2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第6期

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1、2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Monkeys and beagles were central to recent studies linking regular physical activity and an enhanced diet to improved brain function. The monkeys participated in an Oregon Health and Science University study. It showed primates that exercised regularly using

2、a treadmill five days per week had a higher brain capillary volume after 20 weeks than a control group that did not exercise. Also, monkeys in the exercise group more rapidly learned new tasks. The study showed that the most significant brain benefits were experienced by monkeys deemed “least fit” a

3、t the start of the trial. The Oregon researchers said studying monkeys eliminates any skewing from the decidedly human behaviors of smoking, drinking and overeating. The findings were discussed at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in New Orleans.Another new study employed 39 beagles

4、 to test the brain-enhancing effectiveness of antioxidant-rich foods (especially those rich in vitamins C and E and beta carotene). University of Toronto researchers discovered that old dogs might possibly even learn some new tricks with the proper fortified food in their dinner bowls. “We found old

5、 dogs on the antioxidant diet performed better on a variety of cognitive tests than dogs not on the diet,” said P. Dwight Tapp, a study co-author now based at the University of California at Irvine.” In fact, the dogs eating the antioxidant-fortified foods performed as well as young beagles.” For th

6、e uninitiated or those of us who have never lived with an old beagle or other canines dogs can experience the same memory loss and slowed cognitive function that occur in humans.Tapp and colleagues found that the antioxidant-rich diet helped improve cognitive skills in old dogs but not young dogs. A

7、 follow-up study is ongoing to determine if feeding the younger dogs the special diet helps prevent loss of brain function.Arthur F. Kramer figures to stick with humans in his brain research. Kramer is a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was lead author on

8、 a pioneering study published earlier this year that showed positive physiological changes in brain matter due to regular exercise.The typical man or woman loses brain matter as part of the aging process. In a first, Kramer and colleagues used magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) scans to show that indi

9、viduals 55 and older who exercise regularly walking briskly for 20 minutes three times per week can preserve gray- and white-matter regions of the brain.” The great thing is it doesnt take too long to realize these benefits,” Kramer said, “We saw significant cognitive improvement in people 55 and ol

10、der over just six months. “Gray matter consists of a series of thin tissue layers in brain cells such as neurons that are critical to learning and memory. White matter is found in the myelin sheath containing nerve fibers that transmit signals throughout the brain. As people age, beginning after 30,

11、 the two types of matter shrink in a pattern closely matched by decreased cognitive performance, Kramer said. Kramer and his colleagues have completed other cutting-edge research about the brain and regular physical activity. One study slotted for 2004 publication follows up on the gray/white-matter

12、 study. Preliminary results indicate that the same sort of brisk walking will enhance the performance capabilities of cortical circuits in the brain.“We are reporting on function and not just the physiology of the gray and white matter,， Kramer explained. Another study to be published in 2004 builds

13、 on earlier findings that active older women on hormone-replacement therapy exhibit greater cognitive abilities than older men who are regular exercisers. In new findings, Kramer and colleagues have found less actual brain tissue deterioration in women 55 and older who have higher levels of estrogen

14、 in their bodies. Despite being a “former jock,” Kramer didnt expect that his research career would turn so directly toward fitness and physical activity. He has become a leading researcher in the area during the last decade and, along with several colleagues, turned the University of Illinois into

15、a respected center for research on healthy aging.“There is no downside to physical activity for older adults who get clearance from their physicians to start a program,” he said, “We know it can help prevent heart disease and protect against stroke damage. Now we are building evidence that regular p

16、hysical activity allows you to think better.”1.The study conducted by Oregon Health and Science University showed that（ ）.2.According to the passage, which of the following statement about antioxidant-rich foods is false?3.Arthur F. Kramer is a professor in（ ）.4.According to the passage, people begi

17、n to age after（ ）.5.From Professor Kramers research, we can infer that（ ）.问题1选项A.monkeys can learn new tasks more rapidly if they exercised regularly than any other animalsB.regular physical exercise can help to promote the brain functionC.monkeys are more cooperative than human beingD.monkeys are g

18、ood at using treadmill问题2选项A.Antioxidant-rich foods are rich in vitamins C and E and beta carotene.B.Antioxidant-rich foods can help the brain to perform better.C.Old dogs might possibly even learn some new tricks if they have antioxidant-rich foods.D.Antioxidant-rich foods helped improve cognitive

19、skills not only in old dogs but also in young dogs.问题3选项A.Oregon Health and Science UniversityB.the University of TorontoC.the University of California at IrvineD.the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign问题4选项A.33B.55C.39D.30问题5选项A.gray-and white-matter in the brain are important in deciding a

20、persons cognitive abilityB.white matter is critical to learning and memoryC.people who are 55 and older can only preserve their gray-and white-matter in the brain by walkingD.6 weeks of exercising regularly walking briskly for 20 minutes three times per week is enough for keeping healthy【答案】第1题:B第2题

21、:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据原文第一段“Monkeys and beagles were central to recent studies linking regular physical activity and an enhanced diet to improved brain function.”可知，猴子和小猎犬对最近把定期体育活动和加强饮食与改善大脑功能联系起来的研究是极为重要的。而根据“Also, monkeys in the exercise group more rapidly learned new tasks.”可知，锻炼组的猴子可以更

22、快地学会新任务。因此，可推测B项“定期体育锻炼能帮助改善大脑功能”正确。A项“如果能定期接受锻炼，那么猴子会比任何其它动物更快地学会新任务”；C项“猴子比人类协作性更强”；D项“猴子擅长使用跑步机”。A、C、D三项均不能由原文推断得出，故本题正确答案为B项。2.细节事实题。根据原文第三段“Tapp and colleagues found that the antioxidant-rich diet helped improve cognitive skills in old dogs but not young dogs.”可知，Tapp和同事们发现，富含抗氧化剂的饮食有助于改善老狗的认知技

23、能，但对幼狗却没用，因此D项“富含抗氧化剂的食物对老狗和幼狗的智力改善都有帮助”表述错误。根据原文第二段内容可判断，A项“富含抗氧化剂的食物含有丰富的维他命C、E和-胡萝卜素”；B项“富含抗氧化剂的食物能帮助大脑更好的运转”及C项“如果老狗食用富含抗氧化剂的食物，它们甚至可以学得一些新的技巧”均正确。故本题正确答案为D项。3.细节事实题。根据原文第四段“Kramer is a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.”可知，Kramer是伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳香槟分校的一位心理学教授，故D项

24、正确。A项“俄勒冈健康与科学大学”；B项“多伦多大学”；C项“加州大学欧文分校”。4.细节事实题。根据原文第五段“As people age, beginning after 30, the two types of matter shrink in a pattern closely matched by decreased cognitive performance, Kramer said.”可知，人们是在30岁后开始变老。故D项“30岁”正确。5.推理判断题。根据原文第五段“As people age, beginning after 30, the two types of matt

25、er shrink in a pattern closely matched by decreased cognitive performance, Kramer said.”可知，随着人在30岁后开始变老，这两种物质（即大脑中的灰质和白质）与认知能力的下降密切相关，故A项表述正确。由原文第五段内容可知“（大脑中的）灰质对学习和记忆至关重要”，故B项错误；原文提到有规律的锻炼可以使大脑物质发生积极地变化，故C项“55岁以上的人只能通过走路来保存他们大脑中的灰质和白质”表述片面，不正确；而原文提及“55岁以上的人如果经常进行规律的锻炼每周三次快走20分钟就可以保留大部分灰质和白质区域，6个月后，

26、认知能力会有显著提高”，故D项不正确。2. 单选题The president made a （ ）speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.问题1选项A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh【答案】A【解析】句意:校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。考查形容词辨析。vigorous 充满活力的，精力充沛的;tedious 冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的；flat 平淡的，单调的，平坦的；harsh 严酷

27、的，严厉的，恶 劣的。根据后半句句意可知A正确。3. 单选题2. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly|（ ）to another subject.问题1选项A.committedB.switchedC.favoredD.transmitted【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。commit to“致力于”；switch to“转换到.”；transmit to. “传送到”; favor不与to

28、sth.搭配使用。句意：最开始演讲者讲述的是有关该国家环境污染的问题，但她演讲到一半就突然转到别的话题上去了。根据but和another subject “别的话题”可知，B项符合题意。故答案选B。4. 单选题A recent study, published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with thr

29、ee or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.The author also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.

30、m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with really stup

31、id behavior than with just a lack of driving experience. The basic issue he says, is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is.Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使 缓解) the problem is to have sta

32、tes institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before gradu

33、ating to full driving privileges.Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the strictest,

34、 with a novice driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.1.Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?2.According to Robert Foss, the high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to

35、（ ）.3.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is TRUE?4.A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers driving accidents is that（ ）.5.The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system（ ）.问题1选项A.Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the h

36、ighway after 10 p.m.B.A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.C.Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.D.A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.问题2选项A.their frequent driving at nightB.their improper way of drivingC.their

37、lack of driving experienceD.their driving with passengers问题3选项A.Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.B.Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.C.Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.D.The licensing authorities are partly respons

38、ible for teenagers driving accidents.问题4选项A.driving in the presence of an adult should be made a ruleB.they should be prohibited from taking on passengersC.they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p.m.D.the licensing system should be improved问题5选项A.is under discussionB.is about to be set upC.has

39、 been put into effectD.has been perfected【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题干要求判断四个选项中哪种情况最危险。根据原文前两段可知，青少年驾车载着超过3名乘客出行发生致命事故的概率是那些独自开车青少年的3倍，而青少年司机的死亡率在晚上10点，特别是午夜之后急剧上升。因此，B选项正确。A选项“成年人在晚上10点钟后搭载青少年”与C选项“成年人在晚上很晚时搭载3名以上青少年乘客”均不正确。D选项“青少年在午夜搭陌生人的车”在原文没有提及，可排除。2.细节事实题。题干询问Robert Foss认为青少年死亡率高

40、的原因。根据题干定位至原文第三段第一句可知，青少年司机的死亡率高与其真正愚蠢的行为关系不大，而是因为他们缺乏驾驶经验，故本题正确答案为C。A选项“频繁在晚上驾驶”：B选项“他们不恰当的驾驶方式”；D选项“他们载乘客驾驶”均与原文不符，故排除。3.细节事实题。A选项“青少年应该花更多的时间学习驾驶”在原文并未提及，可排除；B选项“驾驶对青少年来说太复杂了所以学不会”，属于无中生有，可排除；C选项“青少年申请参加驾驶课程应当有一些限制”由第三段内容不能得出，可排除。根据原文第三段最后一句可知，根本问题是，负责发放驾照的成年人没有意识到驾驶是一项多么复杂和需要熟练度的任务。也就是说驾照发行机构应该对

41、此事负有一定的责任。因此，只有D项与原文内容相符，故本题正确答案为D选项。4.事实细节题。根据原文倒数第二段the way to mitigate the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems可知，缓解青少年驾驶事故的方法是建立所谓的驾照分级许可制度，因此D选项“改善驾照许可制度”正确。A选项为“规定青少年要在成人陪同下驾驶”；B选项为“应该不准他们载客”：C选项为“应该禁止他们晚上10点后开车”。A、B、C三项均不符合题意，因此本题正确答案为D项。5.事实细节题。根据题干定位至原文最

42、后一段第二句About half of the states now have some soil of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers可知，美国现在大约有一半的州已经有了分级许可制度，但只有10个州对乘客有限制。说明这种制度已经建立了，只是还不够完善。A选项“在讨论中”、B选项“即将建立”和C选项“已经被实施”都不符合，因此本题正确答案为C项。5. 单选题In general, the amount that a student s

43、pends for housing should be held to one-fifth the total （ ）for living expenses.问题1选项A.acceptableB.availableC.advisableD.applicable【答案】B【解析】句意:通常，一个学生花在住房上的费用应控制在可支配生活费总额的五分之一以内。考查形容词辨析。acceptable 可接受的，令人满意的；available 可获得的，可购得的，有空的；advisable 明智的，可取的；applicable 适用的，可实施的。故B符合句意。6. 单选题We had no way to m

44、easure the exact distance we had traveled, but we thought it was（ ）five miles.问题1选项A.preciselyB.appropriatelyC.apparentlyD.approximately【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项precisely表示“精确地，恰恰”；B选项appropriately表示“恰当地，合适地”；C选项apparently表示“显然地，表面上”；D选项approximately表示“大约，近似地”。根据句中关键信息We had no way to measure the exact

45、distance可知，我们没有办法测量准确距离。所以后文中的距离只能是大约值，因此本题正确答案为D项。【句意】我们没有办法测量走过的准确距离，但我们认为大约是5英里。7. 单选题In order to（ ）the rising production costs, the subscription rates have been increased.问题1选项A.add up toB.look up toC.cut shortD.keep up with【答案】D【解析】词组辨析题。A选项add up to“合计达.，总共达.”；B选项look up to“尊敬”；C选项cut short“缩短

46、，缩减”；D选项keep up with“跟上，赶上”。句意：为了跟上不断上涨的生产成本，订阅费已经提高了。选项D符合语境。8. 单选题For some crimes, and under certain conditions, a police officer must obtain a court order called（ ）before making an arrest.问题1选项A.warrantB.registryC.legislationD.battery【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项warrant表示“根据，证明，正当理由”；B选项registry表示“注册，登记”

47、；C选项legislation表示“立法”；D选项battery表示“电池；（法）殴打；炮台”。由句中a court order “一种法院命令”以及关键信息before making an arrest “在实施逮捕之前”可知，这是空缺处应该是指逮捕罪犯的证明或者逮捕令。因此，本题正确答案为A项。【句意】对于某些犯罪，在一定条件下，警察在实施逮捕之前必须获得法院的命令，也就是逮捕令。9. 单选题Someones future blurs and goes blank as anticipation（ ）nothingness.问题1选项A.smashes intoB.squeezes int

48、oC.fades intoD.jams into【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项smash into表示“猛撞在”；B选项squeeze into表示“挤入；硬塞进”；C选项fade into表示“渐渐融入于，逐渐变成”；D选项jam into表示“挤进”。根据Someones future blurs and goes blank （个人的未来变得渺茫，成为空白）可知，期望应当是逐渐变成虚无，故C项fade into符合语境。句意：当期望逐渐变得虚无，个人的未来也会变得渺茫，成为空白。10. 单选题The famous scientist was so easy-going and（

49、） that college students liked to talk with him.问题1选项A.gracefulB.graciousC.grimD.glorious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项graceful表示“优雅的；优美的”；B选项gracious表示“亲切的；高尚的；雅致的”；C选项grim表示“冷酷的；糟糕的；残忍的”；D选项glorious表示“光荣的；辉煌的；极好的”。根据easy-going（平易近人的）可知空缺处部分应为其近义词，因此B项“和蔼的”符合语境，故正确答案为B项。句意：这位著名科学家是如此的平易近人又和蔼可亲，大学生们都喜欢与他交谈。1

50、1. 单选题Illnesses（ ）to workers in a particular occupation are known as occupational diseases.问题1选项A.passiveB.specificC.resistantD.harmful【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。由句中关键信息occupational diseases可知，这种病应该指示某些特定行业的工人才会得病。所以specific to（表示“只限于的，特定于”）最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B项。A选项passive表示“被动的；消极的”；C选项resistant表示“抵抗的，顽固的”；D选项h

51、armful表示“有害的，危害的”。【句意】一些疾病只有特定职业的工人会得，被称为职业病。12. 单选题Mr. Jones holds strong views against video games and （ ）the closing of all recreation facilities for such games.问题1选项A.assistsB.acknowledgesC.advocatesD.admits【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A项assist 表示“帮助，协助”；B项acknowledge 表示“致谢，承认”；C项advocate 表示“提倡，拥护”；D项admit

52、 表示“承认，容许”。根据句中against可知作者反对电子游戏，所以应该支持closing the recreation facilities。句意：琼斯先生强烈反对电子游戏，提倡关闭所有的电子游戏娱乐设施。故本题正确答案为C。13. 单选题Being（ ）your job is fine, of course, but you shouldnt let work eat up all your leisure time.问题1选项A.trapped inB.committed toC.convinced ofD.confronted with【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项be tr

53、apped in表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B选项be committed to表示“致力于；委身于”；C选项be convinced of表示“确信；认识到”；D选项be confronted with表示 “面临，面对”。根据you shouldnt let work eat up all your leisure time可知，虽然致力于工作是好的，但你不应该让工作占据所有的休闲时间。因此，B选项最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B。14. 单选题They are trying to （ ）the waste discharged by the factory for profit.问题1选项A

54、.exposeB.exhaustC.exhibitD.exploit【答案】D【解析】句意:他们尝试着通过利用工厂排出的废物來创造利润。考查动词辨析。expose 揭发，揭露; exhaust 用完，花光，使筋疲力尽； exhibit 展览，显示；exploit 运用。故D符合句意。15. 单选题Dont this news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.问题1选项A.relieveB.releaseC.relateD.inform【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项relieve表示“解除，减轻”；B选项release表示“释

55、放，发布”；C选项relate表示“涉及，关联，认同”；D选项inform表示“通知，告诉”。根据句意可知，在得到许可前切勿向大众发布消息。故本题正确答案为B选项。16. 单选题The manager promised to keep me（ ）of how our business was going on.问题1选项A.to be informedB.on informingC.informedD.informing【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。keep sb.informed of sth.意为“让某人了解某事”。句意：经理答应会让我知道我们的生意进展如何。选项C正确。17. 翻译题A

56、. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.The air we breathe is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet without it we could not survive more than a few minutes. For the most part, the same air is available to everyone, and everyone needs it. Some people use the air to sustain the

57、m while they sit around and feel sorry for themselves. Others breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make a magnificent life for themselves.Opportunity is the same way. It is everywhere. Opportunity is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet opportunity alone is not enough

58、 to create success. Opportunity must be seized and acted upon in order to have value. So many people are so anxious to “get in” on a “ground floor opportunity, as if the opportunity will do all the work. Thats impossible. Just as you need air to breathe, you need opportunity to succeed. It takes mor

59、e than just breathing in the fresh air of opportunity, however. You must make use of that opportunity. Thats not up to the opportunity. Thats up to you. It doesnt matter what “floor” the opportunity is on. What matters is what you do with it.B. Translate the following passage into English.如果失败了你会怎么做

60、？很多人可能会选择放弃。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是坚持你的方向和目标。在通往成功的路上，你必须坚持你的方向。它就像一盏灯，在黑暗中为你指路，帮助你度过难关。否则，你很容易就会迷失方向或犹豫不前。方向意味着目标，人生如果没有目标，将一事无成。你可以试着把你的目标写在纸上，并制定实现目标的计划。这样，你就会懂得如何合理安排时间，如何正确地支配时间。而且你还要有这 样的信念：只要你一直坚持自己的方向，你就一定可以成功。【答案】A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.【参考译文】我们所呼吸的空气触手可及，以至于我们将其视为理所当然。然而

61、，倘若没有空气，我们只能存活几分钟。大多数情况下，每个人都能呼吸到同样的空气，也都需要空气。有的人一边坐着自怨自艾，一边又呼吸空气来维持生命。另一些人却呼吸空气，并利用空气提供的能量为自己创造美好的生活。机遇也是如此。它无处不在。机遇是如此唾手可得，以至于我们将其当作理所当然。然而，只有机遇不足以创造成功。为了让机遇有价值，必须抓住机遇并采取行动。很多人都急于抓住“先机”，好像抓住机遇就会一劳永逸，这是不可能的。正如你需要空气来呼吸一样，你也需要获得成功的机遇。然而，成功不仅仅是呼吸到机遇的新鲜空气。你必须利用所获得的机遇。对机遇的利用不取决于机遇，而取决于你。机遇处于什么“阶段”不重要，最重

62、要的是你如何利用它。B. Translate the following passage into English.【参考译文】What would you do if you failed? Many people may choose to give up. However, the reliable way to success is to adhere to your direction and goal. On the way to success, you must keep your direction. It is just like a lamp, guiding you in darkness and helping you pull though. Otherwise, you will easily get lost or hang back. Direction means goals. Nothing can be done without a goal in your life. You can try to write down your goals and make some plans to achieve them. In this way, you will know how to arrange and use your time