非谓语动词经典用法讲解

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1、非谓语动词用法讲解 命题规律1.考查立意较低,主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法。但是,题目的设置注重了情景化和结构复杂化,加大了考生对题干句的理解难度。2设问的角度呈现出多样化趋势,不仅仅是非谓语间的互相干扰。 命题趋势不容置疑,高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查,试题的特征将继续呈现出 “情景化 ”和 “设问角度的多样化 ” 的趋势,但试题的难度将会有所控制。 解题思路 解析句子结构,确定设空在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补) ; 找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动) ; 搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式; 将该选项置入空中, 看是

2、否能够做到字从意顺, 或是否能传达有效信息、 完成交际任务。 分词、不定式作宾补用法要点一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1 感官动词 see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词 have 后面的宾补有三种形式, 即原形动词 (不带 to 的不定式) 、 现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成。如:I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English

3、 song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如:I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. ( 状态 )I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. ( 完成 )2 leave 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的 leave 保留了原来之义 “留下

4、”,但表达的确切之义应是 使处于某种状态)。leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事(宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表示动作正在进行。 )leave sth. undone 留下某事未做(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多)leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作。 )如: It s wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对

5、的。 (主动,正在进行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn t taste delicious.客人们没有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起来不可口。 (被动,完成)He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。 (主动,将来)We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。 (被动,将来)3 h

6、ave, get 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中 have, get 表示 “使、让、叫 ”之意。 have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做 “” (叫/让某人做某事)。如I ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外,have sth. done还表示 使遭受”之意。如Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. have sb. / st

7、h. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事(现在分词表示主动,正在进行)get sb. / sth. doing 使某人 /物开始行动起来如: The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时,农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意:“have sb. doingpif用于否定句中,其中 have有 容忍”之

8、意。如:I won t have you speaking to your parents like that.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。Don t have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停。 have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/ 叫某人去做某事如: Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I can t get him to stop smoking. He won t listen to me.二、下列动词后跟带to 的不定式作补语

9、:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等。如: An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots. The teacher aske

10、d us not to make so much noise. The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to :它们是 “吾看三室两厅一感觉 ” 5 看( look at, see, watch, notice, observe ) ; 3 使( make, let,have) ; 2 听( listen to

11、, hear) ; 1 感觉( fell ) 。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4 ):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find,catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如: At that time, I found him crying in the street.He was caught stealing. I m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.The missing boys were last seen playing ne

12、ar the river. 不定式、分词作定语用法要点一、不定式作定语1 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.Here is some paper for you to write on.但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或 way 时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:

13、 He had no money and no place to live (in).We found a way to solve this problem (in).2当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的动作执行者是 “你 ”)Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是 “我”或 “别人 ”)3用不定式作

14、定语的几种情况:不定式表将来:I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如:He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有: ability, chance, idea

15、, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如:Do you have the ability to read and write English ?I have a chance to go sight -seeing.二、分词作定语1 .作定语的及物动词分词形式为:V -ing; being +过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用V Tng ;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用 being +过去 分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成

16、时,用过去分词。例如:The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Tom s.I have never seen a more moving movie.2 .作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:V -ing和过去分词。V -tng表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:falling leaves 正落的叶子fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别这三种形式作定语, 主要是体现在动作的发

17、生时间上。 过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如:Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?He is a man loved and respected by all.Don t use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如: Listen ! The song being sung is very popular

18、with the students.不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。如: The question to be discussed at the tomorrow s meeting is a very important one. 不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下列小诗:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choos

19、e, plan, agree, ask / beg, help此外, afford, strive (斗争) 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如: She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn t turned up yet. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies arestriving to make their products mor

20、e competitive.二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下列小诗:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成停欣赏,不禁介意准逃亡。consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid,miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can t help, mind, allow / permescape, imagine, forbid, ris

21、k此外 be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attentionto, can t sta而港忍受),give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, bebusy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in) 等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。 The squirr

22、els was lucky that they just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语, 也可以跟不定式作宾语, 但意义上有区别,要特别注意。1 . forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住

23、去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔 /遗憾去做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)can t

24、 help to do sth.能帮助做某事 can t help doing sth情不自禁地做某事2 动词 like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。 如表示经常性的行为可用动名词,如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。 但要注意: 如果 like, love, prefer 前有 would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如:I like swimming, but I don t like to swim this afternoon.I d like to go swimming this weekend.3 在动词allow, advise, forbi

25、d, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即:allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.如: We don t allow smoking here.We don t allow students to smoke.4 动词 need, require, want 作 “需要 ”解时, 其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语, 表示事情需要做。 这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 be wo

26、rth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 此外, 若动词 need 表 “需要 ” , require 表 “要求 ”, want 表 “想要 ”这些意义时,其后须接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即:need / require / want doing / to be doneneed / require / want sb. to do sth.be worth + n. ( 表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)be worth doingbe worthy of being donebe worthy of + n. 值得be worthy to be done如: The

27、window needs / requires / wants cleaning.The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.窗户需要擦一下。The place is worth visiting.The place is worthy of a visit.The place is worthy of being visited.The place is worthy to be visited.那个地方值得一去。如: only one of these books is worth reading. What do you think

28、 of the book ? Oh, excellent, It s worth reading a second time.四、动词不定式作动词 tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时,前面常带 wh -引导词。即 how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do 。但 why + 不带 to 的不定式。注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句。例如:He

29、showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)I don t know what dtoo. ( = I don t know what I ll do.) Can you tell me why do it ?五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词 do 的某种形式,t but那么介词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。 另外在 can t choose but, can t help but, can后面的不定式也要省略to 。如:We cou

30、ld do nothing but / other than wait.We had nothing to do but / other than wait.We have no choice but to wait.I can t choose but laugh. 不定式、分词作状语用法要点一、不定式作状语He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。 (表目的)He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都

31、走了。 (表示结果)My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。 (表示结果)在某些形容词作表语,表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如:I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。在带有 enough 或 too 的句子里,也常用不定式作状语,表示程度。如:He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激动了,不会不讲几句话的。

32、He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。注意: 强调动词不定式所表示的目的时, 动词不定式可用 in order to ( 为了 ) 或 so as to (以便 )+ 动词原形。 so as to 不用于句首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。To look a

33、t him, you would like him. ( 表条件 )To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.To be honest, I know nothing about it. ( 修饰全句,独立成分 )二、分词作状语1 分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。2分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时, 可以表时间、 原因、 结果、 条件、 让步、 行为方式、 伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词 w

34、hile 或 when 引出。如:Hearing the news, they got excited. ( 时间 )Be careful while / when crossing the street. ( 时间 )Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. ( 原因 )Given a chance, I can surprise the world. ( 条件 )The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. ( 结果 )Having been told man

35、y times, he still repeated the same mistake. ( 让步 )The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. ( 伴随状况 )3独立成分作状语有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有:Generally speaking一般说来Frankly speaking 坦白地说Judging from 根据来判断 Considering 考虑到To tell you the truth 说实话 非谓语动词其它用法一、疑问词+ 不定式结构疑问词( who, which,

36、when, where, how, what 等) + 不定式,这个结构在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语。如:I didn t know what to dol 借)When to hold the meeting is not known yet. ( 主语 )My question was how to get so many books. ( 表语 )注意句型: Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ?二、不定式的主动和被动1 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时, 不定式往往用主动形式。 如:Do you have a knife to cu

37、t the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)2不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。如:She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)I know what to do. (I do what.)3不定式作表语形容词的关语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了 for sb. 。如:This book is difficult to under

38、stand.This kind of fish is nice to eat.4 在there be 结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。如:There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点:There is nothing to do. ( 无事可做,感到十分乏味。 )There is n

39、othing to be done. ( 某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。 )三、不定式符号to 的保留问题有时为了避免重复, 可以用 to 来代替前面的不定式, 这种情况出现在下列动词之后: expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try ; 或出现在 be glad / happy, would like / love 等的 后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有:be, have, have been,这些词要保留。如:I haven t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. Are you on

40、 holiday ? No, but I d like to be.-I didn t tell him the newS.没有告诉他那个消息。 Oh, you ought to have. 噢,你本应该告诉他的四、动名词作主语动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is / was no use / good + doing sth.It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.It is / was useless如:It is

41、no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。It is of little good staying up too late every day.每天都熬夜没有什么好处若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.眼见为实。fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶boiled water 烧开过的水 developed countries 发达国家 t like to swim this afternoon.五、注意以下表达的意义区别falling leaves 正在下落的树叶bo

42、iling water 沸腾的水developing countries 发展中国家I like swimming, but I donHer job is giving piano lessonsto children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. ) 看到蛇,女孩尖叫起来。His frightening shout scar

43、ed the boys again.The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。类似的还有:an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音an excited voice 兴奋的声音a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情a puzzled look 困惑的表情非谓语动词练习1. on time according to the directions, I think , the medicine will work on him before long.A. TakenB. Bei

44、ng takenC. Taking itD. Having taken it2. Why was he fined ? He happened to flowers in the parkA. been seen step on B. be seen picking C. be caught to pullD. catch damaging3. He tried many times to crawl over the fence after evening class,each time by the guardsin our school.A. only to be caught B. h

45、aving been caught C. being caughtD. to be caught4. The successful mission of the “Shenzhou 5” manned spacecraft has made China the third nation to send a man into space, more than four decades after the Soviet Union and theUnited States.A. came B. comes. comingD. to come5. Does the you thought of th

46、e water clean make any sense?A. makingB. to make C. how to makeD. having made6. the bad news , tears came into her eyes.A. Heard B. When he heard C. On hearingD. Having heard7. The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.A. being robbed B. to have been robbed C. robbedD.

47、having been robbed8. Alan, home very late from his job, found an angry wife waiting for him at breakfast.A. returningB. returned C. to return D. had returned9. After for the job, you wil be required to take a language test.A. being interviewed B. interviewed C. Interviewing D. having interviewed10.

48、With a lot of difficult problems , the magager felt worried all the time.A. settled B. to be settled C .settling D. to settle11. With all the magazines I needed , I left the post office.A. buyingB. to buy C. boughtD. to be bought12. The two presidents agree with each other on the whole , but much re

49、mains at thefollowing meeting.A. discussing B. discussed C. to discuss D. to be discussed13. She took her son , ran out of the house , him in the car and drove quickly to thenearest doctor s officeA. prtting B. put C. to putD. having put14. Tom looked at Jenny, tears hes eyes, and shouted out the wo

50、rds in his heart foryears .A. filling ; having been hidden B. filed ; hidden C. filling ; hidden D. filled ; hiding15. While shopping , people sometimes can t help into buying something they really dontneed. A. to persuade B. Persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuade16. the truth , I don t agree

51、with what you said just now.A. TellB. To tell C. TellingD. Told17. Comarison may make something appear mare beautiful than it is when alone.A. to see B. seeingC. is seen D. seen18. A Brazilian mask (面具 ) maker has finished two models ofmasks of Iraqi ex-President Saddam Hussein , one of him in power

52、 and one of him when by U.S. soldiers.A. caught B. catching C. to be caughtD. to catch19. Silver is the best conductor on electricity, copper it closely.A. followed B. to follow C. following D. being followed20. The policeman came up to the lonely house , whose door was open , there for a while ,and

53、 then entered it. A. to stand B. stand C. stood D. standing21. Do you have anything more , sir? Not at the moment . Have a rest then.A. typing B. to be typing C. typed D. to be typed22. Who did the head the wire?A. have fix B. has fixed C. have fixed D. has fix23. The famous writer s play , in one o

54、f my books , was published in 1963.A. to mention B. mentioned C. to be mentioned D. mentioning24. Which do you enjoy your holiday, going abroad or staying at home?A. spendingB. to spendC. being spentD. spend25. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen.A. smokeB. smoking C. to s

55、moke D. smoked26. Mary is said abroad , but I don t know which country she studies in.A. to be studing B. to studyC. to have studied D. to have been studying27. rapidly by the body , sugar provids a quick energy source.A. DigestedB. Digesting C. To digest D. Having digested28. As well as two glod me

56、dals , Yang yang helped China make a break-through in WinterOlympics. A. winningB. win C. won D. to win29. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch .A. to repair bicyclesB. bicycles to be repairedC. bicycles being repaired D. repairing bicycles30. I lay in a sofa enjoying the beautiful music

57、 Jack had out of his DVD.A. come B. it come C. it coming D. coming31. Everyone here will thank the firefighters tor the things they have done to prevent fires the environment safer.A. make B. to making C. to make D. from making32. , the girl worked in a hurry.A. Having swept the room B. Another room

58、 sweptC. Having another room to sweep D. Having another room to be swept33. She never dreams of such a chance.A. being B. there to be C. there be D. there being34. Who would you like to see at the moment. The man Mr. Nelson.A. called himself B. we call him C. calling himself D. is called35. time and

59、 labor , cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only3fingers and a thumb.A. To saveB. Saved C. SavingD. Having saved36. I can t get my car on cold morning. Have you triedthe tank with hot water.A. started ; to fill B. starting ; filling C. starting ; to fill D. start ; filling

60、37. , seeing a snake crawling towards her , the girl shook all over.A. FrighteningB. To be frightened C. FrightenedD. Having frightened38. The man at dawn was Tom s uncleA. hanging B. hangedC. hung D. hang39. How do you think Mary managed to improve her French in such a short time? 4 hours on it eve

61、ry day.A. Because of spending B. By spending C. Spent D. To spend40. Now I d like to say a few more words about the plan we d like to see early next month.A. carry outB. to carry out C. to be carried outD. carried out41. The illness can result in total blindness if untreatedA. left B. being left C.

62、it were leftD. leaving42. The performance of the host, to please the audience and draw their attention, wasgreeted a cold silence , however.A. had intended B. intended C. intending D. to intend43. The hair cream was not very good as .A. to advertise B. advertised C. it advertised D. advertisement44.

63、 Many things impossible in the past are quite common nowadays .A. having been considered B. considered C. to be considered D. considering45. Speaking without thinking is without aim.A. to shoot B. shoot C. to be shot D. shooting46. The boy often gives a satisfactory answer to the teacher s question, just a minute. So heis usually the teacher s pet. A. Thought B. having thought C. and to thinkD. thinking47. at failing in the math exam.

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