2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第3期

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1、2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题Would you stop buying Apples products if it decided to help the FBI open a terrorists iPhone? I thought not.Which is to say that Apple CEO Tim Cook, in his refusal to help the FBI break into iphones, is ahead of most of the population. But maybe not all that f

2、ar ahead. His very public stance might even turn out to be the smartest thing hes done for Apple since becoming CEO.We all give our privacy away every day, constantly, to a panoply of entities. I actually snorted a laugh when and Google proclaimed their support for Cooks position. and Google horde m

3、ore data about us than any other commercial entities and make billions of dollars on it. Remember, their products are free; their core business is selling the details of our lives to advertisers.At the moment, when most consumers say theyre concerned about privacy, theyre kidding themselves. A recen

4、t survey by TRUSTe and the National Cyber Security Alliance found that 92 percent of respondents who use the Internet said they worry about online privacy, yet 89 percent do not avoid businesses they feel are not respecting their privacy.In other words, our anxieties about this stuff are completely

5、disconnected from our actions.And encroachments on our privacy are only going to get worse. Wearables like Fitbits, smart home devices like Nest, connected cars and Internet of Things sensors are all creating ever more data about ever more detailed and intimate aspects of our lives. Artificial intel

6、ligence software can stitch together different kinds of data to paint a ridiculously accurate picture of an individual.In many ways, we welcome this the better technology knows us, the better it can serve us. But at what point does the exploitation of our details turn from convenience into invasion?

7、 And dont we want control of that knob to understand and decide what were agreeing to share?Cook is making us think about all that now. Do most people care much about this one case, this one phone? Not likely. But this fight is making us realize that we need to make some decisions, individually and

8、as a society, about digital privacy before it gets away from us. A cynic might say Apple can afford to take this stand because it doesnt rely on selling advertising as a business model. But every company should take the publics interest in Apples decision to heart. Privacy is rising to a new level o

9、f awareness.Apple, so often on the forefront, seems to know this. The FBI said Cooks stand is a marketing ploy. In Cooks letter to customers, he snorted, “Absolutely not. Nothing could be further from the truth.” He added, “This is and always has been about our customers. We feel strongly that if we

10、 were to do what the government has asked of us - to create a backdoor to our products not only is it unlawful but it puts the vast majority of good and law abiding citizens, who rely on iphone to protect their most personal and important data, at risk.”So, really, Cooks position may not be a ploy.

11、It could turn out to be brilliant marketing.1. Why did the author snort a laugh when and Google proclaimed their support for Cooks position?2. What does the word “encroachment” in paragraph 6 mean?3. The following devices are creating more data about our lives in a more detailed and intimate way EXC

12、EPT（ ）.4. What can we infer from this passage?5. The best title for this passage would be（ ）.问题1选项A.Because they didnt agree with Cook from the bottom of their hearts.B.Because they possessed more information about us than any other commercial entities.C.Because they made billions of dollars by supp

13、orting Apple.D.Because they didnt care about their clients privacy at all.问题2选项A.protectionB.violationC.promotionD.exploitation问题3选项A.TrusteB.Internet of Things sensorsC.Wearables like FitbitsD.Smart home devices like Nest问题4选项A.Cooks refusal is regarded as a mere tactic by the general public.B.All

14、companies that provide free products are selling details of our lives to advertisers.C.Most people say they are concerned about their privacy but actually they fail to pay much attention to it.D.Every company should learn from Apples business models.问题5选项A.Awareness of privacy protection should be p

15、romotedB.Whether Cooks refusal is just a ployC.The battle between FBI and AppleD.How Tim Cook aims to profit from protecting privacy【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由上文可知，库克拒绝泄露用户隐私，那么为什么当和谷歌宣布支持库克的立场时，作者嗤之以鼻呢？答案在第三段第三句 and Google horde more data about us than any other commercial entities

16、 and make billions of dollars on it（和谷歌比任何其他商业实体拥有更多关于我们的数据，并从中赚取了数十亿美元），由此句可知，和谷歌通过用户隐私盈利，可见他们并没有那么尊重用户隐私，因此D选项“因为他们根本不关心客户的隐私”正确。第2题:语义推测题。根据下文可知，可穿戴设备、智能家居物联网传感器正在创造更多关于我们生活的更详细、更亲密的方面的数据。人工智能软件可以将不同种类的数据拼接在一起，绘制出一个极为精确的个体形象，由此可以推测出，我们的数据进一步被泄露了，因此B选项“侵害”正确。第3题:事实细节题。题干为“以下设备除了 之外，正在以更详细、更亲密的方式创造

17、更多关于我们生活的数据”，本题可采用排除法。根据第六段第二句中的Wearables like Fitbits, smart home devices like Nest, connected cars and Internet of Things sensors are all creating ever more data about ever more detailed and intimate aspects of our lives（Fitbit等可穿戴设备、Nest等智能家居设备、联网汽车和物联网传感器都在创造越来越多的数据，这些数据涉及我们生活中更详细、更亲密的方面）可排除B、C、

18、D选项，因此A选项正确。第4题:判断推理题。根据第四段第二句中的92 percent of respondents who use the Internet said they worry about online privacy, yet 89 percent do not avoid businesses they feel are not respecting their privacy（92%的上网受访者说他们担心网上隐私，但89%的人不会回避他们认为不尊重自己隐私的业务）和第五段our anxieties about this stuff are completely disconn

19、ected from our actions（我们对这些事情的焦虑与我们的行为完全无关）可推断出，虽然人们嘴上说着很注重隐私，但是他们的实际行动却不是这样的，因此C选项“大多数人说他们关心隐私，但实际上他们并没有足够重视这一点”符合题意。第5题:主旨大意题。文章由库克拒绝向FBI泄露隐私为开头，讲述了不同公司和个人对数据隐私保护的态度和具体做法，因此A选项“提高隐私保护意识”符合题意。B、C选项过于片面，D选项不符合文意，均可排除。2. 单选题When we credit the successful people with intelligence, physical strength or

20、 good luck, we are making excuses for ourselves because we fall（ ）in all three.问题1选项A.rareB.lackingC.shortD.scarce【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配辨析。rare“稀有的；稀薄的；半熟的”；lacking“缺乏的；没有的；不足的”；short“短的；不足的；矮的”；scarce“缺乏的；不足的；稀有的”，这四个词是同义词，都有“缺乏的”的意思，但是这里fall short是一个固定搭配，表示“不足；缺乏”。句意：当我们认为成功的人具有智慧、强健的体魄和好运时，我们只是在为我们以上三种因

21、素而找借口。故正确答案为选项C。3. 单选题Marriage in haste usually leads to（ ）at leisure.问题1选项A.resentmentB.reluctanceC.repentanceD.fantasy【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项resentment“愤恨，怨恨”；B选项reluctance“勉强”；C选项repentance“悔改，后悔”；D选项fantasy“幻想”。句意：草率结婚通常容易导致将来后悔。根据句意，此处选择C选项repentance“悔改，后悔”。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题For shortage of food and

22、water, the illegal immigrants（ ）down from 112 to 58.问题1选项A.seizedB.starvedC.calculatedD.split【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项seized“逮住，抓住”；B选项starved“使挨饿，饿死”；C选项calculated“计算”；D选项split“劈开”。句意：由于食物和水的短缺，非法移民数量从112人下降到了58人。根据前半句表述的因为缺少食物和水，可知后半句中非法移民数量减少的原因是挨饿。所以空格处填B选项starved“使挨饿，饿死”合适。因此B选项符合题意。5. 单选题The（ ）of al

23、l kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.问题1选项A.varietyB.scarcityC.solidarityD.commodity【答案】B【解析】同形词辨析题。variety“多样”；scarcity“不足；缺乏”；solidarity“团结”； commodity“商品”；根据natural calamity“自然灾害”可知此处应该说的是各种必需品的“缺乏”，故正确答案为选项B。句意为：各种必需品的缺乏是自然灾难造成的。6. 单选题There has been so much media（ ）of the co

24、ming election that people have got bored with it.问题1选项A.circulationB.concernC.broadcastingD.coverage【答案】C【解析】本题考查了名词的辨析。circulation“循环（血液等）；流通（货币，消息等）；发行量 （专辑，书等）”；concern“关心；关系”；broadcasting“播放；广播节目”；coverage “聚集；汇集”，根据此处的media可知此处应该填写一个与新闻媒体相关的名词，四个选项中只有broadcasting最符合，正确答案为选项C。7. 单选题To do this jo

25、b well, you must be（ ）not only in English, but also in computer programming.问题1选项A.efficientB.effectiveC.proficientD.beneficial【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项efficient“有效率的”；B选项“有效的，起作用的”；C选项“熟练的，精通的”；D选项“有益的”。句意：为做好这项工作，你不但要在英语上而且在计算机编程方面都。综合句意和语义，此处填proficient“熟练的，精通的”。因此C选项符合题意。8. 单选题Walk through Times Squa

26、reyoure bombarded with advertising. And it turns out, a bumblebee might have a similar feeling, buzzing through a field of flowers. “So these flowers are these billboards, theyre advertising a commodity, this delicious nectar (花蜜) reward, and bees are very picky shoppers”, says Anne Leonard, a polli

27、nation biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno.She describes a flower field as a sort of pollination marketplace. “Bees are nectar experts. They are really good at assessing even really small differences in the sugar concentration of nectar.” They also scope out flower shape and size, color and

28、scent. And now Leonard and her colleagues have discovered that bumblebees are also sensitive to pollen.They found that out by lacing batches of cherry pollen with either table sugar or bitter quinine. And to display the pollen to bees, “We got really into itwe started 3-D printing flowers in our lab

29、.” And for the antherthe male flower part, which presents the pollen pipe cleaners. “So we bought out Michaels craft store supplies of these pipe cleaners and used them in our experiments.”It turns out bees would return again and again to the same color flower that dispensed sweet pollen, and spend

30、more time collecting there. But when confronted with the bitter pollen, they sought a different colored flower for their very next stop. All of which suggests that, in addition to savoring nectar, bees taste pollen tooand judge flowers by it. The results are in the journal Biology Letters.The findin

31、g means that plants have to find a happy medium: “So can you make your pollen attractive enough that the bees will collect it, but distasteful enough that they wont collect too much of it?” And that balancing act, of carefully calibrated chemistry(校准化学)its just one of the many transactions that play

32、s out in the buzzing pollination marketplace, where the object is to make a sweet profit.1. What does the author compare a flower field to?2. Why are bees described as nectar experts?3. What are used to present the pollen by Anne and her colleagues in their experiments?4. How do bees choose where to

33、 visit in a flower field according to the passage?5. What do Anne and her colleagues research findings suggest?问题1选项A.Times Square.B.A commodity.C.A billboard.D.A shopper.问题2选项A.Because they are able to detect differences in sugar levels of nectar.B.Because they are capable of discerning different t

34、ypes of flowers.C.Because they know instinctively where to collect more nectar.D.Because they could distinguish sweet pollen from bitter one.问题3选项A.3-D printers.B.Pipe cleaners.C.Sugar.D.Quinine.问题4选项A.By color and scent of flowers.B.By taste of nectar and pollen.C.By maleness or femaleness of flowe

35、rs.D.By shape and size of flowers.问题5选项A.Calibrated chemistry is very useful in changing the structure of pollen.B.Attracting more bees to pollinate could make plants more productive.C.The more bees to be attracted, the better it will be for the pollen.D.The taste of pollen can be controlled for com

36、mercial purpose.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Walk through Times Squareyoure bombarded with advertising. And it turns out, a bumblebee might have a similar feeling, buzzing through a field of flowers. So these flowers are these billboards, theyre advertising a c

37、ommodity, this delicious nectar (花蜜) reward, and bees are very picky shoppers（走过纽约时代广场，你会被广告不断侵扰。事实证明，熊蜂在嗡嗡地飞过花田时，可能会有类似的感觉。因为这些花朵就像是那些广告牌，它们在为这些美味可口的花蜜打广告，而蜜蜂就是那些非常挑剔的消费者）”。由此可知作者把花田比作时代广场，把花朵比作广告牌。A选项“时代广场”；B选项“一种商品”；C选项“广告牌”；D选项“购物者”。B、C、D选项均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Bees a

38、re nectar experts. They are really good at assessing even really small differences in the sugar concentration of nectar.（蜜蜂是花蜜专家。它们很擅长评估花蜜，即使花蜜糖的浓度存在微小的区别它们也能感觉到。）”。A选项“因为它们能够检测出花蜜中糖分水平的差异”；B选项“因为它们能够辨别不同种类的花”；C选项“因为它们本能地知道去哪里采集更多的花蜜”；D选项“因为它们可以区分甜花粉和苦花粉”。B、C、D选项均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根

39、据题干可定位到文章第三段“And to display the pollen to bees, We got really into itwe started 3-D printing flowers in our lab.（为了向蜜蜂展示花粉，我们进行了非常深入地研究，我们开始在实验室用3D技术打印花朵。）”。A选项“3D打印技术”正确；B选项“清管器”是为了呈现花药部分；C选项“甜蔗糖”和D选项“苦奎宁”是为了试验蜜蜂对花粉味道的评估。因此A选项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“It turns out bees would return agai

40、n and again to the same color flower that dispensed sweet pollen, and spend more time collecting there.（实验证明，蜜蜂会在含有甜蔗糖花粉的相同颜色花朵间重复往返，并且花费更多的时间来采集。）”。A选项“根据花的颜色和气味”正确；B选项“通过花蜜和花粉的味道”；C选项“通过花的雄性或雌性”；D选项“根据花朵的形状和大小”。B、C、D选项均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。5.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“And that balancing act, of ca

41、refully calibrated chemistry(校准化学)its just one of the many transactions that plays out in the buzzing pollination marketplace, where the object is to make a sweet profit.（这一精确校准化学的平衡做法，只是蜜蜂授粉市场上进行的众多交易中的其中一种。该市场的目标是获得甜蜜的利润。）”，由此可知市场上很多人为了商业利润会人为的控制花粉的味道。A选项“校准化学在改变花粉结构方面非常有用”看似正确，但是联系全文以及安妮和同事们的研究，她

42、们试验的结果主要还是表明花粉味道的可控性；B选项“吸引更多的蜜蜂授粉可以使植物更多产”和C选项“吸引的蜜蜂越多，花粉就越好”都不符合题意；D选项“为了商业目的，花粉的味道可以被控制”说法正确，因此D选项正确。9. 不定项选择题Sociology is defined as the study of human groups. In the broadest sense, sociology is concerned with understanding patterns of human relationships, their causes and their effects. Unlike

43、 psychology, sociology does not attempt to explain the behavior of a particular individual under certain circumstances. Rather, sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people. Thus, while a psychologist might counsel an individual who feels wo

44、rthless after retiring from a long and successful career, a sociologist would be more likely to examine societal attitudes that may contribute to the loss of self-esteem experienced by many retired persons in our society.The emphasis that sociology places on human groups rather than individuals stem

45、s directly from the work of Emile Durkheim, a pioneering sociologist of the nineteenth century. Durkheim likened the nature of a social group to bronze, a unique metal that is formed when the metals tin, copper, and lead are melted and mixed together. Durkheim noted that bronze is much harder than a

46、ny of its component metals. In the same way, he reasoned, the characteristics of a social group viewed as a whole cannot be determined simply by examining the characteristics of its individual members. Nor can individuals be understood strictly in terms of the individuals themselves; when people com

47、e together as members of a particular group, the group exerts considerable pressure on the individual to conform to what it considers acceptable ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Besides developing a theoretical foundation for the study of social groups, Durkheim also conducted research desig

48、ned to corroborate his theoretical work. Using landmark research methods, Durkheim collected and analyzed data from a number of countries that kept records on suicides.He wanted to show that social environment may have a profound effect even on those behaviors we consider most personal. The results

49、of his study showed that suicide rates do indeed vary according to specific social characteristics.For example, Durkheim found that members of religions with strong prohibitions against suicide are less likely to commit suicide than are members of religious groups with weaker prohibitions. He also f

50、ound a lower incidence of suicide among married persons than among persons who were single or divorced. Taken together, the findings of Durkheims study provided convincing evidence that social groups do indeed exert pressures that control or regulate the behavior of individuals, including deeply per

51、sonal behaviors.Durkheims rigorous research methods captured the attention of sociologists around the world, and were perhaps even more important to the future development of sociology than any specific research results could be. Within a short time, his specific approach to formulating and testing

52、social theory became a model that guided the work of nearly all sociologists. This assured Emile Durkheim a lasting place as one of the key figures in the history of sociology.1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the selection?2. The writers main purpose in writing this selectio

53、n is to（ ）.3. According to the selection, how do sociologists and psychologists differ?4. In comparing social groups to bronze, Durkheim wished to illustrate the idea that（ ）.5. Which of the following best defines the word model as it is used in the last paragraph of the selection?问题1选项A.Both the so

54、cial group theory and the scientific research methods developed by Durkheim have contributed much to the field of sociology.B.Durkheim believed that individual members of a group strongly influence the groups ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.C.The research study conducted by Durkheim provided

55、 strong evidence that suicide rates vary among members of different social groups.D.Through his research, Durkheim made great strides in distinguishing sociology from psychology.问题2选项A.outline the steps Durkheim followed in conducting his research studyB.describe the ways in which Durkheims work has

56、 influenced sociologyC.persuade the reader that social groups control most of the behaviors of their individual membersD.explain the differences between sociology and psychology问题3选项A.Sociologists are more concerned with explaining behavior than psychologists.B.Psychologists focus more on individual

57、s than do sociologists.C.Sociologists spend more time helping people solve their problems than do psychologists.D.Psychologists are more interested in understanding patterns of human relationships than are sociologists.问题4选项A.a social group has characteristics that differ from those of its individua

58、l membersB.social groups are made up of three major component parts acting togetherC.each social group is a unique entity that is unlike any other social groupD.social groups are extremely difficult to break apart once they have been formed问题5选项A.One of two or more alternative stylesB.An artists sub

59、jectC.A small copy of an objectD.A plan to be imitated【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章第一段sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people.“社会学关注社会趋势或影响整个群体或人群类别的其他影响。”主要讲述社会群体理论，文章最后一段Durkheims rigorous research methods captured the

60、 attention of sociologists around the world“迪尔凯姆严谨的研究方法引起了全世界社会学家的注意”提及迪尔凯姆社会学的研究方法，所以A选项“迪尔凯姆的社会群体理论和科学的研究方法为社会学领域做出了重要贡献。”表达了选文的主要思想。B选项“迪尔凯姆认为，一个群体中的个体成员强烈地影响着这个群体的思维、感受和行为方式。”文中介绍是群体影响个人而不是个体影响群体；C选项“迪尔凯姆进行的这项研究提供了强有力的证据，证明不同社会群体成员的自杀率各不相同。”只是个别举例并不能以偏概全；D选项“通过他的研究，迪尔凯姆在区分社会学和心理学方面取得了很大的进步。”迪尔凯姆

61、的研究并不是为了证明社会学与心理学的区别。因此A选项符合题意。第2题:主旨大意题。由上一题可知文章的主要思想是“迪尔凯姆的社会群体理论和科学的研究方法为社会学领域做出了重要贡献”，作者写这篇选文的主要目的是介绍他的理论和研究方法是如何影响社会学的，所以B选项“描述迪尔凯姆的作品影响社会学的方式”与题意相符。A选项“概述迪尔凯姆在进行他的研究时所遵循的步骤”、C选项“说服读者，社会群体控制着他们个体成员的大部分行为”和D选项“解释社会学和心理学之间的区别”都只是整篇文章当中的部分内容，不能概括全文。因此B选项符合题意。第3题:事实细节题。第一段中有提到二者的区别，Unlike psycholog

62、y, sociology does not attempt to explain the behavior of a particular individual under certain circumstances. Rather, sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people.“与心理学不同，社会学不试图解释特定个体在特定环境下的行为。相反，社会学关注的是社会趋势或影响整个群体或人群类别的其他影响。”由此可知，社会学关注社会趋势或

63、社会群体，而心理学更关注个人。所以B选项“心理学家比社会学家更关注个体”符合题意；A选项“社会学家比心理学家更关心解释行为”并未涉及；C选项“社会学家比心理学家花更多的时间帮助人们解决问题”与题意不符；D选项“心理学家比社会学家对理解人类关系的模式更感兴趣”与原文表述不同。因此B选项正确。第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词bronze定位到文章第二段Durkheim likened the nature of a social group to bronze, a unique metal that is formed when the metals tin, copper, and lead are melted and mixed together. Durkheim noted that bronze is much harder than any of its component metals.“迪尔凯姆把一个社会群体的本质比作青铜，一种独特的金属，是由锡、铜和铅熔化并混合在