2022年考博英语-厦门大学考试题库及模拟押密卷17（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-厦门大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题.Any Democratic president will try to_the United States from the mess in Iraq,yet all would face rigid constraints.问题1选项A.knockoutB.distinguishC.overtureD.extricate【答案】D【解析】knockout击倒; distinguish区别,辨别; overture作动词意为建议; extricate使摆脱,解救。句意：任何一位民主党总统都将试图把美国从伊拉克的混乱中

2、解救出来, 但所有人都将面临严格的约束。选项D符合句意。2. 单选题Entering the furniture store,Mr. Thompson took a few minutes to_through the catalog and got a sense of what kinds of sofa were in popular demand.问题1选项A.gazeB.stareC.shuffleD.riffle【答案】D【解析】gaze注视, 凝视; stare凝视, 盯着看; shuffle搅乱, 推诿; riffle迅速翻阅，riffle through很快地（漫不经心地）翻

3、阅。句意：走进家具店之后, Thompson先生用了几分钟时间快速浏览了一下目录，了解了一下什么样的沙发最受欢迎。选项D符合句意。3. 单选题Its easy to_us because were supposedly a bunch of dumb country bumpkins and rednecks.问题1选项A.pick overB.pick offC.pick onD.pick out【答案】C【解析】pick over仔细检查或挑选； pick off摘掉，拔去； pick on选中，批评，欺负；pick out挑选出。句意：我们很容易受欺负，因为我们被认为是一群愚蠢的土包子和

4、乡巴佬。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题CNBC,the cable business network,and the New York Times have joined forces to create an alliance against a common_: Rupert Murdochs News Corp.问题1选项A.voidB.foeC.cockpitD.gist【答案】B【解析】void空间,空虚; foe反对者, 敌人,对手; cockpit驾驶员座舱, 战场; gist主旨,要点。句意：有线商业网络CNBC（消费者新闻与商业频道）和纽约时报联手创建了一个联盟来对抗共同的竞争

5、对手: Rupert Murdoch的新闻集团。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题But cellphones had been around for 15 years before they caught on with_America. By that yardstick, broadbandwidely available for only the past couple of yearshas many more miles to go.问题1选项A.main-topmastB.mainstayC.main arteryD.mainstream【答案】D【解析】main-topmast航海主

6、桅中桅；mainstay中流砥柱；main artery主要干线； mainstream 主流。句意：在手机成为美国主流之前，它已经存在了15年。按照这个标准，宽带还有很长的路要走宽带仅在过去几年才普及。选项D符合句意。6. 单选题Although the government still enjoys a high level of public support,the crime problem has stirred political _and suspicions.问题1选项A.substanceB.antagonismsC.dimensionD.possession【答案】B【解析

7、】substance物质, 实质; antagonism对抗,敌意; dimension尺寸; possession拥有。句意：虽然政府仍然享有很高的公众支持, 但犯罪问题已经引发了对抗对立和猜疑。选项B符合句意。7. 单选题The fact that the earths surface heats_ provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.问题1选项A.infrequentlyB.irregularlyC.unsteadilyD.unevenly【答案】D【解析】infrequently很少发生地, 稀少

8、地; irregularly不规则地, 无规律地; unsteadily不稳定地, 摇摆地; unevenly不均衡地, 不平坦地, 不平行地。句意：地球表面受热不均这一事实提供了一种便捷的方法来划分它的温度区域。 选项D符合句意。8. 单选题It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide the

9、se areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh,the two being in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally,spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at least between one as good and the other as evil. They believe that a per

10、son has two souls,each necessary. One is the gentle soul, the other is the rough soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul, sometimes he must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentle soul,neither does he fight his rough soul. Human nature in itself is good,Japanese philosophers insist,

11、and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling ones obligations to others. Happy endings,either in life or in fiction,are neither necessary nor expected,since th

12、e fulfillment of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a persons obligations to those who have conferred benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. He develops through this double sense of duty a self-discipline which is at once permis

13、sive and rigid,depending upon the area in which it is functioning.The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birthhow early the Japanese child is given his own identity! If I were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese toward their c

14、hildren I would put it in one succinct word. Love? Yes,abundance of love, warmly expressed from .the moment he is put to his mothers breast. For a mother this nursing of her child is important psychologically.Rewards are frequent,a bit of candy bestowed at the right moment,an inexpensive toy. As tim

15、e comes to enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child.What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think,in the fact that the aim of all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are repeated ov

16、er and over,and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and tempered to the childs tender age. It is no less gentle as time goes

17、on,but certainly it is increasingly inexorable.Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect upon what I learned there. What, I wonder,will take the place of the web of love and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking of the people of Japan? 1.According to

18、 Japanese belief a child is born（ ） .2.The training of the Japanese child can best be described as（ ） .3.In the teaching of self-discipline the Japanese emphasize （ ） .4.The Japanese idea of virtue is（ ） .5.To the Japanese,the aim of existence is（ ） .问题1选项A.basically goodB.amoral, neither good nor e

19、vilC.with two souls which are in combat with one anotherD.in sin问题2选项A.a system of rewards and punishmentsB.frequent disciplining which becomes more inexorably severe as the child grows olderC.benevolent and indulgent during the early years,but somewhat more severe as the child grows olderD.almost e

20、ntirely psychological问题3选项A.duty to ones family and relationsB.early toilet training combined with restrictive movementC.heavy external control including both verbal and physical punishmentD.a permissive atmosphere almost until puberty问题4选项A.sublimating the rough soul to permit ascendancy of the gen

21、tle soulB.fulfilling ones obligations to othersC.doing good and avoiding evilD.being friendly and courteous to all people问题5选项A.the pursuit of happinessB.reward in the afterlifeC.a happy ending to ones activitiesD.fulfilling ones duty【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.根据第一段“Human nature in itself is

22、 good,Japanese philosophers insist,and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times.”日本哲学家坚持认为, 人性本身是好的, 一个人不需要与自己的任何一部分作斗争。他只需要学习如何在适当的时候恰当地使用每一个灵魂。所以选项A符合原文。2.根据倒数第二段的最后一句“The demand is gentle at first and tem

23、pered to the childs tender age. It is no less gentle as time goes on,but certainly it is increasingly inexorable.”这种要求一开始是温和的, 根据孩子们幼小的年龄而进行调整, 随着时间的推移这种要求就不那么温和了, 可以肯定的说是越来越无情了。选项C符合原文。3.本题与上一题意思相近, 这种要求一开始是温和的, 根据孩子们幼小的年龄而进行调整, 随着时间的推移这种要求就不那么温和了, 可以肯定的说是越来越无情了。选项D符合原文。4.根据第一段中提到的“Virtue for the J

24、apanese consists in fulfilling ones obligations to others.”可知选项B符合原文。5.根据第一段的后半部分的内容可知, 对于日本人来说, 存在的目的就是履行职责。所以选项D正确。9. 单选题The British historian Niall Ferguson speculated that the end of American_might not fuel an orderly shift to a multipolar system.问题1选项A.domainB.hegemonyC.sovereigntyD.preference【

25、答案】B【解析】domain领地,领域; hegemony霸权; sovereignty主权,君主; preference偏爱, 优先权。句意：英国历史学家Niall Ferguson推测, 美国霸权主义的终结可能不会推动美国向多极体系的有序转变。选项B符合句意。10. 单选题The more time scientists spend designing computers the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that baffle（难住）the most advanced supercomputer recognizing a fa

26、ce, reading a handwritten note 一 are childs play for the 3-pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brains abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designe

27、rs believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.Conventional computers function by following a chainli

28、ke sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the ner

29、ve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns.Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recogni

30、ze patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine.Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations（模拟品）because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through

31、software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes. 1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the most advanced supercomputer （ ）.2.What is NOT true of a conventional computer?3.The main feature of a neural-network computer is that（ ） .4.The expression this tw

32、o-dimensional approach in the second paragraph refers to （ ）.5.Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because （ ） .问题1选项A.can recognize a face and read a handwritten noteB.can learn from its mistakesC.weighs only 3 poundsD.cannot distribute information across an interconne

33、cted web of nerve cells问题2选项A.It must be programmed before it works.B.It can only solve one problem at a time.C.It is good at solving one problem at a time.D.It is trained to recognize patterns instead of making decisions.问题3选项A.its processors act as an interconnected web of neuronsB.it is programme

34、d to make decisionsC.its networks are of all shapes and sizesD.its neurons are artificial问题4选项A.the conventional computer and the neural computerB.making decisions and recognizing patternsC.sharing information and performing tasksD.the computer and the human brain问题5选项A.it can avoid redesigning comp

35、uter chipsB.it can save a lot of time and moneyC.it can avoid making mistakesD.it is more like the human brain【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes infor

36、mation across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.可知选项D正确。2.根据第三段的内容可知选项D指的是neural-network computer而不是传统计算机。所以选项D正确。3.根据第二段第四句The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain.相比之下, 神经网络计算机中的处理器形成的网络很像大脑中的神经细胞。选项A符合原文。4.根

37、据第二段的最后两句可知, this two-dimensional approach指的是上文提到的share information and perform tasks。所以选项C正确。5.根据最后一段最后一句By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.通过用软件而不是硬件来试验不同的方法, 科学家已经能够避免代价高昂的错误。选项B符合原文。11. 单选题The high

38、unemployment rates of the early 1960s occasioned a spirited debate within the economics profession. One group found the primary cause of unemployment in slow growth and the solution in economic expansion. The other found the major explanation in changes that had occurred in the supply and demand for

39、 labor and stressed measures for matching demand with supply.The expansionist school of thought, with the Council of Economic Advisers as its leading advocates, attributed the persistently high unemployment level to a slow rate of economic growth resulting from a deficiency of aggregate demand for g

40、oods and services. The majority of this school endorsed the position of the Council that tax reduction would eventually reduce the unemployment level to 4% of the labor force with no other assistance. At 4%, bottlenecks in skilled labor, middle-level manpower, and professional personnel were expecte

41、d to retard growth and generate wage-price pressures. To go beyond 4%, the interim goal of the Council, it was recognized that improved education, training, and retraining, and other structural measures would be required. Some expansionists insisted that the demand for goods and services was nearly

42、satiated and that it was impossible for the private sector to absorb a significant increase in output. In their estimate, only the lower-income fifth of the population and the public sector offered sufficient outlets for the productive efforts of the potential labor force. The fact that the needs of

43、 the poor and the many unmet demands for public services held higher priority than the demands of the marketplace in the value structure of this group no doubt influenced their economic judgments.Those who found the major cause of unemployment in structural features were primarily labor economists,

44、concerned professionally with efficient functioning of labor markets through programs to develop skills and place individual workers. They maintained that increased aggregate demand was a necessary but not sufficient condition for reaching either the CEAs 4% target or their own preferred 3%. This pe

45、ssimism was based, in part, on the conclusion that unemployment among the young, the unskilled, minority groups, and depressed geographical areas is not easily attacked by increasing general demand. Further, their estimate of the numbers of potential members of the labor force who had withdrawn or n

46、or entered because of lack of employment opportunity was substantially higher than that of the CEA. They also projected that increased demand would put added pressure on skills already in short supply rather than employ the unemployed, and that because of technological change, which was replacing ma

47、npower, much higher levels of demand would be necessary to create the same number of jobs.The structural school, too, had its hyperenthusiasts: Fiscal conservatives who, as an alternative to expansionary policies, argued the not very plausible position that a job was available for every person, prov

48、ided only that he or she had the requisite skills or would relocate. Such extremist positions aside, there was actually considerable agreement between two main groups, though this was not recognized at the lime. Both realized the advisability of a tax cut to increase demand, and both needed to reduc

49、e unemployment below a point around 4%. In either case, the policy implications differed in emphasis and not in content. 1.The authors treatment of the hyperenthusiasts can best be described as one of ( ).2.According to the passage, there was a good deal of agreement between the expansionist and str

50、ucturalist theories on ( ).3.Although they agreed that an increase in demand was necessary to reduce unemployment, the expansionists argued that( ).4.The author discounts the value of the expansionists judgment by pointing out that it( ).5.It can be inferred that the hyperenthusiasts contended that(

51、 ) .问题1选项A.toleranceB.appreciationC.dismissalD.sarcasm问题2选项A.how to reduce unemployment in the 1960sB.how to reduce unemployment to 4 percentC.what role the government played in reducing unemploymentD.how to eliminate structural deficiencies问题3选项A.importance should be attached to structural measures

52、 such as education and trainingB.politically conservative policies should be made in the effort to reduce unemploymentC.a tax cut would not be sufficient to help to create increased demandD.government spending to increase demand should fund programs for lower income groups and public services问题4选项A.

53、was not borne out with sufficient informationB.was colored by their political viewpointC.was not made from a professional point of viewD.was deemed to be impractical and thus incorrect问题5选项A.the problem of unemployment could be solved with government retraining and education programsB.the number of

54、people unemployed was greatly overestimated by the Council of Economic AdvisersC.the poor had a greater need for expanded government services than the more affluent portion of the populationD.fiscal policies alone were powerful enough to reduce the jobless rate to 4 percent of the work force【答案】第1题:

55、D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:1.根据关键词定位到最后一自然段。作者对财政保守派一方面可以增加就业机会但落实不到实处的态度有点讽剌意味。tolerance容忍; appreciation欣赏; dismissal不予理会; sarcasm讽刺, 嘲笑。所以选D。2.根据最后一段的倒数二三句Such extremist positions aside,.both needed to reduce unemployment below a point around 4%.他们都意识到减税以增加需求是明智的, 都需要将失业率降低到4%以下。选项B符合原文。3.根据第二段前

56、部分内容可知, 扩张主义思想体系中, 大多数人都赞同委员会的立场, 即在没有其他援助的情况下, 仅通过减税就能将失业率降至4%。为了达到这一目标, 需要改善教育培训以及其他结构性措施。 所以选项A符合原文。4.根据第二段的最后一句The fact that . their economic judgments.在这个群体的价值结构中, 穷人的需要和许多未得到满足的对公共服务的要求比市场的要求具有更高的优先地位, 这无疑影响了他们的经济判断。所以选项D符合原文。5.根据最后一段的内容可知, 这些潜在热心者认为：每个人可获得的工作机会并不是很合理, 工作只会提供给那些有相应技能的求职者, 否则会被

57、调剂。也就是说, 求职者想要解决就业问题需要经过再就业培训。选项A符合原文。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:12. 单选题The bureau develops and implements US foreign economic policy and tries to_Americas economic interests with its foreign policy.问题1选项A.undertakeB.resolveC.obeyD.reconcile【答案】D【解析】undertake承担,保证; resolve决心; obey服从; reconcile使和解, 使一致。句意：该局制定和

58、实施美国的对外经济政策, 并努力使美国的经济利益与其外交政策相协调。选项D符合句意。13. 单选题The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable_, when weight loss_if not stops.问题1选项A.moods.acceleratesB.feastshaltsC.holidays.contractsD.plateaus.slows【答案】D【解析】moods.accelerates情绪 加速; feasts.halts宴会 停止; holidays.contracts假日 收缩; plateaus.

59、slows停滞时期 减慢。句意：任何节食计划中最令人沮丧的阶段都是不可避免的停滞期, 减肥的速度即使没有停止也会减慢。选项D符合句意。14. 单选题Some anthropologists claim that a few apes have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only_their trainers.问题1选项A.imitatingB.condoningC.instructingD.acknowledging【答案】A【解析】imitating模仿, 效法

60、; condoning宽恕, 赦免; instructing指导, 教; acknowledging承认, 答谢。句意：一些人类学家声称, 一些猿类已经学会了基本的手语, 但持怀疑态度的人认为, 猿类只是在模仿它们的驯兽师。选项A符合句意。15. 单选题We agree that a central purpose of drama has always been to provide a means for a society to_upon itself and its beliefs.问题1选项A.manifestB.reflectC.inventD.respect【答案】B【解析】ma

61、nifest证明, 显示; reflect反映; invent发明,创作; respect尊重。句意：我们一致认为, 戏剧的中心思想一直是为社会提供一种反映自身及其信仰的手段。选项B符合句意。16. 单选题Merrilee Miller,merchants association marketing director,called the festivities a (n)_for the sickening feelings left by the shootings at Westroads Mall on Wednesday.问题1选项A.antifebrileB.antidoteC.c

62、ounteractD.neutralization【答案】B【解析】antifebrile退热剂; antidote解毒剂, 矫正方法; counteract抵消, 中和; neutralization中和, 中立。句意：美国商人协会市场总监Merrilee Miller称, 周三发生在西街购物中心的枪击事件给人们留下了一种令人厌恶的情绪, 而庆祝活动则是一剂良药。选项B符合句意。17. 单选题Libby lied to investigators about his role in disclosing the identity of a CIA officer in order to_the White House f