2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷77（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题You should have been more patient （ ）that customer; Im sure that selling him the watch was a possibility.问题1选项A.ofB.withC.forD.at【答案】B【解析】句意: 你应该要对那位顾客更加耐心一些的，我相信他最终一定会买那块表。固定搭配。be patient with 对有耐心。2. 单选题People who refuse to （ ）with the law will be punished.问题

2、1选项A.obeyB.consentC.concealD.comply【答案】D【解析】句意: 拒绝遵守法律的人要受到惩罚。动词辨析。obey服从，遵守。consent同意，准许; conceal隐藏，隐瞒; comply遵从，服从。A和D都符合句意。但是obey后面直接接宾语。故选D。3. 单选题We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7 to 8 hours sleep alternation with some 16 to 17 hours wakefulness and that, bro

3、adly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a ques

4、tion of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case

5、 in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spe

6、nt neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of distu

7、rbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate d

8、ay and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at nig

9、ht; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two

10、hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.1.Why is the question of “how easily people can ge

11、t used to working at night” not a mere academic question?2.The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in （ ）.3.The best solution for implementing the 24-liour working system seems to be（ ）.4.It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring hi

12、s body temperature because（ ）.5.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?问题1选项A.Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.B.Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C.Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.D.Because

13、 shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping.问题2选项A.the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automationB.the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequentC.the fact that people working at night are often less e

14、ffectiveD.the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers问题3选项A.to change shifts at longer intervalsB.to have longer shiftC.to arrange for some people to work on night shifts onlyD.to create better living conditions for night workers问题4选项A.body temperature changes when the cycle

15、 of sleep and wakefulness alternatesB.body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or backC.the temperature reverses when the routine is changedD.people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently问题5选项A.Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.B.

16、The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers proved to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.C.Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.D.Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on pe

17、rmanent night or day shifts.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段指出: The question is no mere academic one.The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock

18、working of machines (这已经不是一个学术的问题。例如，在需要机器24小时连续工作的自动化操作的工业生产中，需要人们从白天工作变为晚上工作的问题变得越来越重要了)。故选C“因为一些工业领域要求上夜班”。2.细节事实题。第二段指出: It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night (通常一个人需要五天至一周的

19、时间来适应与常规生活颠倒的睡眠吋间和猜 醒时间，即白天睡觉，晚上工作)以及Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week (不幸的是，在工业生产中，工作班次每星期都变换的事经常发生)。故选B “频繁更换工作吋间的工人的日常生活周期被打乱”。3.细节事实题。第三段第一句指出: The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night worker

20、s (看来，唯一真正可以解决问题的方法就是将晚班交给一些长期上夜班的工人)。故选C“安排一些人只上夜班”。4.细节事实题。第四段指出: People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night (白天正常工作的人， 在其清醒的时间内，体温通常都比较高，但是在夜晚则比较低)。因此选D “人在工作效率高吋，休温都比较高”。5.判断推理题。根据第四段.it can be seen how quickly a pers

21、on can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection (可以了解到个人是如何快速适应正常时间的颠倒，同时也可成为筛选的基础)以及So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice (然而，到目前为止，这种形式的筛选似乎并没有在实践中得到应用)可知选择永久的夜间值班者仅仅是一种基础的方法，但不是最佳的方法，故选项B错误。根据最后一段One way of kno

22、wing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night (了解一个人何时适应的一种方法是测量他的体温。白天正常工作的人在清醒的时候会有高温，晚上会有低温)可知选项A “体温可以作为衡量工人工作的一个指标”正确。根据最后一段Therefore, by taking body

23、temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine (因此，在清醒期间每隔两小时测量一次体温，可以看出一个人能多快地适应一个颠倒的习惯) 可知选项C “每隔一段吋间测量体温，可以显示个人是如何适应常规变化”正确。根据第三段She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among

24、those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work (她发现在日班和夜班交替的人中，睡眠障碍和其他障碍的发生率很高，但在长期夜班的人中，这些现象没有异常发生) 可知选项D “长期上夜班的或上长白班的人很少出现睡眠被打乱的现象”正确。4. 单选题Nothing in the history of modem astronomy has excited as much speculation as th

25、e object, or event, known as a black hole. Black holes have provided endless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoretical fodder for astrophysicists. They are one of the more exotic manifestations of the theory of general relativity, and their fascination lies in the way th

26、eir tremendous gravity affects nearby space and time.A black hole is very simple in structure: it has a surface the event horizon and a center the singularity. Everything else is gravity. The standard model for the formation of a black hole involves the collapse of a lager star. The imaginary spheri

27、cal surface surrounding the collapsed star is the event horizon an artificial boundary in pace that marks a point of no return. Outside the event horizon, gravity is strong but finite, and it is possible for objects to break free of its pull. However, once within the event horizon, an object would n

28、eed to travel faster than light to escape.For extremely massive stars, the exclusion principle the resistance between the macular particle within the star as they are compressed 一 will not be strong enough to offset the gravity generated by the stars own mass. The stars increasing density will overw

29、helm the exclusion principle. What follows is runaway gravitational collapse. With no internal force to stop it, the star will simply continue to collapse in on itself. Once a collapsing star has contracted through its event horizon, nothing can stop it from collapsing further until its entire mass

30、is crushed down to a single point a point of infinite density and zero volume-toe singularity.The star now disappears from the perceivable universe, like a cartoon character that jumps in to a hole and pulls the hole in after him. What this process leaves behind is a deterrent kind of hole a profoun

31、d disturbance in space-time, a region where gravity is, so intense that nothing can escape from it. Any object falling within the boundary of a black hole has no choice but to move inward toward the singularity and disappear from our universe forever. Moreover, a black hole can never be plugged up o

32、r filled in with matter: the more matter that is pound into a black hole the bigger it gets.A What would happen to objects, such as astronauts, as they vanished into a black hole? B Physicists have been amusing themselves with this question for years, and most believe that the intense gravitational

33、forces would rip apart the astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity. C Theoretically, any astronauts who mortgaged to survive the passage would encounter some very strange things. D For instance, they would experience acute time distortion, which would enable them to know, in a fe

34、w brief seconds, the entire future of the universe.Inside a black hole, space arid time are so warped that the distance from the event horizon to the singularity is not a distance in space in the normal sense what we can measure in kilometers. Instead, it becomes a distance in time. The time it take

35、s to reach the singularity from the event horizon as measured by someone falling in is proportional to the mass of the black hole.The only way what astronauts would know whether they had crossed the event horizon would be if tried to halt their fall and climb out again by firing their engines enough

36、 to push themselves back from the center of the hole. However, because of the time warp, if the astronauts tried to do this, they would reach the singularity faster than if they had left their engines off. Moreover, since they could get no farther once they reached the singularity, this point would

37、mark the end of time itself.1.The word fodder in paragraph I is closest in meaning to （ ）.2.The opposing force between the molecular particles inside a star is called（ ）.3.Why does the author mention a cartoon character in paragraph 4?4.Astronaut who fell into a black hole would probably experience

38、all of the following EXCEPT（ ）.5.The phrase “this point” in paragraph seven refers to（ ）.问题1选项A.materialB.stonesC.supportD.problems问题2选项A.general relativityB.the exclusion principleC.infinite densityD.the singularity问题3选项A.To illustrate the complete disappearance or a collapsing starB.To warn of the

39、 danger of being sucked in to a black holeC.To point out a humorous phenomenon in astrophysicsD.To announce the creation of a cartoon about black holes问题4选项A.distortion of space and timeB.knowledge of the universeC.strong gravitational forcesD.traveling faster than light问题5选项A.the event horizonB.fir

40、ing their enginesC.the time warpD.the singularity【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.词义题。Fodder所在句为: Black holes have provided endless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoretical fodder for astrophysicists (黑洞为科幻小说家提供了无穷无尽的想象素材，也为天体物理学家提供了无尽的理论素材)。其中fodder 词作provide的宾语并且既可以

41、被imaginative修饰也可以被 theoretical修饰，因此A项 “材料,素材”意思最为接近。2.细节事实题。第三段指出: the exclusion principle the resistance between the macular particle within the star as they are compressed will not be strong enough to offset the gravity generated by the stars own mass (排他原理恒星内的黄斑粒子在被压缩时的阻力将不足以抵消恒星自身质量产生的引力)。因此题干 “

42、恒星内部分子粒子间的反作用力”就是排他原理。3.判断推理题。根据题干定位至第四段: The star now disappears from the perceivable universe, like a cartoon character that jumps in to a hole and pulls the hole in after him (这行星从我们的宇宙消失了，就像是一个跳进洞里然后消失在洞里的卡通人物)。由此可知cartoon character 的例子是为了形象说明行星消失的过程，选项A “为了举例说明行星的消失或坍缩”正确。4.细节事实题。关于进入黑洞中的宇航员会经历

43、什么的设想主要集中在文章第五段: the intense gravitational forces would rip apart the astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity (在宇航员还没到奇点之前就己经被强大的引力撕碎了), 故C“强大的引力”表述正确。they would experience acute time distortion, which would enable them to know, in a few brief seconds, the entire future of the un

44、iverse (他们会经历严重的时间畸变，这会使他们在短短几秒之内了解整个宇宙的未来), 故选项A “畸变的时间和空间”和B“宇宙的知识”表述正确。而D “比光速还快”不属于进入黑洞中的宇航员会经历的事件设想， 故答案为D。5.语义题。this point所在句为: Moreover, since they could get no farther once they reached the singularity, this point would mark the end of time itself (而且, 由于当到达奇点后他们就不能继续往前了，这个点将标志着时间的完结)。因此this

45、 point指the singularity(奇点)。5. 单选题Most charismatic （有魅力的）leaders make extensive use of anecdotes （趣闻轶事）. Message-sending anecdotes relate to such subjects as a company president going out of his way to help an individual customer, or a lower-ranking employee who defied higher authority in order to me

46、et her job responsibilities. In the latter instance, a receptionist at IBM denied admission to the company chairman, Tom Watson, because he was not wearing a security badge. Instead of firing the young woman, Watson praised her devotion to duty.Several years ago, the Ford Motor Company announced far

47、-reaching changes that would affect how cars were manufactured and how employees would work together. A senior Ford executive was chosen to deliver the closing remarks to a group of 300 Ford managers gathered to learn about the changes.Toward the close of the speech, the executive told a story about

48、 Willie B., a gorilla who lived for twenty-seven years in isolation in a dreary Atlanta zoo. He said that he had raised money for a state-of-the-art gorilla habitat. Willie B., for the first time in his life, would now live in a gorilla-friendly, close-to-nature environment. Yet somehow, Willie B. w

49、as slow to adapt to his new environment.It took the gorilla several days to fully explore his new habitat. A photographer caught the moment when Willie B. tested the grass with a toe. The Ford executive hangs a framed photograph of this incident in his office. “Its there,” he said, “to remind me tha

50、t no matter how attractive the new surroundings might appear, it takes time and courage to leave the comfortable security of a placeeven an ugly cramped （狭窄的）space-that you know well.”At the moment the meeting ended, meeting participants came over to the speaker to express how much the speech had to

51、uched them. The story about the gorilla brought tears to the eyes of many. Of significance to the organization, many probably left the conference with an understanding of how difficult the coining changes were going to be for employees.Becoming an effective storyteller requires practice. However, th

52、e skill is well worth developing because of its contribution to a persons magnetism and leadership ability. Create a useful anecdote file of your own. Collect anecdotes about things you observe personally, those you hear from others, and those you read in books, magazines, and newsletters. Anecdotes

53、 can also be found in books and newsletters about speech making. Attempt to screen out those anecdotes that are widely used because stale anecdotes bore audiences.1.Why did Tom Watson praise the female employee in the second example cited in the first paragraph?2.The life of Willie B. used to be （ ）

54、.3.The story of Willie B. shows that（ ）.4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?5.We can safely conclude from the passage that the Ford senior executive（ ）.问题1选项A.Because she always receives the company chairman warmly.B.Because she defied, lower-ranking employees.C.Beca

55、use she was a responsible employee.D.Because she never forgets to wear a security badge.问题2选项A.interestingB.more comfortableC.close to natureD.isolated问题3选项A.it takes time and courage to face and adapt to a new environmentB.animals are quite reluctant to change their habitatsC.Willie B. likes to tes

56、t grass with one toeD.people are always ready to meet the difficulties resulting from changes问题4选项A.Many a charismatic leader tends to make the most of anecdotes and stories.B.It is always a good idea to collect anecdotes that are widely used.C.Personal magnetism is built up by reading books, magazi

57、nes and newsletters.D.To become an effective story-teller one has only to create a useful anecdote file.问题5选项A.was an effective leader who always told stories to his employeesB.was a person who often cited widely-used anecdotes to influence othersC.was able to help meeting participants understand th

58、e coming changes betterD.always used anecdotes to help employees understand company policies【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段第二句指出: .a lower-ranking employee who defied higher authority in order to meet her job responsibilities (一个低职位员工违抗高级别领导，是为了履行其工作职贵), 由此可知答案选C “因为她是一个有责任心的员工”。2.细节事实题

59、。第三段指出: .a gorilla who lived for twenty-seven years in isolation in a dreary Atlanta zoo (在亚特兰大一个被隔离且沉闷的动物园内生活27年的大猩猩), 可知D项 “隔离的”正确。3.判断推理题。第四段: no matter how attractive the new surroundings might appear, it takes time and courage to leave the comfortable security of a place (无论新环境多么有吸引力，都得花时间，且需要勇

60、气离开舒适安全的地方)。由此可知选A项 “面对与适应新的环境是花时间且需要勇气的”。4.细节事实题。根据第一段第一句 Most charismatic leaders make extensive use of anecdotes (大部分有魅力的领导人都懂得充分利用轶事)推断A项 “许多有魅力的领导会充分利用各类奇闻轶事与故事”正确。根据文章最后一句话 Attempt to screen out those anecdotes that are widely used because stale anecdotes bore audiences (尽量排除那些被广泛引用的轶事，因为它们会让听

61、众感到乏味)推断B “收集被广泛运用的轶事是一个很不错的主意”与原文不符。根据文章最后一段的the skill is well worth developing because of its contribution to a persons magnetism and leadership ability (这项技能是非常值得学习的，因为它能帮助打造个人魅力和领导才能)推断C项 “通过阅读书籍、杂 志和时事新闻，可以打造个人魅力”与原文不符。文章并没有说要想成为一个高效的讲故事者，只需制作一个有用的奇闻轶事记录册。故D项没有根据。因此选A。5.判断推理题。第二段指出: many probab

62、ly left the conference with an understanding of how difficult the coming changes were going to be for employees (在离会时很多人可能都了解了接下来的改变对员工来说意味着多大的困难), 因此C项 “能够帮助与会人员更好理解即将到来的变化”正确。而A项“是个高效率的领导，且习惯于向员工讲故事”和B项“是个经常喜欢引经据典影响他人的人”在原文中并没有体现。D项“习惯于引经据典帮助员工理解公司政策的人”, 文章中也找不到根据。6. 翻译题Have you heard of the news?

63、 No sooner had he arrived in Rome than he was kidnapped!Smith failed to account for the decrease in the companys annual profits.No one could come up with an easy solution to the labor shortage which is caused by the wars.Although the end of the term was close at hand, Tom had not completed all off t

64、he projects he had hoped to finish.I dont think it is sensible of you to show off your greater knowledge in front of the chairman, for it may well offend him.It doesnt make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.The flood-stricken area is liable to plagues, so it makes sense to strengthen the epidemic prevention there for the sake of health.