2022年考博英语-北京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第161期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In the age of Google, our minds are adapting（） we are experts at knowing where to find information even though we dont recall what it is.问题1选项A.so muchB.so thatC.such thatD.so what【答案】B【解析】考查逻辑关系。空格前后均有主谓结构，因此空格处应填连接词。so much“非常”不符合题意，可排除；so that“所以”，so是副词；such t

2、hat“如此以致”，such是形容词；so what“那又怎样”常见于口语中。句意：在谷歌时代，我们的大脑正在适应我们是专家，知道在哪里可以找到信息，即使我们不记得它是什么。句意表达的是因果关系，因此选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Apple pie is（ ）neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.问题1选项A.at itselfB.as itselfC.on itselfD.in itself【答案】D【解析】考查固定用法。四个选项中只有“in itself 本质上”是固定短语，因此D选项

3、符合题意。句意：从本质上来看，苹果派既不好也不坏;它的使用方式决定了它的价值。3. 单选题（ ）only one moving soul in the center of all the orbits that is the sun which drives the planets the more vigorously the closer the planet is.问题1选项A.As existsB.Although existingC.There existsD.Where existing【答案】C【解析】考查语法知识。C选项的there exist 是there be句型的变形。需

4、认清句中关系词that 的先行词是one moving soul。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题The European Parliament has banned the terms “Miss” and “Mrs” they offend female members.问题1选项A.as long asB.the momentC.so thatD.in case【答案】D【解析】考查逻辑关系。as long as“只要”；the moment“一就”；so that“所以，以便”；in case“万一，假使”。句意：欧洲议会禁止使用“小姐”和“夫人”这两个词，以防它们冒犯女性议员。因此D

5、选项符合题意。5. 单选题（）2. 6 million people starting diets on New Years Day, research suggests that by the end of the week 92 percent of dieters gave up，shunning exercise and gorging on comfort food.问题1选项A.In spiteB.AlthoughC.WhileD.Despite【答案】D【解析】考查词语辨析。in spite 应与of 搭配；although“尽管”，连词；while“然而，连词；当的时候”；de

6、spite“尽管”，介词。空格后是名词短语，因此前面只能是介词。句意：年底前的研究表明，尽管2. 600万人元旦开始节食，92%的节食者在一周后就放弃了,然后回避运动并大吃安慰食品。因此选项D符合题意。6. 名词解释(1) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where

7、 they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (2) Selfknowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for individual.

8、 History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes an

9、d that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(3) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sens

10、itivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (4) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for

11、self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (5) A nations history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the e

12、xact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER【答案】1.History is to a nation what memory is to a person, so keep it in mind is helpful.2.Self-knowledge is an essential premise for self-control of the nation and individual.3.If a nation can learn a lot from its history le

13、ssons, it is well prepared for controlling the impulsion of resorting to force.4.History is not constant and invariable.5.The history of a nation is the director and researching field of its citizens rather than its historians.7. 单选题When he was in junior high at fourteen, his intelligence was such t

14、hat he（ ）among undergraduates than among schoolboys.问题1选项A.would fit better inB.would have fitted in betterC.fitted better inD.would have fitted better【答案】B【解析】考查语法知识。根据句意：当他14岁上初中时，他的智力如此之高。后文的比较说明“amongundergraduates”是说话人的主观看法，而不是真实情况，因此句子为虚拟语气。表示与过去事实相反时用“would have”。be fit in 表示“适合”。因此B选项符合题意。8.

15、 单选题Western man is himself being Westernized by his own speed-up, （ ）by industrial technology.问题1选项A.as much the Africans are detribalizedB.the Africans are much being detribalizedC.as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD.as much as the Africans are detribalized【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。asas“像一样”，此结构前

16、后有呼应，前半句是被动语态的进行时，后半句也应保持一致。因此C选项符合题意。9. 单选题 Yet these global trends hide starkly different national and regional stories. Vittorio Colao, the boss of Vodafone, which operates or partially owns networks in 31 countries, argues that the farther south you go, the more people use their phones, even pas

17、t the equator: where life is less organized, people need a tool, for example to rejig appointments. “Culture influences the lifestyle, and the lifestyle influences the way we communicate,he says. “If you dont leave your phone on in a meeting in Italy, you are likely to miss the next one. ”Other mund

18、ane factors also affect how phones are used. For instance, in countries where many people have holiday homes they are more likely to give out a mobile number, which then becomes the default where they can be reached, thus undermining the use of fixed-line phones. Technologies are always “both constr

19、uctive and constructed by historical, social, and culture contexts,” writes Mizuko Ito, an anthropologist at the University of California in Irvine, who has co-edited a book on Japans mobile-phone subculture.Indeed, Japan is a good example of how such subcultures come about. In the 1990s Americans a

20、nd Scandinavians were early adopters of mobile phones. But in the next decade Japan was widely seen as the model for the mobile future, given its early embrace of the mobile Internet. For some time Wired, a magazine for technology lovers, ran a column called “Japanese Schoolgirl Watch”，serving reade

21、rs with a stream of mobile oddities. The implication was that what Japanese schoolgirls did one day, everyone else would do the next.The countrys mobile boom was arguably encouraged by underlying social conditions. Most teenagers had long used pagers to keep in touch. In 1999 NTT, Japans dominant op

22、erator, launched i-mode, a platform for mobile-internet services. It allowed cheap e-mails between networks and the Japanese promptly signed up in droves for mobile internet. Ms Ito also points out that Japan is a crowded place with lots of rules. Harried teenagers, in particular, have few chances f

23、or private conversations and talking on the phone in public is frowned upon, if not outlawed. Hence the appeal of mobile data services.The best way to grasp Japans mobile culture is to take a crowded commuter train. There are plenty of signs advising you not to use your phone. Every few minutes anno

24、uncements are made to the same effect. If you do take a call, you risk more than disapproving gazes. Passengers may appeal to a guard who will quietly but firmly explain: dame desu? its not allowed. Some studies suggest that talkingon a mobile phone on a train is seen as worse than in a theatre. Ins

25、tead, hushed passengers type away on their handsets or read mobile-phone novels (written Japanese allows more information to be displayed on a small screen than languages that use the Roman alphabet).1.According to the passage, an Italian would leave his phone on in a meeting for which of the follow

26、ing reason?2.Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?3.The author suggests that Japan leads the world in the mobile-phone culture in that_.4.It can be inferred from the passage that the Japanese teenagers are fond of the mobile data services because_。5.Which of the followi

27、ng is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on its content?问题1选项A.He is afraid of missing a business opportunity.B.His family members may call him in emergency.C.He thinks it is rude to leave a call unanswered.D.He needs to get posted about the latest change in the work schedule.问题2选项A.H

28、ow we use our phones reflect where we live.B.Technologies determine the way we communicate.C.Culture influences the development of technologies.D.Social conditions dictate the mobile future.问题3选项A.the Japanese are the earliest mobile phone usersB.the Japanese are the chattiest mobile phone usersC.th

29、e Japanese use mobile Internet early onD.Japan provides the best mobile phone services问题4选项A.they like to play electronic gamesB.they like to talk to their friends on the phoneC.they can read novels on the phoneD.they can communicate with their friends more conveniently问题5选项A.The Japanese Phone Cult

30、ure.B.Culture and Technology.C.All Alike, All Different.D.Handy, If You Are Thrifty.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节推理题。题干：根据这篇文章，一个意大利人会在会议上开着手机，原因是什么？由题干定位到文章第一段最后一句 “If you dont leave your phone on in a meeting in Italy, you are likely to miss the next one”， 说明他这么做是为了不错过商机。因此A选项符合题意。2.细节推理题。

31、题干：下列哪一项陈述最能得到文章的支持？第一段第三句提到文化影响生活方式，生活方式影响我们交流的方式，进而影响到技术发展，可对应C选项。因此C选项符合题意。3.细节推理题。题干：作者认为日本在手机文化方面领先世界是因为_。由题干定位到第三段第三句“But in the next decade Japan was widely seen as the model for the mobile future, given its early embrace of the mobile Internet”，后半句即为答案，与C选项对应，因此C选项符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干：从文章中可以推断，日本

32、青少年喜欢移动数据服务是因为_。由题干定位到第四段，“Harried teenagers, in particular, have few chances for private conversationsif not outlawed. Hence the appeal of mobile data services”，说明他们视为了方便与朋友们联系。因此D选项符合题意。5.主旨题。题干：根据这篇文章的内容，下面哪个标题是最合适的？本文主要通过一些实例讲述了文化和技术的关系。第一段第三句即本文主题句。因此B选项符合题意。10. 单选题The market for dust masks and

33、 air purifiers is（ ） in Beijing because the capital has been shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.问题1选项A.boomingB.loomingC.doomingD.zooming【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。booming“兴旺的，繁荣的”；looming“隐隐约约的，正在逼近的”；dooming“命中注定，宣判”；zooming“急速上升的”。句意：北京的口罩和空气净化器市场正在迅速发展，因为首都已经连续几天笼罩在浓雾之中。因此A选项符合题意。11. 单选题As a

34、result, the mission of the school, along wih the culture of the classroom, （ ）.问题1选项A.was slowly to changeB.are slowly changedC.is slowly changingD.have slowly changed【答案】C【解析】考查语法知识。对比选项可知该题考查主谓一致的问题。插入部分的along with后的附加成分不影响谓语的数，因此谓语为单数形式。该句没有时间词表示过去，C 选项符合题意。12. 单选题The countrys deficit that year t

35、o a record 169.8 billion dollars.问题1选项A.soaredB.souredC.soredD.sourced【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。soar“飙升”；sour“发酵”；sore“弄伤”；source“寻求来源”。句意：这个国家的赤字到1698亿美元的记录。因此A选项符合题意。13. 单选题commutation via the telegraph began in the 1840s, just before the Civil War, and via the telephone just afterward (1870s).问题1选项A.Instan

36、taneousB.SpontaneousC.SimultaneousD.Instinctive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。instantaneous“瞬间的”；spontaneous“自发的”；simultaneous“同时的”；instinctive“本能的”。句意：通过电报进行的同时通讯始于内战前的19世纪40年代，后来（19世纪70年代）很快开始通过电话进行同时通讯。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题Brides are increasingly shunning summer weddings and getting married during winter _ to cut co

37、sts amid the economic gloom, figures suggest.问题1选项A.instead ofB.otherwiseC.insteadD.rather than【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。空格处词语需要修饰后面动词不定式，词性限制为副词。instead of“代替；而不是”是介词短语，A选项排除；otherwise“否则；另外”；instead“代替；相反”；rather than“而不是”。句意：数据显示，为了在经济低迷时期削减成本，越来越多的新娘避开夏季婚礼在冬季结婚。因此选项C符合题意。15. 单选题The United Nations Populati

38、on Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7billion people.For better and worse, its a milestone.And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the worlds poorer countr

39、ies.Proportionally, Europes population will decline, while Africas will increase. At around the same time,India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth.The growing global population is just one side of the coin. A recent report from the World HealthOrganization signaled the seriousn

40、ess of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people about half the worlds population are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a largeproportion, of the worlds people been malnourished.And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-rep

41、lacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, andpopulation aging.As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and morecountries are aging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over

42、willbe visible, whereas the number of children (persons under age 15) will decline slightly.Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure.The latest national census in C

43、hina shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped tomore than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentagefrom the previous census in 2000. A quarter of the countrys population will be over 65 by 2050,according to the National Populatio

44、n and Family Planning Commission.The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle ； we cant rely onthe ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nations economic growth. Bettersolutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greate

45、r longevity and workingcapability of todays older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible.It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokespersonannounced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously

46、andproactively.Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the privatesector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Publicservants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 fo

47、r women.1.According to the passage, India will_ in 14 years.2.What problem will result from the global population explosion?3.Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT（ ）.4.Todays older adults enjoy（ ）.5.What is the authors attitude toward the spokespersons announcement?问题1选项A.be a poorer

48、countryB.be the most populous countryC.decline in populationD.increase investment in Africa.问题2选项A.Population aging.B.Increasing longevity.C.Declining fertility.D.Expanding malnourishment.问题3选项A.rapid economic developmentB.challenge to public institutionsC.success story of mankindD.changing age stru

49、cture问题4选项A.more working yearsB.more accessible pension programsC.greater longevityD.greater government support问题5选项A.Angered.B.Delighted.C.Indifferent.D.Disappointed.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节题。题干：根据这篇文章，印度将在14年后_。根据关键词India 和14years定位到文章第三段最后一句“India will overtake China as the most popu

50、lous nation on Earth”，印度将超越中国成为人口最大国。因此B选项符合题意。2.细节推理题。题干：全球人口激增将带来什么问题？文章第四段第二句提到“人口激增”。紧接着后文提到“more than 3 billion people about half the worlds population are malnourished”，可知营养不良的人口增多，范围会扩大。因此D选项符合题意。3.细节题。题干：人口老龄化带来的问题除了_。第七段提到人口老龄化的问题“Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story f

51、or mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure.”除了A选项的“经济快速发展”没有体现外，其他都是人口老龄化的问题。因此A选项符合题意。4.细节题。题干：现在的老年人享有_。文章第九段提到“Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages toreflect the greater longevity and working capabil

52、ity of todays older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are moreaccessible”，可知，在（人口老龄化）这种情况下需要更好的解决方法，比如考虑到如今老年人的寿命越来越长，以及他们的工作能力，可以采取提高退休年龄的方法；也可作出政策调整，使养老金计划更改。由此可知，如今老年人的寿命是越来越长的。因此C选项正确。 5.态度题。题干：作者对发言人的声明持什么态度？关于发言人的生明出现在文章倒数第二段第一句，使用的语句是“it is heartening to hear振奋人心的”，可知作者对于声明持积极

53、态度。因此B选项符合题意。16. 单选题Facing the danger, they were quite themselves.问题1选项A.in case ofB.in name ofC.in possession ofD.in charge of【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。in case of“万一”；in name of“名义上”；in possession of“拥有；占有”；in charge of“负责；主管”。句意：面对危险，他们能够照顾好自己。选项D符合题意。17. 单选题Microsoft founder Bill Gates has ( ) about being

54、a parent, stating that 13 is an appropriate age for a childs first cell phone.问题1选项A.opened upB.taken upC.put upD.held up【答案】A【解析】考查动词词组辨析。open up“坦诚地说，开辟，打开”；take up“开始从事，占用”；put up“提供，提出，建造”；hold up“举起”。句意：微软创始人比尔盖茨坦言为人父母之道，表明13岁是孩子拥有第一部手机的合适年龄。因此A选项符合题意。18. 单选题The belief that the mind plays an im

55、portant role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept i

56、n medical treatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific

57、infections and diseases, the fact that the bodys own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and- its course was largely ignored by medical researchers.It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease first led 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influ

58、ences physical illness, and now research in the same field including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health 一 is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exist

59、s between the immune system and the brain，a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect beha

60、vior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited or through drugs, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders.The clinical significa

61、nce of these findings is likely to prove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression (still discounted in some medical circles) that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases.The brains stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune