comes when others get hold of your cookies. In a highly publicized case earlier this year. Doubleclick Inc. Planned to cross-reference consumer cookie data with information from a marketing database, such as name, address and credit card-purchase history. Seen as an unethical violation ofconsumers privacy, a lawsuit followed. Doubleclick gave up the plan, for now.In the meantime,