2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷61

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题One of the consequences of advanced cognitive ability has been the emergence of cultural life.问题1选项A.commendableB.compilingC.perceptiveD.pertinent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。cognitive“认知的；认识的”；A选项commendable“值得赞美的；很好的；可推荐的”；B选项compiling“编译；编制；编辑的”；C选项perceptive“感知的，知

2、觉的”；D选项pertinent“相关的；中肯的；切题的”。句意：高级认知能力的结果之一是文化生活的出现。cognitive为cognition的名词形式，cognition有“认识”的意思，可推知cognitive为“认知的”的意思，因此C 选项正确。2. 单选题No clear-cut distinction can be draw between professionals and amateurs in science. （ ） the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not full

3、y integrated into the scientific community.问题1选项A.NeverthelessB.ThenC.BesidesD.As a result【答案】A【解析】考查副词和词组辨析。A选项nevertheless“然而，不过”；B选项then“然后；于是”；C选项besides“此外；而且”；D选项as a result“结果；因此”。句意：在科学领域，专业人士和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线。然而，“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界。由题干中的“does carry a connotation确实暗示着”可知与前面存在转折关系，因此A

4、选项正确。3. 单选题To many people, a husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family they need children to enrich the circle, to _family character and to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.问题1选项A.repressB.intimidateC.validateD.confine【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“repress”意为“抑制；镇压（叛乱等）；约束”；B选项“intimidate”

5、意为“恐吓，威胁；胁迫”；C选项“validate”意为“验证；确认；使生效”；D选项“confine”意为“限制；禁闭；（因疾病、残疾）无法离开（床 、家、轮椅）”。句意：对许多人来说，夫妻二人似乎并不构成一个真正的家庭他们需要孩子来充实他们的小圈子，使家庭特征生效，并从后代那里获得某种救赎的影响。由题干可知，a husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family（夫妻二人似乎并不构成一个真正的家庭）夫妻需要孩子才能构成完整的家庭，所以家庭特征需要有孩子才能生效。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题As soon as we entered th

6、e house, we felt an intangible sense of gloom and hopelessness.问题1选项A.untouchableB.unconsciousC.imponderableD.unjustifiable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词intangible意为“无形的，触摸不到的；难以理解的”；A选项“untouchable”意为“达不到的；不可批评的；不可捉摸的”；B选项“unconscious”意为“无意识的；失去知觉的；不省人事的；未发觉的”；C选项“imponderable”意为“无重量的；无法计算的”；D选项“unjustifiab

7、le”意为“不合道理的；不能分辩的；辩护不了的”。句意：我们一走进房子，就感到一种难以言喻的阴郁和绝望。由题干可知，sense of gloom and hopelessness（忧郁和绝望的感觉）是无法触摸的，所以可以推测出intangible在此处最可能是“触摸不到的”的意思，四个选项中untouchable具有“不可捉摸的”的意思，与此相近。因此A选项符合题意。5. 单选题What he had in mind （ ） to nothing less than a total reversal of the traditional role of the executive.问题1选项A

8、.contributedB.dedicatedC.amountedD.added【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contribute“贡献；投稿；捐献”；B选项dedicate“致力；献身”；C选项amount“总计；相当于”；D选项add“增加，添加”。句意：他脑子里想的东西完全颠覆了传统意义上的角色执行官。此题应注意题干中的“nothing less than完全是”，可推知“相当于”符合语境，因此C选项正确。6. 单选题The preserved food should retain palatable appearance, flavor, and texture, as wel

9、l as its original nutritional value.问题1选项A.tastyB.stylishC.delicateD.notable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。palatable“美味的，可口的；愉快的”；A选项tasty“美味的；高雅的；有趣的”；B选项stylish“时髦的；现代风格的；潇洒的”；C选项delicate“微妙的；精美的；柔和的；易碎的”；D选项notable“值得注意的，显著的；著名的”。句意：腌制食品应保持其可口的外观、风味和质地，以及原有的营养价值。题干提到“preserved food腌制的食物”和“flavor, and texture味道

10、和质地”，可推知palatable在这里“有美味的”的意思，因此A选项正确。7. 不定项选择题Some people say that the study of liberal arts is a useless luxury we cannot afford in hard times. Students, they argue, who do not develop salable kills will find it difficult to land a job upon graduation. But there is a problem in speaking of “salabl

11、e skills”. What skills are salable? Right now, skills for making automobiles are not highly salable, but they have been for decades and might be again. Skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates. Whats more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively on what i

12、s salable, one will have to make the courses very short and change them very often, in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market. But will not the effort be in vain? In very few things can we be sure of future salability, and in a society where people are free to study what they want

13、, and work where they want, and invest as they want, there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord.A school that devotes itself totally to salable skills, especially in a time of high unemployment, sending young men and women into the world armed with only a narrow range of sk

14、ills, is also sending lambs into the lions den. If those people gain nothing more from their studies than supposedly salable skills, and cant make the sale because of changes in the job market, they have been cheated. But if those skills were more than salable, if study gave them a better understand

15、ing of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated. They will find some kind of job soon enough. Flexibility, and ability to change and learn new things, is a valuable skill. People who have learned how to learn can learn outside of school. That is

16、where most of us have learned to do what we do, not in school. Learning to learn is one of the highest liberal skills.1. From the passage, we can learn that the author is favor of（ ）.2. The word “fluctuate” (Line5, Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3. According to the author, who of the following is m

17、ore likely to get a job in times of high unemployment?4. According to the author, in developing a curriculum school should（ ）.5. We can learn from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.teaching practical skill that can be sold in the current job marketB.a flexible curriculum that changes with the timesC.a libe

18、ral educationD.keeping a balance between the supply and demand in the labor market问题2选项A.remain steadyB.change in an irregular wayC.follow a set patternD.become worse and worse问题3选项A.A person with the ability to learn by himself.B.A construction workers.C.A car repairman.D.A person with quite a few

19、salable skills.问题4选项A.predict the salability of skills in the future job marketB.take the current job market into considerationC.consider what skills are salableD.focus on the ability to adapt to changes问题5选项A.liberal arts education is being challenged nowB.schools that teach practical skills fare b

20、etter during hard timesC.extracurricular activities are more important than classroom learningD.many students feel cheated by the educational system【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第三句“if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability i

21、n a changing world, they have not been cheated”，如果学习能让他们更好地了解周围的世界，更能适应不断变化的世界，那么他们就没有被欺骗。这说明作者赞同让学生能了解周围世界、适应世界变化的通识教育。A选项“teaching practical skill that can be sold in the current job market”意为“教授能在当前就业市场上出售的实用技能”，由原文可知，作者认为就业市场是不断变化的，把年轻男女输送到只有有限技能的世界，是在把羔羊送入虎穴，所以作者是不赞同的；B选项“a flexible curriculum

22、that changes with the times”意为“随时代变化的灵活课程”，作者对于这种课程的态度是“But will not the effort be in vain?”但这种努力不会是徒劳的吗？所以作者是不赞同的；C选项“a liberal education”意为“通识教育”，与原文相符；D选项“keeping a balance between the supply and demand in the labor market”意为“保持劳动力市场供求平衡”，原文“there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in p

23、erfect accord”我们不可能使劳动力的供求完全一致，所以作者是不赞同的。因此C选项符合题意。第2题:语义推测题。由fluctuate定位到文章第一段第六句“Skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates”，随着就业市场的波动，技能是可售性变化的另一个例子。并且由后文可知，the rapid changes in the job market 就业市场是快速变化的。A选项“remain steady”，意为“保持稳定”，与原文不符；B选项“change in an irregu

24、lar way”意为“不规则的变化”，与原文相符；C选项“follow a set pattern”意为“遵循固定模式”，原文并未提及就业市场的变化有固定的模式；D选项“become worse and worse”意为“变得越来越糟”，原文只是指变化但没有说是往糟糕的方向发展。因此B选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。由high unemployment定位到文章第二段。文章第二段提到现在是个高失业率的时代，首先从反面举例如果只学会少数技能就进入社会等于羊入虎穴，接着又说到学习理解和适应这个改变的世界能更快找到工作，最后总结道“Learning to learn is one of the h

25、ighest liberal skills”学会学习是最高的不受限制的技能之一，因此有自学能力的更容易找到工作。A选项“A person with the ability to learn by himself”意为“有自学能力的人”，符合原文；B选项“A construction workers”意为“一位建筑工人”，C选项“A car repairman”意为“一位汽车修理工”和D选项“A person with quite a few salable skills”意为“一个有相当多的销售技巧的人”，都只是掌握了少数技能，但不是自学的能力。因此A选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。由dev

26、eloping a curriculum school定位到文章第一段第七句“Whats more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market”即发展课程就必须使课程非常短，并经常更换它们，以跟上就业市场的快速变化。由此可推测，现代课程的着重点在于适应变化的能力。A选项“predict the salability of skills in the future job market”意为“预测技能在未来就业市场的销路”，

27、原文未提及预测技能的销路，是强调就业市场是不断变化的，要去适应这种变化；B选项“take the current job market into consideration”意为“把当前的就业市场也考虑进去”，就业市场是一直变化的，所以重点是适应变化；C选项“consider what skills are salable”意为“考虑哪些技能是可以销售的”，可销售的技能是需要不断更换的，所以不是课程的重点；D选项“focus on the ability to adapt to changes”意为“关注适应变化的能力”，符合原文。因此D选项符合题意。第5题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本

28、题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“liberal arts education is being challenged now”意为“通识教育现在正受到挑战”，与原文相符；B选项“schools that teach practical skills fare better during hard times”意为“在不景气的时候，教授实用技能的学校表现更好”，与原文相反，学会有限技能的人进入社会只是羊入虎口，所以最关键的技能是自学能力；C选项“extracurricular activities are more important than classroom learning”意为“课外活动

29、比课堂学习更重要”，原文是指有自学能力的人在校外也能继续学习，但并没有说课外活动就比课堂学习更重要；D选项“many students feel cheated by the educational system”意为“许多学生觉得教育制度欺骗了他们”，原文是如果他们获得的只是销售技能，不能随就业市场的变化而变化，那么他们就是受骗了，但这不是学生的想法，是作者的观点。因此A选项符合题意。8. 不定项选择题Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of it

30、self. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is of interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals underst

31、anding, research on self-recognition in animal has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of self-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experien

32、ces that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children.The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not re

33、cognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed respons

34、es increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, “Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at

35、herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril.”Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. The chimps

36、were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts to touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do rec

37、ognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror;

38、 that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and to have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance.1. The idea this passage discusses is whether （ ）.2. The first sentence of Paragraph 2 (“The evidence indicates .”) may be interpreted

39、 to mean that nearly all animals have（ ）.3. The word “prior” (in last paragraph) can best be replaced by （ ）.4. The writers of this passage probably （ ）.5. The authors purpose in this passage is to （ ）.问题1选项A.dogs recognize themselves in minorsB.the grooming practices of chimps can be alteredC.nonhu

40、mans have a self-conceptD.chimps change their behavior when a mirror is present问题2选项A.some self-conceptB.no self-conceptC.an awareness of the uses of mirrorsD.a fear of mirrors问题3选项A.“important”B.“rich”C.“former”D.“temporary”问题4选项A.prefer dogs to chimpsB.have done more research with chimps than dogs

41、C.enjoyed the experience involved in working with animalsD.want to see more research in nonhuman self-awareness问题5选项A.compare dog behavior to chimp behaviorB.defend an ideaC.explore recent research no nonhuman self-awarenessD.evaluate a hypothesis【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一

42、段第五句“Apart from curiosity about the level of animals understanding, research on self-recognition in animal has several benefits. 除了对动物认知水平的好奇，对动物自我认知的研究还有很多好处。”是文章讨论的观点，可知C项“非人类有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“狗认出镜子中的自己”；B项“黑猩猩梳毛的习惯可以改变”；D项“黑猩猩在有镜子时会改变自己的行为”。因此C选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句“The evidence indicates tha

43、t dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. 该证据表明，狗和几乎所有其他非人类动物都不认识自己。”可知B项“没有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“一些自我意识”；C项“对镜子使用的认识”；D项“害怕镜子”。因此B选项正确。第3题:词汇题。单词prior的意思是“较早的；先前的”，因此C项“先前的”正确。A项“重要的”；B项“富有的；丰富的”；D项“暂时的”。因此C选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第一句“Then the researchers devised a further test

44、of self-recognition. 然后，研究人员设计了一个进一步的自我认知测试。”和全文围绕“动物是否有自我意识”来叙述可知作者“想看到更多关于非人类自我意识的研究”，D选项符合题意。A项“相比黑猩猩更喜欢狗”；B项“对黑猩猩的研究多于对狗的研究”；C项“喜欢与动物打交道的经历”。因此D选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第三句“But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? 但是，狗能认出自己吗？还是说，反射

45、只是一个潜在的同伴或威胁的信号？”和全文围绕“动物是否有自我意识”来叙述可知D项“评估一种假设”与原文相符。A项“比较狗和黑猩猩的行为”；B项“维护一个观点”；C项“探索有关非人类自我意识的最近研究”。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题Too much sunlight might impress upon me the idea of how much more agreeable it would be out of doors rather than hunched over a sheet of almost blank paper.问题1选项A.sympatheticB.enjoyable

46、C.amendableD.approving【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。agreeable“令人愉快；适合的；和蔼可亲的”；A选项sympathetic“同情的；赞同的”；B选项enjoyable“快乐的；有乐趣的；令人愉快的”；C选项amendable“可修正的”；D选项approving“赞成的，满意的”。句意：太多的日光或许让我产生了这种想法，即去户外而不是弓着腰对着一张几乎空白的纸张会是更令人愉快的。题干说到“Too much sunlight太多的日光”与“out of doors去户外”，由此可知agreeable在这里有“令人愉快的”的意思，因此B选项正确。10. 单选题S

47、ubstances which allow light to pass through them without objects on the other side being clearly seen are said to be （ ）.问题1选项A.transparentB.translucentC.luminousD.opaque【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项transparent“透明的；显然的；坦率的”；B选项translucent“半透明的”；C选项luminous“发光的；明亮的；清楚的”；D选项opaque“不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的”。句意：那些允许光通过而另一边

48、的物体看不清楚的物质被称为半透明。因此B选项正确。11. 不定项选择题The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, making all men neighbors, cannot be extended to space. It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another planet. Even with todays radio equipment, the messages will tak

49、e minutes sometimes hours on their journey, because radio and light waves travel at the same speed of 186,000 miles a second.Twenty years from now you will be able to listen to a friend on Mars, but the words you hear will have left his mouth at least three minutes earlier, and your reply will take

50、a corresponding time to reach him. In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal message is possible but not a conversation.To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological i

51、mpact. It will be a perpetual reminder of universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail. For it seems as certain as anything can be that no signal still less any material object can never travel faster than light.The velocity of light is the ultimate speed limi

52、t, being part of the very structure of space and time. Within the narrow confines of the solar system, it will not handicap us too severely. At the worst, these will amount to twenty hours the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pluto, the outer-most planet.It is when we move out beyon

53、d the confines of the solar system that we come face to face with an altogether new group of cosmic reality. Even today, many otherwise educated men like those savages who can count to three but lump together all numbers beyond four cannot grasp the profound distinction between solar and stellar spa

54、ce. The first is the space enclosing our neighboring worlds, the planets, the second is that which embraces those distant suns, the stars, and it is literally millions of times greater. There is not such abrupt change of scale in the terrestrial affairs.Many conservative scientists, shocked by these

55、 cosmic gulfs, have denied that they can ever be crossed. Some people never learn; those who sixty years ago laughed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always beyond our research. And again they are wro

56、ng, for they have failed to grasp the great lesson of our age that if something is possible in theory, and no fundamental scientific laws oppose its realization, then sooner or later it will be achieved.One day we shall discover a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles. Every techni

57、cal device is always developed to its limit and the ultimate speed for spaceships is the velocity of light. They will never reach that goal, but they will get very near it. And the nearest star will be less than five years of voyaging from the earth.1. For light to travel across the solar system, it

58、 will take （ ）.2. The fact that it will never be possible to converse with someone on another planet shows that （ ）.3. Confronted with the new group of cosmic reality, many educated men （ ）.4. Conservative scientists who deny that cosmic gulfs can ever be crossed will （ ）.5. The author of the passag

59、e, readers can infer, intends to show the （ ）.问题1选项A.a yearB.nearly a dayC.two monthsD.thirty minutes问题2选项A.certain universal laws cannot be prevailed againstB.no object can ever travel faster than lightC.western culture has a special idea of communicationD.radio message do not travel fast enough问题3

60、选项A.become ignorant savages againB.find the “time barrier” unbearableC.will not combine solar and stellar spaceD.cannot adapt to the abrupt change of scale问题4选项A.laugh at the very ideas of flightB.learn a lesson as they did ten years agoC.find space travel beyond their reachD.oppose the fundamental

61、scientific laws问题5选项A.limitations of our technologyB.vastness of the cosmic realityC.prospect of planetary travelD.psychological impact of time and space【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段中“.these will amount to twenty hours the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pl

62、uto, the outer-most planet. 这相当于20个小时这是一个无线电信号跨越冥王星轨道所需的时间，冥王星是最外层的行星。”20小时几乎一天，可知B项与原文相符。A项“一年”，与原文不符；B项“几乎一天”；C项“两个月”，与原文不符；D项“三十分钟”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another planet. Even with todays radio equipment, the messages will take mi

63、nutes sometimes hours和另一个星球上的人交谈是不可能的。即使使用今天的无线电设备，发送信息也需要几分钟，有时甚至几小时”与第二段中“In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal message is possible but not a conversation. 在这种情况下，口头信息的交换是可能的但不是对话。”可推知D项与原文相符。A项“某些普遍的规律是不能被推翻的”，与原文不符；B项“没有任何物体的速度能超过光速”，与原文不符；C项“西方文化有一种特殊的沟通观念”，与原文不符；D项“无线电信息传播不够快”，因此D选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第五段中“Even today, many otherwise educated men like those savages who can count to three but lump together all