2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及模拟押密卷10（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题It is necessary for the valuable species to（ ）itself in order to stay in existence.问题1选项A.inferB.propagateC.injectD.jerk【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：为了能够使珍稀物种生存， 必须进行。infer 推论；propagate 繁殖；inject 注射；jerk 猛拉。因此，B项符合句意。2. 单选题We（ ）a figure of a man clinging to the mast of t

2、he ship.问题1选项A.discernedB.dispatchedC.dissipatedD.diminished【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们（ ）那个倚靠在船桅杆的人。discerned 认出，识别；dispatched 派遣，分派；dissipated 驱散，放荡；diminished 减少，缩小。因此，A项符合句意。3. 单选题In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state gov-ernments.问题1选项A.extinctB.excludin

3、gC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：一般来说，国家边境问题是政府 关心的问题。extinct灭绝的；excluding除外，不包括；excessive过度的，过分的；exclusive独有的，专一的。D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的，特别的”。4. 单选题Enthusiasts from around the world（ ）on Le Mans for the annual car race.问题1选项A.coverageB.idiotC.consumeD.converge【答案】D【解析】句意：来自世界各地的狂热

4、分子，因为年度赛车比赛（ ） 勒芒。coverage范围，规模；idiot白痴；consume消耗，挥霍；converge集合，汇聚。因此，D项符合句意。5. 单选题The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often over-looked ,principle i

5、s now at work in the current global economic crisis.The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is, one reason that some of the worlds leading economies from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole are facing fiscal challenges is that their fer

6、tility rates have been below replacement levels (2. 1 children per woman) for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that a

7、lmost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades.Even China may see its sky-high growth come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks” because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Gavalle and I argued in a rece

8、nt report, The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Rand study suggests that India will have more favorable demographics than China” over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demograp

9、hic ad- vantage to outpace Chinas economic growth rates by the end of the century.Finally, its not just fertility that matters; its also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in

10、an intact, married family in the U. S. , for instance, children are more likely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family.And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort

11、and attentionwhen they are married； this is one reason men worldwide enjoy “marriage premiums” in their in- come, ranging from about 14 percent (Mexico) to 19 percent ( United States) to 35 percent (Rus- sia) .So, at least when it comes to men，research suggests that marriage has important implicatio

12、ns for worker productivity.The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families，and their stability and quality，has important implications for the health of the global e- conomy.1.The main idea of this passage is that（） .2.One reason that the w

13、orlds leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that（） .3.“.its work force is poised to grow”(Para. 3) probably means （ ）4.From the passage we know that （ ）5.According to the passage, all the following can affect economy EXCEPT （ ）问题1选项A.women should bear more children in order to boost the

14、economyB.both marriage and fertility affect a countrys economyC.marriage has important implications for worker productivityD.India will outpace Chinas economic growth rate by the end of the century问题2选项A.there is a global economic crisis in recent yearsB.there are fewer babies, and consequently, peo

15、ple spend less on many commoditiesC.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many yearsD.there are tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole问题3选项A.its work force pauses to growB.its work force continues to grow fastC.its work force

16、 continues to grow steadilyD.its work force grows slowly问题4选项A.children from an intact, married family are more likely to have a better lifeB.the more people a country has, the stronger economy it will haveC.the health of the global economy depends entirely on individual familiesD.men are likely to

17、work harder when they are going to have children问题5选项A.the size of familiesB.the stability of familiesC.the quality of familiesD.men and women ratio within the families【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨题。本文开篇指出：现代经济发展取决于家庭力量和承受力，也与生育和婚姻趋势密切相关。因此，B项（婚姻和生育都会影响一个国家的经济）正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词“fiscal challen

18、ges”定位至第二段：one reason.is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2.1 children per woman) for decades（一个重要原因在于生育率低于替代水平）。因此，C项（这些国家的人民多年来没有足够的子女来取代人口）正确。3.语义题。根据题干定位至第三段。第三段指出：中国独生子女政策使人口增长放缓，而印度人口还在快速增长，因此，C项（劳动力持续稳定增长）正确。4.细节题。第四段指出：当孩子们在一个完好无损的已婚家庭长大时，更有可能从高中毕业，完成大学学业，并作为年轻人

19、获得丰厚的就业机会。因此推断, 选项A（来自完好无损的已婚家庭的孩子更有可能过上更好的生活）正确。5.细节题。最后一段指出，影响全球经济的其他因素还有家庭大小、稳定性和家庭关系和谐度，分别对应A、B、C选项，因此D项除外。6. 单选题He is the author of this novel with high（ ）in the country.问题1选项A.coherenceB.prestigeC.consequenceD.commitment【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：他是这本小说的作者，在这个国家有很高的（ ） 。coherence统一，连贯性；prestige声望，名望；con

20、sequence结果，推论，重要性；commitment承诺，委托。因此，B项符合句意。7. 单选题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child

21、 would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive i

22、s seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these

23、 sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in

24、a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he

25、has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which

26、 enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.B

27、ut speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discour

28、aged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick Is experiment was（ ）.2.The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that（ ）3.What is particularly remar

29、kable about a child is that（ ）.4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will（ ）in future.问题1选项A.to prove that children are born with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speakC.to

30、 find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language问题2选项A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts t

31、o speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3选项A.he is born with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animalsC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech ability to good nursing问题4选项A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The childs brain is hig

32、hly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above问题5选项A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Frederick Is experiment”定位至第一段：it may be hoping to discover what la

33、nguage a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent （他让护士们保持沉默，这也许是为了发现如果没有听到母语，孩子会说什么语言）。因此，B选项正确。2.根据题干关键词“children are backward in speaking”定位至第三段：most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant （最常见的原因是母亲对婴儿发出的信

34、号不敏感。），因此C选项正确。3.第四段指出：even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways（更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分）。因此C选项“他可以组成自己的句子”正确。4.文章第四段第

35、三句指出：at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak，可知孩子的语言能力一部分是天生的；从第四段最后一句可知年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分，可知婴儿的大脑是具有选择性的，文章第四段第一句指出：experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age，可知人类的语言阶段往往是在特定的年纪完

36、成的，由此可知，A、B和C选项均正确，故选D。5.根据题干关键词“child starts to speak later”定位至第四段：there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ （有的孩子掌握语言能力的时期较晚，但最后却变成了高智商的人），但是并不是每一个孩子都这样，因此排除A选项，B、C选项在文章中没有提及，由此可知D选项为正确答案。8. 单选题Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret

37、an animals thought processes in a sound manner re- quires a heavy dose of（ ）from our own mental patterns, which we access introspectively.问题1选项A.estimationB.calculationC.skepticismD.inference【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：科学家已经承认，用声音的方式来翻译一个动物的思维进程，需要从我们使用内在的思维模式进行大量的 （ ） 。estimation 评价，估计；calculation 计算；skeptici

38、sm 怀疑论；inference 推理。故选B。9. 单选题He is very（ ）in his family and never does anything against his wife.问题1选项A.henceB.filledC.enormousD.humble【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。hence因此；filled填满的；enormous巨大的；humble谦逊的，（级别或地位）低下的。句意：他在家里很（ ） ，从不做任何违背他妻子的事。因此，D选项符合句意。10. 单选题His ideas are invariably condemned as（ ）by his colleag

39、ues.问题1选项A.imaginativeB.ingeniousC.impracticalD.theoretical【答案】C【解析】句意：他的想法总是被同事们认为（ ） 。condemn意为“谴责，反对”，表明其后的形容词应为贬义词。A选项imaginative想象的，虚构的；B选项ingenious聪明的，精巧的；C选项impractical不切实际的，不实用的；D选项theoretical理论上的。C选项impractical符合句意和逻辑。11. 单选题To compensate for the substantial decline in the availability of f

40、ossil fuels in future years, we will have to provide at least（ ）alternative energy source.问题1选项A.an anticipatedB.an officialC.an equivalentD.a redundant【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意：为了弥补未来几年中矿物燃料供应量的大幅度下降，我们不得不提供一种至少是 （ ）的替代能源。anticipated预期的，期望的；official官方的，正式的，公务的；equivalent等价的，相等的；redundant多余的，过剩的。C选项“相等的”符合句

41、意。12. 单选题To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stu-pid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating birds brains with stupidity.In an attempt to find out how diff

42、erent creatures see the world, psychologists at Brown University in the USA have been comparing the behaviour of birds and humans. One experiment has involved teaching pigeons to recognize letters of the English alphabet. The birds study in “classrooms”，which are boxes equipped with a computer. Afte

43、r about four days of studying a particular letter, the pigeon has to pick out that letter from several dis- played on the computer screen. Three male pigeons have learnt to distinguish all twenty-six letters of the alphabet in this way.A computer record of the birds four-month study period has shown

44、 surprising similar- ities between the pigeons and human performance. Pigeons and people find the same letters easy, or hard, to tell apart. For example, 92 percent of the time the pigeons could tell the letter D from the letter Z. But when faced with U and V (often confused by English chil-dren) ,t

45、he pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time.The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something funda- mental about the recognition process. If scientists could only discover just

46、 what this recog- nition process is, it could be very useful for computer designers. The disadvantage of a present computer is that it can only do what a human being has programmed it to do and the programmer must give the computer precise, logical instructions. Maybe in the future, though, computer

47、s will be able to think like human beings.1.The writer suggests that the expression “bird-brained” might be out of use soon be- cause it is（ ）2.sychologists have been experimenting with pigeons to find out whether the birds3.U and V are confused by（ ）.4.There are similarities in observing things by

48、pigeons and humans（ ）.5.The research may help（ ）问题1选项A.sillyB.impoliteC.unnecessaryD.inappropriate问题2选项A.are really silly or stupidB.can learn to make ideas known to peopleC.see the world as human beings doD.learn more quickly than children问题3选项A.92 percent of pigeonsB.many English childrenC.most pe

49、ople learning EnglishD.4 percent of English children问题4选项A.because pigeons are taught by humansB.because pigeons have brains more developed than other birdsC.because their basic ways to know the world are the sameD.because pigeons and humans have similar brains问题5选项A.computer designersB.computer sal

50、esmenC.psychologistsD.teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“bird-brained”定位至第一段：To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stupid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been u

51、nfair in associating birds Brains with stupidity（在英语中，如果称某人为“鸟脑”，意思就是这个人非常愚蠢或没头脑。不过最近的一项研究显示，这个叫法可能很快会不再使用。看来英语将鸟的大脑与愚蠢联系在一起是不公平的）。因此，正确答案为D。2.根据题干关键词“Psychologists, experimenting, pigeons”定位至第二段：In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world，美国布朗大学的心理学家将鸟类和人类的行为进行了比较，为了了解不同的生物是怎么领会

52、世界的。据此可知，心理学家用鸽子做实验是为了发现鸟类与人类在领会世界方面是否相同。3.根据题干定位至第三段：But when faced with U and V (often confused by English children), the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time（当面对字母U和V （英语孩子常常混淆这两个字母）时，鸽子的正确率只有34%）。据此可知B项正确。4.根据题干关键词“observing things by pigeons and humans”定位至第四段：The results of the experi

53、ments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something fundamental about the recognition process.（目前为止，心理学家从这些实验结果得到的结论是，鸽子和人类以相似的方式观察事物。这表明，识别过程具有基本的因素。）据此可知，鸽子和人类在观察事物方面相似是因为他们认识世界的基本方法相同，因此正确答案为C。5.根据题干关键词“rese

54、arch” 定位至第四段，第四段讲的是results of the experiments（试验结果） ：If scientists could only discover just what this recognition process is, it could be very useful for computer designers.”可知，这将给计算机设计师带来很大的益处，A项正确。13. 写作题Do you think people should buy things made in their own country, even when the price is higher

55、 than the same things made somewhere else? Write an essay of noless than 200 words based on this topic.【答案】People Should Choose the Products They Would Like to Buy14. 单选题During the nineteen years of his career, France Battiate has won the（ ）of a wide audience outside Italy.问题1选项A.enjoymentB.apprecia

56、tionC.evaluationD.reputation【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：在他19年的职业生涯中，France Battiate赢得了意大利以外的大量观众的 。enjoyment 享受；appreciation 欣赏；evaluation 评价；reputation 名誉。因此，B项符合句意。15. 单选题It cannot be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted, but scientists are （ ）to concede the inevitability of that day,

57、 realizing that new energies can be found in the near future.问题1选项A.boundB.unpreparedC.hesitantD.likely【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：毫无疑问，地球上存在的资源将会枯竭。但是科学家认为 在不久的将来会发现新的资源。bound有义务的；unprepared没有准备好的；hesitant有疑虑的；likely可能的。此处，be likely to为固定搭配，意为 “可能做某事”。故选D。16. 单选题John was not selected（ ）;he was chosen for the

58、job because he had the most experience.问题1选项A.deliberatelyB.alternativelyC.momentouslyD.arbitrarily【答案】D【解析】副词辨析。句意：John并不是被（ ）选择的；他被选来承担这份工作是因为他拥有的工作经验最丰富。deliberately故意地，谨慎地，慎重地；alternatively非此即彼，二者择一地；momentously 重大地；arbitrarily随意地，武断地。D选项“随意地”符合句意。17. 单选题For some time past it has been widely acc

59、epted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”； and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drive

60、s” as thirst or hunger. In other words，a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort，not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce re- sults in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began h

61、is studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements，such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with c

62、lear signs of pleasure. So hebegan to study the childrens response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights一and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed