国际贸易术语中英文对比

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1、Foreword By Rajat Gupta , ICC Chairman 前言国际商会主席Rajat GuptaThe global economy has given business broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries, in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of global sales increase, so

2、do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted. The Incoterms? rules, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Incoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly

3、defines the parties respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications.全球经济一体化使得商业通向世界各地市场的途径空前宽广。各种各样的货物被销售到世界各地。然而，随着全球贸易数额的增加和贸易复杂性的加强，因贸易合同起草不恰当而带来的误解和高代价争端也可能随之增加。国际贸易术语解释通则，国际商会规则在国内和国际贸易用语的使用促进了全球贸易的进行。在贸易合同中引用国际贸易术语解释通则2010可明确界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷产生的风险。Since the creation of the Incot

4、erms| rules by ICC in 1936, this globally accepted contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade. The Incoterms 2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business

5、 transactions, heightened concern about security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transport practices. Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the delivered rules, reducing the total number of rules from 13 to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules. Incoterms 2

6、010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make all references to buyers and sellers gender-neutral. The broad expertise of ICCs Commission on Commercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of the world and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules

7、respond to business needs everywhere.自从1936年国际商会制定出国际贸易术语解释通则之后，此项在全球范围内被采用的合同标准就经常性 地更新换代，与国际贸易的发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010考虑了免税贸易区的不断增加，电子沟通在商务中的不断增多，以及被更加重视的货物运输中的安全和变化等问题。国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了交货规则，将规则总量从13条减少到了 11条，并且使得所有规则的表述更加简洁明确。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一个使得所有在买卖双方中的适用保持中立的第一个国际贸易术语解释版本。国际商会的商法和实践委员会成员来自

8、世界各地和多个贸易部门，该委员会广泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需求相适应。The Incoterms rules explain a set of three-letter trade terms reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale of goods. The Incoterms? rules describe mainly the tasks, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from seller

9、s to buyers. How to use the Incoterms? 2010 rules 1. Incorporate the Incoterms? 2010 rules into your contract of sale If you want the Incoterms? 2010 rules to apply to your contract, you should make this clear in the contract, through such words as, thechosen Incoterms rule including the named place

10、 ,followed by Incoterms? 2010” . 2. Choose the appropriatencoterms rule The chosen Incoterms rule needs to be appropriate to the goods, to the means of their transport, and above all to whether the parties intend to put additional obligations.Incoterms规定了一系列在货物销售商业合同实践中使用的三字母系列贸易术语Incoterms?规则主要描述了货

11、物从卖方到买方运输过程中涉及的责任，费用和风险的划分。如何适用Incoterms?2010规则1.把Incoterms?2010规则应用到销售合同中如果要使合同适用Incoterms规则2010,应在合同中明确表明， 例如：所选择的Incoterms规则（含指定 地 点）适用Incoerms?规则 2010。 2.选择适宜的 Incoterms规则所选的Incoterms规则需 要与货物，采取的运输方式相适宜，最重要的是合同双方是否意欲添加额外的义务.For example such as the obligation to organize carriage or insurance, on

12、 the seller or on the buyer. The Guidance Note to each Incoterms rule contains information that is particularly helpful when making this choice. Whichever Incoterms rule is chosen, the parties should be aware the interpretation of their contract may well be influenced by customs particular to the po

13、rt or place being used. 3. Specify your place or port as precisely as possible The chosen Incoterms rule can work only if the parties name a place or port, and will work best if the parties specify the place or port as precisely as possible. A good example of such precision would be: : FCA 38 Cours

14、Albert1er, Paris, France Incoterms 2010” . Under the Incoterms rule Ex Works（EXW）, Free Carrier（FCA）, Delivered at Terminal（DAT）, Delivered at Place（DAP）, Delivered Duty Paid（DDP）,.例如将办理运输或保险的义务加于买方或卖方。每个贸易术语的指导性解释中的信息对作出如此的决定非常有帮助。不论选用何种Incoterms规则，双方应该意识到对合同的解释会 受到使用的港口或地址惯例影响。3.尽可能精准地描述你方地址或港口名称只

15、有当事人双方选定特定的一个收货地或港口时，所选术语才能发挥作用。地点或港口名称越精准， Inconterms规则越有效。以下精准描述就是一个很好的例子：Incoterms 2010, FCA规则，法国，巴黎，38 Cours Albert 1er在Incoterms规则下： EXW 工厂交货（ 指定地点）FCA货交承运人（指定地点）” DATM点站交货（指定目的地）DAP地点交货（ 指定目的地）DDP完税后交货（指定目的地）Free Alongside Ship（FAS）, and Free on Board（FOB）,the named place is the place where de

16、livery takes place and where risk passes from the seller to the buyer. Under the Incoterms rule Carriage Paid to （CPT）, Carriage and Insurance Paid to（CIP）, Cost and Freight（CFR） and Cost ,Insurance and Freight（CIF）,the named place differs from the place of delivery. Under these four Incoterms rules

17、, the named place is the place of destination to which carriage is paid. Indications as to place or destination can helpfully be further specified by stating a precise point in that place or destination in order to avoid doubt or argument. 4. Remember that Incoterms rules do not give you a complete

18、contract of sale Incoterms rules do say which party to the sale contract has the obligation to make carriage or insurance arrangements, when the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, and which costs each party is responsible for.FAS船边交货（指定装运港）FOB船上交货（指定装运港）此处所指地点为交货地 点，同时风险也从卖方转移至买方Incoterms规则下 CP

19、T运费付至（指定目的地）CIP运费、保险费付至（指定目的地）CFR成本加运费（指定目的港）CIF成本、保险 费 加运费（指定目的港）所指地点随交货地不同而不同。在这些Incoterms规则下，所指地点为运费付至地。为了避免疑问和争议，指定地点或目的地可以进一步阐述为一个精确的地点。4.谨记Incoterms规则并没有给当事人提供一份完整的销售合同Incoterm规则确有阐述销售合同中当事人的特定义务，当卖方将货物运至买方时，办理运输和保险义务的承担。Incoterms rules, however, say nothing about the price to be paid or the m

20、ethod of its payment. Neither do they deal with the transfer of ownership of the goods, or the consequences of a breach of contract. These matters are normally dealt with through express terms in the contract of sale or in the law governing that contract. The parties should be aware that mandatory l

21、ocal law may override any aspect of the sale contract, including the chosen Incoterms rules.然而，Incoterms并没有任何关于付款价格或付款方式的规定，或是货物所有权的转移，违约的后果等。这些问题通常是通过销售合同的明示条款和适用的法律条文来解决。当事人需要注意的是，当地强制适用的法律有可能优先于销售合同的内容，包括所选择的Incoterms 规贝U。 Main features of the Incoterm? 2010 rules1. Two new Incoterms rules DAT an

22、d DAP have replaced the Incoterms 2000 rules DAF,DES,DEQ and DDU The number of Incoterms rules has been reduced from 13 to 11. This has been achieved by substituting two rules that may be used irrespective of the agreed mode of transport DAT, Delivered at Terminal, and DAP, Delivered at Place for th

23、e incoterms 2000 rules DAF,DES,DEQ and DDU.Incoterms?2010的主要特征1.两个新的贸易术语，即DAT和DAP代替了原来Incoterms2000的DAF,DES,DEQ 和DDU术语。 贸易术语的数量从原来的 13个减少到11个。Incoterms2010用两个可以不 顾及已议定的运输模式的新术 语一一DAT,目的地交货和 DAP ,指定地交货一一代替了 Incoterms2000 中的 DAF,DES,DEQ 和 DDU 术语。Under both new rules, delivery occurs at a named d estin

24、ation: in DAT, at the buyer s disposalunloaded from the arriving vehicle (as under the former DEQ rule); in DAP, likewise at the buyer s disposal, but ready for unloading (as under the former DAF, DES and DDU rules). The new rules make the Incoterms 2000 rules DES and DEQ superfluous. The named term

25、inal in DAT may well be in a port, and DAT can therefore safely be used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DEQ once was. Likewise, the arriving vehicle under DAP may well be a ship and thenamed place of destination may well be a port: consequently, DAP can safely be used in cases where the Incot

26、erms 2000 rule DES once was. These new rules, like their predecessors, are adelivered with , the seller bearing all the costs (other than those related to import clearance, where applicable) and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination.2010 rules DAT和DAP术语都规定需在指定地点交货：在

27、DAT情况下，从运输工具 上卸下货物交由买方处置(这和先前的DEQ术语一样)；在DAP情况下同样交由买方处置，但需做好卸货的准备(这和先前的 DAF,DES和DDU术语一样)。新贸易术语的使 用，Incoterms2000中的 DES和 DEQ 成为多余。使 DAT的目的地可以是港口，因此DAT可以用于在Incoterms2000下DEQ适用的情况。同样的，DAP中运达货物的交 通工具可以是轮船，而目的地也可以是港口，因此 DAP可以用于在 Incoterms2000下DES适用的情况。这两个新的术语，和先前的几个术语一样，是由卖方承担所有费用(除了与进口清算有关的费用)和货物到达目的地前的风

28、险。2. Classification of the 11 Incoterms?The 11 Incoterms ? 2010 rules are presented in two distinct classes: RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPOTR EXW EX WORKS FCA FREE CARRIER CPT CARRIAGE PAID TO CIP CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DAP DELIVERED AT PLACE DDP DELIVERED D

29、UTY PAID RULES FOR SEA AND INLAND W ATERWAY TRANSPORT FAS FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FOB FREE ON BOARD CFR COST AND FREIGHT CIF COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT 2.Incoterms?2010中11种贸易术语的分类Incoterms?2010 11种贸易术语目前被分为两类：适用于任何运输方式的术语：EXW工厂交货 FCA货交承运人 CPT运费付至 CIP运费及保险费付至DAT目的地交货 DAPFAS船边交货 FOB所在地交货 DDP完税后交货 适用于海上和内陆

30、水上运输的术语: 船上交货 CFR成本加运费 CIF成本、保险费加运费The first class includes the seven Incoterms? 2010 rules that can be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and irrespective of whether one or more than one mode of transport is employed. EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DA T, DAP and DDP belong to this class. They

31、 can be used even when there is no maritime transport at all. It is important to remember, however, that these rules can be used in cases where a ship is used for part of the carriage. In the second class of Incoterms? 2010 rules, the point of delivery and the place to which the goods are carried to

32、 the buyer are both ports, hence the label sea and inland waterway rules. FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF belong to thisclass. Under the last three Incoterms rules, all mention of the ship s rail as the poiry of delivhas been omitted in preference for the goods being delivered when they are on board theThis m

33、ore closely reflects modern commercial reality and avoids the rather dated image of the risk swinging to and fro across an imaginary perpendicular line.第一种分类中的七种贸易术语不用考虑所选用运输方式的种类。EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DA T,DAP和DDP都属于第一种分类。它们甚至可以运用于没有海上 运输的情况下。谨记只要运输中一个部分运用过船只便可以适用此类术语。在第二类术语中，交货点和把货物送达买方的地点都是港口，所以只适用于海上或

34、内陆水上运输”。FAS,FOB,CFR和CIF都属于这一类。最后的三个术语，删除了以越过船舷为交货标准而 代之以将货物装运上船。这更准确的反应了现代商业现实，避了以往风险围绕船舷这条虚拟垂线来回摇摆。3. Rules for domestic and international trade Incoterms rules have traditionally been used in international sale contracts where goods pass across national boarders. In various areas of the world, how

35、ever, trade blocs, like the European Union, have made border formalities between different countries less significant. Consequently, the subtitle of the Incoterms? 2010 rules formally recognize that they are available for application to both international and domestic sale contracts. As a result, th

36、e Incoterms? 2010 rules clearly state in a number of places that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities exists only where applicable. Two developments have persuaded ICC that a movement in this direction is timely. Firstly, traders commonly use Incoterms rules for purely domestic sa

37、le contract. The second reason is the greater willingness in the Unites States to use Incoterm rules in domestic trade rather than the former Uniform Commercial Code shipment and delivery terms.3.国内贸易和国际贸易的规定传统的Incoterms规则只在国际销售合同中运用，此种交易货物运输都需跨越国界。在世界许多地区，商业集团如欧盟使得不同国家间的过关手续不再重要。所以，Incoterms?2010正式

38、认可所有的贸易规则既可以适用于国内交易也可以适用于国际交易。所以，Incoterms?2010在一些地方明确规定，只有在适当的时候，才有义务遵从进口或者出口的手续。两个新发展使得ICC相信向这个方向的改革是适宜的。首先，商人们普遍在国内贸易合同使用Incoterms2010规则。其次，比起先前提到的统一的商业规则中的运输和交付术语，在国内贸易中更多美国人愿意使用Incoterms2010中的术语。4. Guidance Notes Before each Incoterms? 2010 rule you will find a Guidance Note. The Guidance Notes

39、 explain the fundamentals of each Incoterms rule, such as when it should be used, when risk passes, and how costs are allocated between seller and buyer. The Guidance Notes are not part of the actual Incoterms? 2010 rules, but are intended to help the user accurately and efficiently steer towards th

40、e appropriate Incoterms rule for a particular transaction.4. 引言在Incoterms?2010的每条规则前面，都有一条引言。引言解释每条贸易规则的基本内容，比如说什么时候被运用到，什么时候风险转移，还有费用在卖方和买方间是怎样分配的等等。引言并不是Incoterms?2010的内容，但是它们能帮助使用者更准确更有效率的针对特定的贸易运用合适的贸易条款。5. Electronic communication Previous versions of Incoterms rules have specified those docume

41、nts that could be replaced by EDI messages. Articles A1/B1 of the Incoterms ? 2010 rules, however, now give electronic means of communication the same effect as paper communication,as long as the parties so agree or where customary. This formulation facilitates the evolution of new electronic proced

42、ures throughout the lifetime of the Incoterms ? 2010 rules.5. 电子通信上一版本的Incoterms规则已经确定了可以被电子数据交换信息替代的文件。然而Incoterms?规则2010中的A1/B1赋予电子通信方式和纸质通讯相同的效果，只要缔约双方同意或存在国际惯例。这一规定有利 于促进Incoterms獭则2010中新的电子程序的演进。6. Insurance cover The Incoterms ? 2010 rules are the first version of the Incoterms rules since the

43、 version of the Institute Cargo Clauses and take account of alterations made to those clauses. The Incoterms? 2010 rules place information duties relating to insurance in articles A3/B3, which deal with contracts of carriage and insurance. These provisions have been moved from the more generic found

44、 in article A10/B10 of the Incoterms 2000 rules. The language in articles A2/B3 relating to insurance has also been altered with a view to clarifying the parties obligations in this regard.6. 保险范围Incoterms?规则2010是协会货物条款修订以来的最新版国际贸易术语规则，并就对那些条款的变更做了考虑。Incoterms?规则2010把关系到保险的信息义务规定在A3/B3，这涉及到运输和保险合同。这

45、些条款已经从更为普通的国际贸易术语2000中A10/B10的文章中删除。为了明确缔约双方的义务，条款A2/B3中涉及保险的行文也做了变化。7. Security-related Clearances and information required for such clearances There is heightened concern nowadays about security in the movement of goods, requiring verification that the goods do not pose a threat to life or propert

46、y for reasons other than their inherent nature. Therefore, the Incoterms ? 2010 rules have allocated obligations between the buyer and seller to obtain or to render assistance in obtaining security-related clearances, such as chain-of-custody information, in articles A2/B2 and A10/B10 of various Inc

47、oterms rules.7. 与安全有关的清关需要的信息现在人们高度关注货物运输中的安全问题，需要确认货物不会对生命和财产有威胁，除了其自身固有的属 性。因此，Incoterms?规则2010已 经在买家和卖家间分配了义务，在与安全有关的清关获得或者提供帮助，例如在多种多样的国际贸易术语中A2/B2和A10/B10的监管链相关信息8. Terminal handling charges Under Incoterms rules CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF, DAT, DAP, and DDP, the seller must make arrangements for the c

48、arriage of the goods to the agreed destination. While the freight is paid by the seller, it is actually paid for by the buyer as freight costs are normally included by the seller in the total selling price. The carriage costs will sometimes include the costs of handling and moving the goods within p

49、ort or container terminal facilities and the carrier or terminal operator may well charge these costs to the buyer who receives the goods. In these circumstances, the buyer will want to avoid paying for the same service twice: : once to the seller as part of the total selling price and once independ

50、ently to the carrier or the terminal operator. The Incoterms ? 2010 rules seek to avoid this happening by clearly allocating such costs in articles A6/B6 of the relevant Incoterms rules.8. 终点站操作费在国际贸易术语CPT, CIP, CIF, DAT, DAP和DDP项下，卖家必须做好安排使货物到达指定目的地。虽然运费是由卖方支付的，但因为运费一般被卖方包含在销售价格中所以实际上运费是由买方支付的。货运费有

51、时包括港口或集装箱码头内的理货和运输费用承运人和终点站运营方也可能向收到货物的买家收取这笔费用。在这种 情况下，买家会想要避免对同一服务重复付费：一次付给卖家作为销售价格中的一部分，一次单独地付给承运人或者终点站运营方。Incoterms?规则2010在相关国际贸易术解释规则的A6/B6条款明确的分配此项费用，力求避免重复付费。9. String sales In the sale of commodities, as opposed to the sale of manufactured goods, cargo is frequently sold several times during

52、 transit down a string sellerWhen this happens, athe middle of the string don t have to ship the goods because these have already been shipped bythe first seller in the string. The seller in the middle of the string therefore performs its obligations towards its buyer not by shipping the good s, but

53、 by procuring goods that have been shipped. For clarification purposes, Incoterms? 2010 rules include the obligation to procure goods shipped ”as an alternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules.9. 连环合同 与工业制成品的销售不同，在农矿产品的销售中，货物经常在沿销售链运转过程中被频繁销售多次。这种情况下，在运输中的卖家不用再运输货物，因为

54、货物已被第一个卖家装船运输了。中途的卖方通过接收货物而非运输货物向买方履行义务。为明确起见，Incoterms?规则2010在相关规定中把提取已经运输的商品的义务作为运输商品义务的替换。RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT Variants of Incoterms rulesSometimes the parties want to alter an Incoterms rules. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there are dangers in

55、so doing. In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremely clear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in the Incoterms 2010 rules is altered in the contract, the parties should also clearly state w

56、hether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from seller to buyer.运输方式的规则国际贸易术语解释通则的变体贸易各方有时因各自需要意图修改某一国际贸易术语规则的适用。国际贸易术语解释通则2010并不禁 止这种修改，但是这样做会带来一定的危险。因此双方都应当在合同中明确表明修改意欲达到的效果以避免不愉快的分歧。譬如，假设合同改变了Incoterms规则中费用的分配，那么合同各方亦应当明确声明是否改变风险（从卖方到买方）转移的临界点。Status of this introductionThis in

57、troduction gives general information on the use and interpretation of the Incoterms 2010 rules, but does not form part of those rules.本导言的功能地位本导言只是对国际贸易术语解释通则2010的用途和解释的概括提示，并不是这些的组成部分。Explanation of terms used in the Incoterms 2010 rules 对国际贸易术语解释通则2010中术语的解释As in the incoterms rules, the seller s

58、and buyer s obligations are presented in mirror fashion, reflecting under column A the seller bbsgations and under column B the buyer obligations.These obligations can be carried out personally by the seller or the buyer or sometimes, subject to terms in the contract or the applicable law, through i

59、ntermediaries such as carriers, freight forwarders or other persons nominated by the seller or the buyer for a specific purpose. The text of the Incoterms 2010 rules is meant to be self-explanatory. However, in order to assist users the following text sets out guidance as to the sense in which selec

60、ted terms are used throughout the document.正如国际贸易术语解释通则2010中所述，买方和卖方的共同义务是以对应方式呈现的，也就是说，既能反映出 A栏中的买方义务，又能反映出B栏中的卖方义务。这些义务可以由买方或者卖方亲自履行，有时抑或受制于合同或者适用法律中的个别条款的规定， 由诸如承运人、转运代理人等中介组织，或者其他由买方或者卖方为了特定目的而委任的人来履行。国际贸易术语解释通则2010正文中条文解析明了。但出于引导辅助（使用者）理解的考虑，编者还是占用了以下篇幅对从规则中选取的几个术语进行阐释。Carrier: For the purposes

61、 of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the carrier is the party with whom carriage is contracted.承运人：出于国际贸易术语解释通则2010的目的，承运人是指与托运人订立合同，并承担运输义务的一方。Customs Formalities: These are requirements to be met in order to comply with any applicable customs regulations and may include documentary, security, information

62、 or physical inspection obligations. Delivery: This concept has multiple meanings in trade law and practice, but in the Incoterms 2010 rules, it is used to indicate where the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer.报关单：是指为了遵守海关条例而需要满足的一些要求，包括了单据、安全、信息或者 实体检验之义务。交货：

63、在商法和商事活动中，这个概念有多种涵义。但是，在国际贸易术语解释通则 2010中，交货用来表明在货物由卖方向买方转移的过程中毁损风险在何 处转移。Delivery document: This phrase is now used as the heading to article A8. It means a document used to prove that delivery has occurred. For many of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the delivery document is a transport document or corre

64、sponding electronic record. However, with EXW, FCA, FAS and FOB, the delivery document may simply be a receipt. A delivery document may also have other functions, for example as part of the mechanism for payment.交货单：此术语现在已成为A8条款的标题。交货单，是用于证明已完成交货的凭证。对于国际贸易术 语解释通则2010中的许多规则，交货单是一种运输单据或相关电子记 录。但是对于EXW

65、 , FCA , FAS和FOB,交货单只是一种收据。当然，交货单还有其他功能，比如支付程序的一个环节。Electronic record or procedure: A set of information constituted of one or more electronic messages and, where applicable, being functionally equivalent with the corresponding paper document.电子记录或者程序：由一个或多个可适用的电子讯号组成的一组信息库，其功能上等 同于相应的纸质文档。Packaging: th