2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第98期

《2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第98期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第98期（21页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, and then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodys sensors and

2、 interpreting what must be happening that your brain must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must now be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blu

3、rry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of v

4、isible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue.Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times, per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of stil

5、l photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual effects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour” A light le

6、vels fall, the rods become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wavelengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the gardens blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and youll still see it in its “true” colo

7、r white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illuminating on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shade of color. Each waking second they

8、flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and art

9、ist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?”1.Visual illusions often take place when the image of reality is（ ）.2.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called（ ）.3.The retina send pulse

10、s to the brain（ ）.4.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just because（ ）.5.The authors purpose in writing the passage lies in（ ）.问题1选项A.matched to six to seven million structures called conesB.confused in the bodys sensors of both rods and conesC.interpreted in the

11、 brain as what must be the caseD.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eye问题2选项A.conesB.color visionC.rodsD.spectrum问题3选项A.in short wavelengthsB.as color picturesC.by a ganglion cellD.along the optic nerve问题4选项A.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.we see an object in

12、comparison with its surroundingsC.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyD.rods and cones send messages 20 to 25 times a second问题5选项A.showing that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesB.informing us about the different functions of the eye organsC.regretting that we are too slo

13、w in the study of eyesD.marveling at the great work done by the retina【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodys sensors and interpreting what must be happening（这些视觉错觉之所以出现，是因为

14、大脑不断地将身体的信号与现实情况相匹配，并解释即将发生的事情）可知C选项“在大脑中解释即将发生的事情”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors（在理想条件下，每个视锥都能“看到”整个彩虹光谱的可见色）可知选A。3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times, per second along t

15、he optic nerve.（视杆和视锥沿着视觉神经以平均20到25次的脉冲传递信息）可知D选项“沿视觉神经”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture

16、.（我们看到一个图像的时间比它实际出现的时间要长一秒。在电影中，静止的图像以每秒24帧的速度投射到屏幕上，使我们的眼睛误以为看到的是一幅连续不断运动的画面）可知A选项“我们看到的图像通常比实际显示的要长”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了视网膜中的视杆和视锥细胞，视杆细胞主要负责夜视，视锥细胞主要负责颜色，因此B选项“告诉我们眼睛器官的不同功能”符合题意。2. 单选题If we dont stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will be（ ）.问题1选项A.contaminatedB.pol

17、lutedC.annihilatedD.invaded【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contaminate“污染，玷污，腐蚀（人的思想或品德）”；B选项pollute“污染，弄脏 ”；C选项annihilate“消灭，毁灭，彻底击败”；D选项invade“侵入，侵略”。flirt with表示“调戏，玩弄，不认真地考虑”，deathly nuclear weapons表示“致命核武器”，结合语境可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：如果我们不停止玩弄那些致命的核武器，整个世界将被毁灭。3. 单选题Plastic heart valves and other human “spare parts

18、” have （ ）possible many recent developments in surgery.问题1选项A.made itB.been madeC.madeD.become【答案】C【解析】考查语态。句子的主语为Plastic heart valves and other human “spare parts”（塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官“零件”），宾语为many recent developments（最近许多的发展），主语与宾语之间为主动关系，故排除B选项。句子的宾语在possible后面不需要形式宾语，故排除A选项。have become possible表示“成为可能”

19、，have made possible表示“使成为可能”，根据句意可知C选项符合语境。句意：塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官“零件”使最近许多的发展成为可能。4. 单选题They fear it could have a(n) （ ）effect on global financial markets.问题1选项A.sizeableB.adverseC.beneficialD.consequential【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sizeable“相当大的”；B选项adverse“不利的，有害的，反面的”；C选项beneficial“有利的，有益的”；D选项consequential“随

20、之而来的，相应发生的，重要的”。由句中的fear（害怕，担心）可推测effect（影响）是指不好的、不利的影响，因此选B。句意：他们害怕它会对全球金融市场有不利的影响。5. 单选题Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, （ ）themselves.问题1选项A.expandingB.prolongingC.stretchingD.extending【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项expand“扩大，增加”；B选项prolong“延长，拉长”；C选项stretch“伸展”；D选项

21、extend“延伸”。此处表示“伸展身体”，因此选C。句意：早上的工作做完后，职员们站在桌子后面伸展身体。6. 单选题Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in（ ）computers.问题1选项A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项abstract“抽象的，理论上的

22、”；B选项obsolete“淘汰的，废弃的，过时的”；C选项obstinate“固执的，顽固的，棘手的”；D选项obese“臃肿的，虚胖的，病态肥胖的”。原句表示“专业档案管理员和图书管理员有方法以其它格式复制资料，并有专门技能挽回困在_计算机中的资料”，因此B选项符合语境。句意：专业档案管理员和图书管理员有方法以其它格式复制资料，并有专门技能挽回困在废弃计算机中的资料。7. 单选题It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash. Virtually

23、 all financial（ ）will be conducted by computer.问题1选项A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项transaction“业务，交易”；B选项transmission“传送，传播”；C选项transition“过渡，转变，变迁”；D选项transformation“变化，改观，转变”。根据financial（财政的，金融的）可知A选项符合语境。句意：由于人们不需要携带大量现金，走在街上会更安全，几乎所有的金融交易都将由计算机进行。8

24、. 单选题The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that in todays world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the vent hap

25、pened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morals of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in t

26、his type of mental battle have changed.Whether its a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare arent limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.There

27、fore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “

28、The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat.” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violent becomes an important part of the act its

29、elf.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that deter

30、mines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains

31、a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evenings newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act

32、is a collective demonstration of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act. “You dont have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity （无处不

33、在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because its the only tactic they have available t

34、o them. “They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one be

35、heading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1.000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You havent really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, youve achiev

36、ed a lot of demoralization.”1.What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?2.The goal of psychological warfare is to（ ）.3.According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because（ ）.4.The Iranian hostage crisis shows that（ ）.5.In this

37、passage the author（ ）.问题1选项A.Terrorist attacks.B.The increase of military conflicts.C.Advances in nuclear weapons.D.Prosperity of the media.问题2选项A.change the ideology of the opponentB.win a battle without military attacksC.generate a greater sense of fearD.bring about more physical damage问题3选项A.psyc

38、hological terrorism is a tacticB.terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC.the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD.publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat问题4选项A.means determines effectsB.host

39、age crises are prevalentC.psychological terrors remain harmlessD.the American media is effective问题5选项A.emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB.criticizes the violence of terrorismC.calls for an end to psychological warfareD.opposes the hostage crisis【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细

40、节事实题。由文章第二段中的But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.（但由于科技的进步、互联网的普及和新闻报道的扩散，这种心理战的交战规则已经改变）可知D选项“媒体的繁荣”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Instead, the goal of these attacks is to

41、instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.（相反，这些攻击的目的是灌输一种比实际威胁本身更大的恐惧感）可知C选项“产生更大的恐惧感”符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat.（将恐怖主义作为一种战术是基于制造一种与实际威胁不相称的恐惧气氛）可知C选

42、项“使用恐怖主义是为了激起比实际威胁更具破坏性的恐惧”符合题意。4.推理判断题。由文章第六段中的The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that determines the effect.（关键不是你做了什么，而是它的报道方式决定了效果）可知A选项“手段决定效果”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出恐怖活动；第二段引出心理战；第三至六段介绍了心理战带来的影响比实际威胁更大；第五段介绍了伊朗人质危机给美国人带来的心理创伤；第六段介绍了恐怖分子随机性和普遍性给人心理上产出更大的威胁；第七段介绍了恐怖组织利用心

43、理战作战；最后一段引用Haroun的话，再次强调心理战带来的影响。因此A选项“强调心理战的巨大影响”符合题意。9. 单选题While a quarter of men wash their cars once a week, fewer than one in five women carry out the（ ）.问题1选项A.attributeB.choreC.repastD.jargon【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项attribute“属性，性质，特征”；B选项chore“日常事务，家务活”；C选项repast“餐，饭菜”；D选项jargon“行话，黑话，行业术语”。此处是whi

44、le引导的让步状语从句，将男性一周洗一次车的人数与女性做这件事的人数相对比，因此选B。句意：四分之一的男性一周洗一次车，而不超过五分之一的女性做这个事务。10. 单选题The scientist has made another wonderful discovery,（ ）is of great importance to science.问题1选项A.which I thinkB.which I think itC.of which I thinkD.I think which【答案】A【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。which指代先行词discovery，在从句中作主语，I think作插

45、入语时，引导词应放在其前面，因此选A。句意：这位科学家又有了一个了不起的发现，我认为这个发现这对科学很重要。11. 单选题As a lawyer （ ）for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those grand banquets and meets those distinguished people from all circles.问题1选项A.noticeableB.notoriousC.nastyD.notable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项noticeable“显而易见的，明显的”；B选项

46、notorious“臭名昭著的”；C选项nasty“令人厌恶的，肮脏的”；D选项notable“著名的，显著的，值得注意的”。由good judgment and eloquence（良好的判断力和口才）可知空格处为一个褒义词，再根据句意可知选D。句意：作为一名以良好的判断力和口才著称的律师，他经常被邀请参加那些盛大的宴会，并结识来自各界的杰出人士。12. 单选题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. American

47、s, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But n

48、ot even a great health-care system can cure deathand our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we tre

49、at death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss o

50、f hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars c

51、onclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain agesay 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”，so that younger, healthi

52、er people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surge

53、on general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can

54、 spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the

55、 quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.1.What is implied in the first sentence?2.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（ ）.3.The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of（ ）.4.In contrast to the U.

56、S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（ ）.5.The text intends to express the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.Americans are better prepared for death than other peopleB.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever beforeC.Americans are over-confident of their medical technologyD.Americans take a v

57、ain pride in their long life expectancy问题2选项A.medical resources are often wastedB.some treatments are too aggressiveC.doctors are helpless against fatal diseasesD.medical costs are becoming unaffordable问题3选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.Slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题4选项A.more flex

58、iblyB.more extravagantlyC.more cautiouslyD.more reasonably问题5选项A.medicine will further prolong peoples livesB.life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC.death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD.excessive demands increase the cost of health care【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段

59、中的It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.（据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大死亡是不可避免的，在加利福尼亚死亡是可选择的）以及其后介绍的医疗技术的进步，使美国人在过去的一个世纪里，预期寿命几乎翻了一翻，因此C选项“美国人对他们的医疗技术过于自信”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的Death is normal.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we de

60、mand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justifi

61、ed.（死亡是正常的我们要求一切可以为我们做的事情，即使它是无用的。最明显的例子是晚期癌症护理。医生们因无法治愈疾病而感到沮丧，并且担心病人失去希望，他们常常采用远远超出科学依据的极端治疗）可知A选项“医疗资源经常被浪费”符合题意。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词Lamm定位到文章第三段中，可知Lamm的观点是the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”（年老体弱的人有义务死亡，以免挡住道路）。由第四段中的I would not go that far.As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to

62、age as productively as they have.（我不会走这么远作为一个只有68岁的人，我希望能像他们一样富有成效地衰老）和最后一段中的I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures（我知道最昂贵和最戏剧性的措施可能是无效和痛苦的我们可能为寻求不太可能治愈的方法提供了过多的资金）可推测作者基本同意Lamm的观点，但仍然有所保留，因此选B。4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的

63、I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.（我还知道，日本和瑞典的人们在医疗上花费更少，他们的寿命比我们的更长，更健康）可知D选项“更合理”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出尽管有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系，但死亡不可避免；第二段提出死亡是正常的，但我们却想尽一切方法来延缓生命；第三段提出医疗资源不应该被浪费在一些没有挽救意义的人身上；第四段提出老年人的生活也可以是有价值的；第五段指出寿命的长短，依靠的不仅仅是医疗资源，应该合理使用。故本文旨在说明人们要勇于接受死亡，因此C