2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷16

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题It is anticipated that this contract will substantially increase sales over the next three years.问题1选项A.apparentlyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadily【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。substantially“实质上；充分地；大幅地”；A选项apparently“显然地；似乎，表面上”；B选项slightly“些微地，轻微地”；C选项considerably“相当多地

2、；非常地”；D选项steadily“稳定地；稳固地”。句意：预计该合同将在未来三年内大幅增加销售额。根据句中“increase sales增加销售额”可知substantially在这里的意思为“大幅地”，因此C选项相当多地正确。2. 单选题I didnt listen to Mom and I was not surprised at the look of（ ）on her face.问题1选项A.indifferenceB.complimentC.negligenceD.reproach【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项indifference“漠不关心；不重视；中立”；B选项com

3、pliment“恭维；称赞；问候”；C选项negligence“疏忽；忽视”；D选项reproach“责备；责骂”。句意：我没有听妈妈的话，看到她脸上责备的表情，我并不感到惊讶。题干中说到“I didnt listen to Mom我没有听妈妈的话”，而“责备”符合语境，因此D选项正确。3. 不定项选择题Psychologists agree that I.Q. contribute only about 20 percent of the factors that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors, i

4、ncluding what I call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence, and how they can be developed:1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about

5、their emotions are better pilots of their lives.Developing self-awareness requires tuning into what neurologist Antonio Damasio calls “gut feelings.” Gut feelings can occur without a person being consciously aware of them. For example, when people who fear snakes are shown a picture of a snake, sens

6、ors on their skin will detect sweat, a sign of anxiety, even though the people say they do not feel fear. The sweat shows up even a picture is presented so rapidly that the subject has no conscious awareness of seeing it.Through deliberate effort we can become more aware of our gut feelings. Take so

7、meone who is annoyed by a rude encounter for hours after it occurred. He may be aware of his irritability and surprised when someone calls attention to it. But if he evaluates his feelings, he can change them.Emotional self-awareness is the building block of the next fundamental of emotion intellige

8、nce: being able to shake off bad mood.2. Mood Management. Bad as well as good moods spice life and build character. The key is balance.We often have little control over when we are swept by emotion. But we can have some say in how long that emotion will last. Psychologist Dianne Tice asked more than

9、 400 men and women about their strategies for escaping foul moods. Her research, along with that of other psychologists, provides valuable information on how to change a bad mood.Of all the moods that people want to escape, rage seems to be the hardest to deal with. When someone in another car cuts

10、you off on the highway, your reflexive thought may be: That jerk! He could have hit me! I cant let him get away with that! The more you stew, the angrier you get. Such is the stuff of hypertension and reckless driving.What should you do to relieve rage? One myth is that ventilating will make you fee

11、l better. In fact, researchers have found thats one of the worst strategies. A more effective technique is “refraining”, which means consciously reinterpreting a situation in a more positive light. In the case of the driver who cuts you off, you might tell yourself: Maybe he had some emergency. This

12、 is one of the most potent ways, Tice found, to put anger to rest.Going off alone to cool clown is also an effective way to refuse anger, especially if you cant think clearly. Tice found that a large proportion of men cool down by going for a drive a finding that inspired her to drive more defensive

13、ly. A safer alternative is exercise, such as taking a long walk. Whatever you do, dont waste the time pursuing your train of anger thoughts. Your aim should be to distract yourself.The techniques of reframing and distraction can alleviate depression and anxiety as well as anger. Add to them such rel

14、axation techniques as deep breathing and meditation and you have an arsenal of weapons against bad moods.1. What are gut feelings?2. According to the author, the importance of knowing ones gut feelings is that（ ）.3. The word “spice” in Paragraph 6 is closed in meaning to （ ）.4. The essence of “refra

15、ining” in Paragraph 9 is （ ）.5. What is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.They are feeling one is born with.B.They are feelings one may be unaware of.C.They are feelings of fear and anxiety.D.They are feelings felt by sensible people.问题2选项A.one can develop themB.one can call others attention to

16、themC.one may get rid of themD.one may control them问题3选项A.add interest toB.lengthenC.make dullD.bring into existence问题4选项A.to forget the unpleasant situationB.to adopt a positive attitudeC.to protect oneself properlyD.to avoid road accidents问题5选项A.What is Emotional Intelligence?B.How to Develop Emot

17、ional Intelligence.C.Strategies for Getting Rid of Foul Moods.D.How to Control ones Gut Feelings.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干关键词“gut feelings”定位到第三段第二句话“Gut feelings can occur without a person being consciously aware of them”（直觉可能在一个人没有意识到的情况下发生）可知，直觉是人们可能没有意识到的感觉。A选项“它们是天生的”没有原文依据

18、；C选项“它们是恐惧和焦虑的感觉”错误，直觉包括很多种感觉；D选项“它们是理智的人所感受到的感情”错误，人都会有直觉，没有理性和感性之分。因此B选项正确。第2题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第四段倒数一、二句话“He may be aware of his irritability and surprised when someone calls attention to it. But if he evaluates his feelings, he can change them”（他可能意识到了自己的易怒，当有人提醒他时，他会感到惊讶。但如果他评估自己的感受，他就能改变。）可知既然可以改变，

19、那就是可以控制的。A选项“可以开发它们”、B选项“一个人可以引起别人的注意”、C选项“人们可以摆脱它们”均说法错误，文中没有相关表述。因此D选项正确。第3题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“spice”定位到第六段“Mood Management. Bad as well as good moods spice life and build character. The key is balance”（情绪管理。好心情和坏心情可以丰富生活，塑造性格。关键是平衡）可知spice是丰富的意思，即给生活增加乐趣。A选项“增加乐趣”；B选项“延长”、C选项“乏味”、D选项“产生”三项与该处语义不符。因此A选

20、项正确。第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“refraining”定位到第九段“A more effective technique is refraining, which means consciously reinterpreting a situation in a more positive light. In the case of the driver who cuts you off, you might tell yourself: Maybe he had some emergency”（一种更有效的方法是“克制”，这意味着有意识地以一种更积极的态度重新解释当前的情况。对于插

21、队的司机，你可以告诉自己：也许他遇到了紧急情况）可知遇到问题时要克制自己，当遇到插队的司机时的想法告诉我们要用积极的态度去思考这些问题。A选项“忘记不愉快的处境”；C选项“妥善保护自己”、D选项“避免交通意外”三项不是本质，而是具体可以怎么去让自己的处境变得舒缓一点的方法，所以排除。因此B选项正确。第5题:主旨大意题。由题干定位到第一段最后一句话“Following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence, and how they can be developed”（以下是构成情商的两个主要品质，以

22、及如何开发它们）可知本文主要围绕如何开发情商所展开。A选项“什么是情商”概括不全面，文章不是主要讲了情商的定义，有简单的提及；C选项“摆脱坏心情的策略”、D选项“如何控制自己的直觉”两项都是如何开发情商的不同的两个方法，不能概括整个文章的主旨大意，所以排除。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题On this barren place on Aikhanom Hill, overlooking fields peppered with land mines, soldiers come to lay a stone or say a prayer for friends lost in years of

23、 war.问题1选项A.infertileB.disastrousC.plausibleD.impeccable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词barren意为“贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的”；A选项“infertile”意为“不肥沃的；不毛的；不结果实的”；B选项“disastrous”意为“灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项“plausible”意为“看似可信的；花言巧语的；貌似真实的”；D选项“impeccable”意为“无瑕疵的，完美的；不会犯罪过的”。句意：在Aikhanom山上这个贫瘠的地方，可以俯瞰布满地雷的田野，士兵们前来为在多年战争中失去的朋友们放置石块或祈祷。由题

24、干可知，fields peppered with land mines（布满地雷的田野）还有士兵前来悼念自己逝去的朋友，可以推测出这里曾经是一个战场。被战争摧残过的土地应该是荒芜贫瘠的。由此可推知，barren在此处是“贫瘠的”的意思。因此A选项符合题意。5. 不定项选择题How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known convention, or at least on the beginnings of these. But ofte

25、n, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing their precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts,

26、 in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes

27、suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received.In this sen

28、se it is true that it is the duty of society to create conditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and

29、these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication

30、system: the language itself, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institutions through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him; it is also, howev

31、er original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, and present their arguments. If one mind has grasp

32、ed it, then it may be open to other minds.The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated

33、 and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.1. Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication by （ ）.2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that （ ）.3. A common characteristic of artists and scientists invo

34、lved in creative work is that （ ）.4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?5. It is implied at the end of the passage that highly original individuals feel isolated because they （ ）.问题1选项A.depending on shared conventionsB.fashioning their own conventionsC.adjusting

35、 their personal feelingsD.elaborating a common language问题2选项A.philosophical thinking contributes to the formulation of conventionsB.human creativity is sometimes underestimatedC.development in literature follows similar ways to that of sciencesD.the role of conventions in communication is not well r

36、ecognized问题3选项A.they care about the possible reaction to their workB.public response is one of the primary conceitsC.they are keenly aware of public interest in their workD.they are indifferent toward response to their work问题4选项A.Individual contributions combined possess great significance to the pu

37、blic.B.Good contributors dont neglect the use of internal communication system.C.Everyone except those original people comes under the influence of society.D.Knowing how to communicate is universal among human beings.问题5选项A.fail to acknowledge and use an acceptable form of communicationB.actually di

38、ffer from other individuals in the same periodC.have little in common with the society of the timeD.refuse to admit parallels between themselves and the society【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way

39、that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing their precise meaning. 但通常，特别是对原创艺术家和思想家来说，问题在某种程度上是创造一种语言，或创造一种惯例，或至少是发展语言和惯例，使它们能够承载它们的精确意义。”可知B项“形成他们自己的习俗”与原文相符。A项“根据共享的约定”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“调整

40、他们的个人情感”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“阐述共同的语言”，原文并没有相关表达。因此B选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第六句“But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. 但是我们永远不要认为它是不可能的；创造力比我们有时想象的要强大得多。”可知B项“人类的创造力有时被低估了”与原文相符。A项“哲学思维有助于惯例的形成”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“文学的发展遵循与科学的发展相似的方式”，原文并没有

41、相关表达；D项“习俗在沟通中的作用没有得到很好的认可”，原文并没有相关表达。因此B选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段最后一句“Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received. 许多艺术家和科学家都有这种根本的不关心他们的作品会以何种方式被接受的想法。”可知D项“他们对别人对他们工作的反应漠不关心”与原文相符。A项“他们关心对他们工作的可能反应”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“公众的反应是主要的自负之一”，

42、原文并没有相关表达；C项“他们强烈地意识到公众对他们工作的兴趣”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第五句“In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. 在日常生活中，在他的工作中，捐助者参与了他的社会生活。社

43、会生活常常以微小的方式影响着他，有时影响是如此深远，以至他自己都没有意识到。”可知C项“除有独创性的人之外，所有人都受社会的影响”与原文相符。A项“结合在一起的个人贡献对公众有重要意义”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“好的贡献者不会忽视内部沟通系统的使用”，原文并没有相关表达；D选项“知道如何沟通是人类的共性”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段最后一句“The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be

44、sure. 社会和交流是存在的，但很难识别它们，很难确定。”与第一段中“Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received. 许多艺术家和科学家都有这种根本的不关心他们的作品会以何种方式被接受的想法。”可知A项“未能承认和使用一种可接受的交流方式”与原文相符。B项“实际上不同于同一时期的其他个体”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“与当时的社会几乎没有共同点”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“拒绝承认自己与社会的相似之处”，原文并没有相

45、关表达。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The shop-assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of （ ）quality, hed tell them so.问题1选项A.minorB.humbleC.inferiorD.awkward【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项minor“次要的；较小的”；B选项humble“谦逊的；简陋的；低下的”；C选项inferior“差的；自卑的；下级的”；D选项awkward“尴尬的；笨拙的；棘手的；不合适的”。句意：这位商店售货员对顾客很坦率。如果一件商品质量差，那么他

46、就会如实地告诉他们。根据句中“quality质量”可知“差的”符合语境，因此C选项正确。7. 不定项选择题An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.Very few writers on the subject

47、have explored this （1）indeed, contradiction which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the （2） to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a/an （3） education Justified for reasons radically different from why education is （4） required by

48、 law. It is not simply to （5） everyones job prospects that all children are legally （6） to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain （7） of the American citizen, a character who is （8） if he cannot competently assess（9） his livelihood and happiness are affected by things （10） of hims

49、elf.But this was not always the case, before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain（11）, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped （12） nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to a

50、ccept that everyone is （13） to be educated. Computer-education advocates （14） this optimistic notion for a pessimism that （15） their otherwise cheery outlook.（16）on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often（17） th

51、e job prospects of graduates over their educational（18）.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools （19） the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are（20） equipped for the professions they want to j

52、oin.问题1选项A.distinctionB.topicC.separationD.education问题2选项A.campaignB.practiceC.actionD.goal问题3选项A.informalB.basicC.technicalD.expensive问题4选项A.differentlyB.universallyC.converselyD.regularly问题5选项A.formB.consistC.ariseD.raise问题6选项A.orderedB.inquiredC.requiredD.acquired问题7选项A.conceptionB.informationC.t

53、hemeD.imagination问题8选项A.completeB.accomplishedC.incompleteD.improper问题9选项A.whyB.whatC.whereD.how问题10选项A.insideB.outsideC.besideD.aside问题11选项A.yearB.ageC.dayD.extent问题12选项A.inB.atC.byD.with问题13选项A.fitB.responsibleC.suitableD.able问题14选项A.considerB.forgetC.forsakeD.foretell问题15选项A.believesB.becomesC.be

54、arsD.betrays问题16选项A.EncounteringB.BankingC.DevisingD.Seeking问题17选项A.emphasizeB.encourageC.engageD.enlarge问题18选项A.academyB.positionC.degreeD.achievement问题19选项A.interactB.introduceC.announceD.invent问题20选项A.traditionallyB.drasticallyC.properlyD.hardly【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:A第8题:C第9题:D第10

55、题:B第11题:B第12题:C第13题:A第14题:C第15题:D第16题:B第17题:A第18题:D第19题:B第20题:C【解析】第1题:考查名词辨析和上下文语义。A选项“distinction”意为“区别；差别；特性；荣誉”；B选项“topic”意为“主题；题目；一般规则”；C选项“separation”意为“分离，分开；间隔”；D选项“education”意为“教育；培养；教育学”。句意：很少有这方面的作者探讨过这种区别。上文说到An invisible border divides those arguing forand those arguing for（一个无形的界限划分了两种

56、争辩），所以此处应该是指这两种争辩的区别。四个选项中distinction“区别；差别”符合语境。因此A选项符合题意。第2题:考查名词辨析。A选项“campaign”意为“运动；活动；战役”，一般指以争取公众支持为目的，进而获得职位、社会认可等的文宣、演说及游说活动；B选项“practice”意为“实践；练习；惯例”；C选项“action”意为“行动；活动；功能”，一般指较长的复杂的行为；D选项“goal”意为“目标；球门，得分数；终点”。句意：但是，这一问题恰恰是主张计算机课堂教学这一运动的症结之所在。由后文可知，to put computers in the classroom（把电脑放在

57、教室里），说明横线处指的就是主张把电脑放进教室的这场运动，这里指的是一种以争取公众支持为目的的活动。因此A选项符合题意。第3题:考查形容词辨析和上下文语义。A选项“informal”，意为“非正式的；不拘礼节的；随便的；通俗的”；B选项“basic”，意为“基本的；基础的”；C选项“technical”，意为“工艺的，科技的；技术上的；专门的”；D选项“expensive”意为“昂贵的；花钱的”。句意：旨在使学生获得某种工作的教育叫作技术教育。前文说到，An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job（旨在使学生

58、获得某种工作的教育），说明此处指的是职业教育，也就是学习特定的技术以方便将来就业。因此C选项正确。第4题:考查副词辨析。A选项“differently”，意为“不同地；差异；各种”；B选项“universally”，意为“普遍地；人人；到处”；C选项“conversely”，意为“相反地；反之”；D选项“regularly”意为“定期地；有规律地；整齐地；匀称地”。句意：教育普遍地被法律要求。横线前说到，education（教育）横线后是required by law（法律要求），由常识可知教育是由法律普遍要求的，具有普遍性，所有人适用。因此B选项正确。第5题:考查动词辨析和上下文语义。A选项

59、“form”，意为“构成，组成；组织；塑造”；B选项“consist”，意为“由组成；在于；符合”；C选项“arise”，意为“出现；上升；起立”，是不及物动词，其后不能直接跟宾语；D选项“raise”意为“提高；筹集；养育；升起；饲养，种植”，是及物动词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。句意：提升所有人的工作前景。横线后说到，everyones job prospects（所有人的工作前景），可推测出此处是提升工作前景的意思。因此D选项正确。第6题:考查动词辨析和上下文语义。A选项“ordered”，意为“命令；整理；订购”；B选项“inquired”，意为“询问；查究；问明”；C选

60、项“required”，意为“需要；要求；命令”；D选项“acquired”意为“获得；取得；学到；捕获”。句意：法律规定所有的孩子在十几岁时都必须上学。由前文可知，education is universally required by law（教育由法律普遍要求），横线前legally（合法地；法律上）也是指法律上，可推测出此处用的动词是require。因此C选项正确。第7题:考查名词辨析和上下文语义。A选项“conception”意为“怀孕；概念；设想；开始”；B选项“information”意为“信息，资料；知识；情报”；C选项“theme”意为“主题；主旋律；题目”；D选项“imag

61、ination”意为“想象力；空想；幻想物”。句意：我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念。横线后of the American citizen, a character who（美国公民的，一个人他），由此可推测出横线处是观念的意思，a character who就是对某种美国公民观念进行解释。因此A选项符合题意。第8题:考查形容词辨析和上下文语义。A选项“complete”意为“完整的；完全的；彻底的”；B选项“accomplished”意为“完成的；熟练的；有修养的”；C选项“incomplete”意为“不完全的；不完备的”；D选项“improper”意为“不正确的，错误的；不适当的；

62、不合礼仪的”。句意：如果他不能准确判断自身的生活，他的公民特征就是不完整的。横线后if he cannot competently assess his livelihood（如果他不能准确判断自身的生活），由此可推测出一个人如果不能判断自己的生活，那么他作为公民的特征就是不完整的。因此C选项符合题意。第9题:考查从属连词。由题干可知，横线引导assess后的宾语从句，并在从句中作方式状语。A选项“why”意为“为什么”，引导原因状语；B选项“what”意为“什么；多么；多少”，引导宾语从句时，不在从句中充当状语；C选项“where”意为“在哪里”，引导地点状语；D选项“how”意为“如何”，引导方式状语。句意：如果他不能准确地评估他的生活和幸福是如何受到事物的影响。横线后his livelihood and happiness are affected by things（他的生活和幸福受到事物的影响），由此可推测出这里指评估他的生活和幸福是如何被影响。因此D选项符合题意。第10题:考查介词辨析。A选项“inside”意为“在里面；在