2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第36期

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding- Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains only

2、 endocrine gland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brain barrier; researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brain other than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then released into the bloodstream.But these beliefs about peptide hormone

3、s were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. The immunological method of detect

4、ing peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible, and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore this method cannot be used to determine the location in

5、 the body where the detected substances are actually produced.New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNAs (CDNAs) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of the peptide hor

6、mones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNAs. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNAs should still bind to these mRNAs, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNAs for the true hormones. T

7、he cells containing these mRNAs can then be isolated and their mRNAs decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the im

8、munological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of many researchers, states: “I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me that the field of endocrinology needed

9、 molecular biology input. The process of grinding out protein purifications is just too slow.”If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormones really are made in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must be developed that explains their function in the brain. S

10、ome have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosens work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose that they might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage?2.T

11、he passage suggests that a substance detected in brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may（ ）.3.The passage implies that, in doing research on rat brains, Rosen discovered that（ ）.4.Which of the following is a way in which the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones differs from

12、the molecular method?问题1选项A.Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communication in the Brain?B.Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide Hormones?C.The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to Detecting Peptide Hormones

13、.D.Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of Their Detection.问题2选项A.have been stored in the brain for a long period of time and to Understand Their FunctionB.play no role in the functioning of the brainC.have been produced in some part of the body other than the brainD.pla

14、y an important role in the functioning of hypothalamus问题3选项A.peptide hormones are used for intercellular communicationB.complementary DNAs do not bind to cells producing peptide hormonesC.products closely resembling peptide hormones are not identical to peptide hormoneD.some peptide hormones do not

15、function as growth regulators问题4选项A.The immunological method uses substances that react with products of hormone-producing cells, whereas the molecular method uses substances that react with a specific component of the cells themselves.B.The immunological method has produced results consistent with

16、long-held beliefs about peptide hormones, whereas the molecular method has produced results that upset these beliefs.C.The immunological method uses probes that can only bind with peptide hormones, whereas the molecular method uses probes that bind with peptide hormones and substances similar to the

17、mD.The immunological method can only be used to test for the presence of peptide hormones within the hypothalamus, whereas the molecular method can be used throughout the brain.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。解答此类题必须找到文章主旨，文章第一段说到了之前关于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段开头就出现了转折关系词but，本文的讨论点必然是在but之后出现。第一句说到“But the

18、se beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. 但是

19、，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”因此下文不会讨论A选项中分子生物学与大脑间通讯，也不会研究B选项技术合成肽激素，也不是讨论C选项检测肽激素的优缺点，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎样去检测它的位置，因此D选项“肽激素:科学家如何试图解决他们的检测问题”符合文意。2.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章第二段首句“But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory

20、after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. 但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么

21、是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”说明这些物质是在下丘脑以外的地方结合形成的，因此C选项“是在身体的其他部位产生的，而不是大脑”符合题意。3.判断推理题。由题干关键词“rat brains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosens work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true. 有些人认为这些激素都是生长调节剂，但Rosen对老鼠大脑的研究表明这不是真的。”Rosen的研究

22、表明这些激素并不是生长调节剂，因此D选项“有些肽激素没有生长调节剂的功能”符合题意。4.判断推理题。题干中提到了两个检测肽激素的方式对比，文章第二段详细说明了第一种方法“The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible, and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums

23、really are the hormones, or merely close relatives. 然而，用抗血清来测定肽激素的免疫学方法是不精确的，可能产生交叉反应。而且这种方法不能确定抗血清检测到的物质是否真的是激素，有可能仅仅是近亲。”免疫学的方法是用能和产生激素的细胞的产物发生反应的物质检测。第二个方法的描述出现在第三段中“New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementar

24、y DNAs (CDNAs) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of the peptide hormones.然而，分子生物学的新技术为这些问题提供了答案。科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNAs (CDNAs)，以此作为分子探子(molecular probe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNAs (mRNAs)。”此处说的“问题”就是第一种方法中说到的“近亲”问题，分子生物学的新技术可以用能和细胞本身的某个特定成分发生反应的物质来检测。因此A选项“免疫学方法使用与产生激

25、素的细胞产生反应的物质，而分子方法使用与细胞自身特定成分发生反应的物质”符合文意。2. 单选题Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspective on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously u

26、nknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny d

27、etails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940s because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940s,electron mi

28、croscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources

29、of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays.The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also

30、be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water

31、, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biol

32、ogical cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and electron

33、-based instruments.1.What is the theme does the passage mainly discuss?2.Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?3.Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?4.Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes i

34、n the future?问题1选项A.The detail seen through a microscope.B.Outdated microscopic techniques.C.Sources of illumination for microscopes.D.A new kind of microscope问题2选项A.To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective.B.To begin a discussion of sixteenth-century discoveries.C.To show how limited

35、 its uses are.D.To explain how it functioned.问题3选项A.Funds for research were insufficient.B.The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.C.Materials used to manufacture X-ray tubes were difficult to obtain.D.X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate.问题4选项A.They will probabl

36、y replace electron microscope altogether.B.They will eventually be much cheaper to produce than they are now.C.They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.D.They will eventually change the illumination range that they now use.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段“N

37、ow another type of microscope, one that utilizes X-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world. 现在，另一种显微镜，利用x射线而不是光或电子，提供了一种观察微小细节的不同方法;它应该把人类的感知能力进一步扩展到自然界。”及第二段“The dream of building a

38、n X-ray microscope dates to 1895; 制造x射线显微镜的梦想可以追溯到1895年”可知本文讲的是一种新的显微镜，故D项正确。2.判断推理题。定位第一段中“Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspective on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. 显微技术的每一个进步都给科学家提供了新视角对生物体的功能和物质本身的性质。”及“The invention of

39、 the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. 16世纪晚期可视光学显微镜的发明引入了单细胞植物和动物的未知领域。在二十世纪，电子显微镜提供

40、了对病毒和微小表面结构的直接观察。”可知提及可见光显微镜的目的是 “从历史的角度来看待x射线显微镜”故A项正确。3.细节事实题。定位第二段中“In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that

41、of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays. 然而，近年来，人们对x射线显微镜的兴趣又复活了，这在很大程度上是由于x射线照明新光源等技术的发展。结果，今天可用的亮度是x射线管的数百万倍，在本世纪的大部分时间里，x射线管是唯一可用的软x射线源。可知B项“直到最近，光源才足够明亮。”正确，ACD三项都没有提及。答案B。4.判断推理题。定位最后一段中 “Rather, their special properties will make possible

42、investigations that will complement those performed with light-and electron-based instruments. 相反，它们的特殊性质将使研究成为可能，这将补充那些用光和电子仪器进行的研究。可知C项“X射线将提供其他种类的显微镜无法提供的信息。”正确。3. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.虽然人人都需要一个职业是事实最好是工资高的。但同样确实无误的是 我们的文明已经在与我们自己的专业相去

43、甚远的领域积累了多得令人难以置信的知识， 而我们也具备了了解这些其他方面知识的更好条件无论他们是科学的贡献还是艺术上的成就。同样确实无误的是，在研究不同智慧时，我们可以学会如何思考。更重要 的也许是教育教会我们看到事物之间的联系，并看到我们的当前需求以外的东西。从长 远的观点来看，这正是教育所真正应该做到的，而我认为它也能够做到的。【答案】Its true that everyone needs a careerpreferably one that pays well, but it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated

44、knowledge that is too much to be believed by people in the fields which are far from our majors, and that we also have had better conditions for understand the knowledge in these other aspectswhether they are scientific contributions or artistic achievements. It is also true that, in studying differ

45、ent shades of wisdom, we can learn how to think. Perhaps more importantly, education teaches us to see the connections between things as well as things beyond current needs. In the long run, this is exactly what education should manage to do, and I also believe it may also be able to do.4. 单选题During

46、 the 1960s and 1970s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another communitys expense: many manufacturing facilities were lured away from their moorings els

47、ewhere through tax incentives and slick promotional efforts. Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this practice, one towns triumph could become another towns tragedy.In the 1980s the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game to one called “high-technology development,”

48、 in which local governments competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing firms. Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings: high-tech manufacturing firms employ only a specially trained fraction o

49、f the manufacturing workforce, and there simply are not enough high-tech firms to satisfy all geographic areas.Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses. Small indigenous businesses are created

50、by a nearly ubiquitous resource, local entrepreneurs, with roots in their communities, these individuals are less likely to be enticed away by incentives offered by another community. Indigenous industry and talent are kept at home, creating an environment that both provides jobs and fosters further

51、 entrepreneurship.1. The passage suggests which of the following about the majority of United States manufacturing industries before the high-technology development era of the 1980s?2.The tone of the passage suggests that the author is most optimistic about the economic development potential of whic

52、h of the following groups?3.The author of the passage mentions which of the following as an advantage of high-technology development?4.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.They lost many of their most innovative personnel to small entrepreneurial enterprises.B.They experienced a major

53、decline in profits during the 1690s and 1970s.C.They could provide real economic benefits to the areas in which they were located.D.They employed workers who had no specialized skills.问题2选项A.Local governmentsB.High-technology promotersC.Local entrepreneursD.Manufacturing-industry managers问题3选项A.It e

54、ncourages the modernization of existing manufacturing facilities.B.It does not advantage one local workforce at the expense of another.C.It encourages the growth of related industries.D.It takes full advantage of the existing workforce.问题4选项A.Advocate more effective strategies for encouraging the de

55、velopment of hightechnology enterprises in the United States.B.Contrast the incentives for economic development offered by local governments with those offered by the private sector.C.Acknowledge and counter adverse criticism of programs being used to stimulate local economic development.D.Review an

56、d evaluate strategies and programs that have been used to stimulate economic development.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到第一段中“this strategy was usually implemented at another communitys expense这种策略通常是实现另一个社区的代价,”以及 “through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this pra

57、ctice, one towns triumph could become another towns tragedy通过这种做法带来的就业和相关收入的转移，一个城镇的胜利可能成为另一个城镇的悲剧”，可知，在八十年代以前，经济的发展都是本地化的，只能为自己所在的社区带来经济利益。C项“它们可以为它们所处的地区提供真正的经济利益。”正确。2.细节事实题。定位到第二段 “high-tech manufacturing firms employ only a specially trained fraction of the manufacturing workforce高科技制造企业只雇佣了一小部

58、分受过专门训练的制造劳动力”，以及第三段 “indigenous industry and talent are kept at home, creating an environment that both provides jobs and fosters further entrepreneurship本土产业和人才被留在国内，创造了一个既提供就业又促进进一步创业的环境”。可知作者是对本土的企业持有比较乐观的态度。3.细节事实题。定位到第二段 “this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by

59、taking their jobs这种办法比夺走其他地理地区的工作而使其受害要好”可知与B项“它不会牺牲一个当地劳动力的利益而使另一个劳动力受益。”相符。4.主旨大意题。文章主要目的在于通过讲解三种不同的经济发展策略，告诉读者哪种发展策略优势比较明显，同时三种发展策略对经济有哪些好的促进作用。故D项“审查和评估用于刺激经济发展的战略和方案。”符合题意。5. 单选题There seems to be no （ ）the reading publics thirst for books about the 1960s；indeed, the normal level of interest has

60、 increased recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.问题1选项A.slakingB.referenceC.decorationD.soporific【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。slaking消散，消化； reference 参考，提及；decoration装饰；soporific催眠剂。句意：阅读群众对20世纪60年代的书籍的渴望并没有减少；事实上，由于受一连串的通俗电视纪录片的影响，普遍的兴趣还增加了。根据句意及前后关系可知A项正确。6. 单选题The chemical formula of

61、 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible basesadenine and gua

62、nine are purines, and the other two thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines. So are as is known, the sequence of bases along the chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide.The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is

63、that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, sugge

64、sts very strongly that there are two.The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purin