2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及模拟押密卷12（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Outdoor recreation plays a large role in national life. Norwegians prize solitude and self-reliance, and many people choose to walk or ski or camp alone.问题1选项A.richnessB.alonenessC.opennessD.fairness【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. richness 丰富，富饶 B. aloneness 孤独感C. openness

2、 诚实，率真 D. fairness 公正性，公平合理性【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】solitude的意思为“独处，独居”，这里指的是挪威人崇尚独处，aloneness与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】户外娱乐在国民生活中起着很大的作用。挪威人崇尚独处和自力更生，许多人选择独自散步、滑雪或露营。2. 翻译题Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our

3、 heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a c

4、ommunity who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who

5、imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna

6、 and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?【答案】【参考译文】就像大多数我的同龄人一样，我也有英雄崇拜的弱点。然而，在某些时候，我们都开始质疑我们的英雄，以及我们究竟是否需要他们。这让我们不禁发问：什么是英雄？尽管文化差异巨大，但世界各地的英雄通常都有一些共同的特点，那就是他们可以指导和激励人们。英雄总会做一些值得谈论的事。英雄有要讲出来的冒险故事，有愿意倾听的团体。但英雄不仅仅是一个名号。英雄服务于比自己更强大的力量或原则。就像高压变压器一样，英雄将

7、更高的能量向下拉，于是普通人就可以使用。英雄的生活值得模仿。那些模仿真正英雄的人会以新的深度、热情和意义体验生活。对于想要成为英雄的人，需要问为什么或为谁服务？愿意为什么而生，为什么而死？如果答案或证据表明他们只为自己的名声服务，他们可能是名人，但不是英雄。麦当娜和迈克尔杰克逊都很有名，但谁会说他们的粉丝因此而发现自己的生活更加丰盛呢？3. 单选题Maybe the saddest defect of autumn in America is the fact the country is so large that some regions do not get to experience

8、itSouthern California, for one.问题1选项A.regretB.faultC.worryD.feature【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. regret 懊悔，遗憾 B. fault 缺陷，毛病C. worry 担心，忧虑 D. feature 特色，特征【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】defect的意思为“缺点，缺陷”，指的是美国秋天的缺点是，有的地方没有秋天，fault与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】也许美国秋天最可悲的缺点就是，美国幅员辽阔，以至于一些地区无法体验到秋天比如南加州。4. 单选题Ther

9、e exist some proposals, like creating a series of lasers that would sweep the trash back into our atmosphere, where it would mostly bum up.问题1选项A.particlesB.garbageC.dustD.ashes【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. particles 颗粒，微粒 B. garbage 垃圾；废物C. dust 沙土，尘土；灰尘 D. ashes 灰烬【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】trash的意思为“废物，垃圾”，这里指把垃圾扫

10、到大气层，garbage与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】有人提出了一些建议，比如制造一系列激光，把垃圾扫回来，扫到我们的大气层，大部分垃圾在大气层都会燃烧。5. 单选题If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simp

11、le. The public school system, however, has no such choice, for the jobs must be carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science and technology for our progress, we must produce specialists in many fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies

12、 for the nation, large numbers of us must be educated to understand, to support, and when necessary, to judge the work of experts. The public school must educate both producers and users of scientific services.In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribu

13、te to effective thinking and wise judgment. Such balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural science, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases among the natural sciences themselves.Similarly, we

14、 must have a balance between current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound, established materials that form the basi

15、s of courses for beginners.1. According to the first paragraph, the task of education is fairly complicated because _.2. Which of the following points is NOT INCLUDED in the passage?3. It can be inferred from the passage that _.4. The best title for this passage might be _.问题1选项A.the current public

16、school system is too complicated to be understoodB.the public school system has no choice of what to teachC.it is difficult to decide whether elementary science should be taught in public schoolsD.the educators have to take care of both ordinary and gifted students问题2选项A.One of the major tasks of ed

17、ucation is to discover the most promising students.B.In order to teach effectively, educators are requested to lay emphasis on one particular field.C.Some subjects have been over-emphasized in public schools.D.The progress of the society cannot merely rely on inventors.问题3选项A.sufficient attention sh

18、ould be given to basic knowledgeB.students should learn more up-to-date knowledgeC.lack of scientific knowledge will lead to poor relations between producers and users of scientific servicesD.students are getting to know the importance of a good balance among the branches of knowledge问题4选项A.Current

19、System in EducationB.Educational Situation in Public SchoolC.Balance in EducationD.Importance of Teaching Science and Technology【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the first paragraph, the task of education is fairly complicated because _. 根据第一段，教育的任务相当复杂，因为_。A. the current public sch

20、ool system is too complicated to be understood A. 目前的公立学校系统太复杂了，难以理解B. the public school system has no choice of what to teach B. 公立学校系统对于所教内容没有选择的自由C. it is difficult to decide whether elementary science should be taught in public schools C. 很难决定是否应该在公立学校教授基础科学D. the educators have to take care of

21、both ordinary and gifted students D. 教育工作者必须既照顾普通学生也照顾有天赋的学生【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词task of education定位到第一段第一、二句，该处讲到“如果只需要决定是大规模地向每个人教授基础科学，还是找到少数有天赋的人，并让他们走得尽可能远，我们的任务就相当简单了（task would be fairly simple）。然而，公立学校系统没有这样的选择，因为工作必须同时进行（jobs must be carried on at the same time）。”，可知教育复杂在同时教育在某方面普通

22、的学生和有天赋的学生，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“目前的公立学校系统太复杂了，难以理解”：文中没有提到公立学校系统复杂，属于无中生有；B选项“公立学校系统对于所教内容没有选择的自由”：学校不能选择教什么样的学生，而不是不能选择教什么知识，属于偷换概念；C选项“很难决定是否应该在公立学校教授基础科学”：已经做出了决定，并且这个决定是必须的，那就是在公立学校教授基础科学，属于反向干扰。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following points is NOT INCLUDED in the passage? 以下哪一点文中没有包含在内？A. One of the maj

23、or tasks of education is to discover the most promising students. A. 教育的主要任务之一是发现最有前途的学生。B. In order to teach effectively, educators are requested to lay emphasis on one particular field. B. 为了有效地教学，教育工作者被要求着重于一个特定的领域。C. Some subjects have been over-emphasized in public schools. C. 公立学校过分强调某些科目。D. T

24、he progress of the society cannot merely rely on inventors. D. 社会的进步不能仅仅依靠发明家。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第一段第三句“由于我们的进步如此依赖科学技术，我们必须培养许多领域的专家（must produce specialists in many fields）。”，可知教育工作者不只教授一个特定领域的内容，和文章内容不符，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“教育的主要任务之一是发现最有前途的学生”：对应第一段第一、二句“如果只需要决定是大规模地向每个人教授基础科学，还是找到少数有天赋的人（

25、find the gifted few）工作必须同时进行（jobs must be carried on at the same time）。”，可知发现有天赋的学生是教育的主要任务之一，和文章内容相符，属于反向干扰；C选项“公立学校过分强调某些科目”：对应第二句第一、二句“知识的各个分支之间应该有一个良好的平衡（good balance）过分强调任何一个领域都会打破这种平衡（balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field）。”，以及第三段第二句“公众的注意力不断被吸引到科学领域的新可能性和新知识的发现（drawn to ne

26、w possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge）。”，可知过分强调科学领域让知识的各个分支之间打破了平衡，符合文章内容，属于反向干扰；D选项“社会的进步不能仅仅依靠发明家”：对应第一段最后一句“公立学校必须教育科学服务的生产者和使用者（both producers and users of scientific services）。”，可知社会的进步不仅仅依靠发明家，符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。第3题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that _.

27、 从文章中可以推断出_。A. sufficient attention should be given to basic knowledge A. 应该对基础知识给予足够的重视B. students should learn more up-to-date knowledge B. 学生应该学习更多的最新知识C. lack of scientific knowledge will lead to poor relations between producers and users of scientific services C. 科学知识的缺乏将导致科学服务的生产者和使用者之间的不良关系D.

28、 students are getting to know the importance of a good balance among the branches of knowledge D. 学生们逐渐认识到各个知识分支之间保持良好平衡的重要性【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段最后一句，该处讲到“这些不应该让我们的注意力从为初学者建立课程基础这一事情（established materials that form the basis of courses for beginners）转移开。”，可知应该重视基础知识，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“学生应该学

29、习更多的最新知识”：对应第三段第一、二句“我们必须在现有知识和经典知识之间取得平衡（balance between current and classical knowledge）。公众的注意力不断被吸引到科学领域的新可能性和新知识的发现（the discovery of new knowledge）。”，需要平衡经典知识和新知识的学习，然而现在更多注意力放在了新知识，可知学生应该学习更多经典知识，属于偷换概念；C选项“科学知识的缺乏将导致科学服务的生产者和使用者之间的不良关系”：第一段第三句提出科学知识的作用，也就是“由于我们的进步如此依赖科学技术（depend so heavily upo

30、n science and technology），我们必须培养许多领域的专家。”；第四句提出广泛教育的作用，也就是“我们中的许多人必须接受教育，以便于理解、支持并在必要时评判专家的工作（understand, to support, and when necessary, to judge the work of experts）”；第五句点出科学知识教育和广泛教育结合的重要性，也就是这两种知识服务于“教育科学服务的生产者和使用者”。综上所述，科学知识和广泛教育的缺乏都会导致生产者和使用者之间的不良关系，属于以偏概全；D选项“学生们逐渐认识到各个知识分支之间保持良好平衡的重要性”：文章没有提

31、到学生的观点，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】The best title for this passage might be _. 这篇文章最好的标题是_。A. Current System in Education A. 现行教育制度B. Educational Situation in Public School B. 公立学校的教育情况C. Balance in Education C. 教育的平衡D. Importance of Teaching Science and Technology D. 科学技术教学的重要性【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段通过点出教育的

32、现状引出第二段的观点，也就是一边教育科学技术领域的专家（specialists in many fields），一边让许多人接受教育（large numbers of us must be educated to understand）以维持社会制度的运行；第二段进一步提出需要在知识的各个分支之间保持平衡（a good balance among the branches of knowledge）；第三段讲需要在新知识和经典知识之间保持平衡（balance between current and classical knowledge），并且提出现在的教育已经失衡。综上所述，本文讲述了教育失

33、衡的具体表现，并且呼吁重视教育平衡，因此C选项正确。A选项“现行教育制度”，B选项“公立学校的教育情况”和D选项“科学技术教学的重要性”：是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于偷换概念。6. 填空题The wide application of electronic computers in science and technology will freeman from the labor of complicated measurement and _. (compute)【答案】computation【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】and前后表示并列，横线处应该和measurement

34、都是名词，结合关键词computers，可知横线处单词表示计算的意思，computation意思为“计算”，符合语境。【句意】电子计算机在科学技术方面的广泛应用将使人们从复杂的测量和计算中解放出来。7. 填空题Meteorologists describe the air primarily in terms of its composition, temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, and _. (humid)【答案】humidity【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知pre

35、cipitation和横线所在内容为并列结构，应该和precipitation一样为名词，humidity“（空气中的）湿度”符合语境，指的是湿度是描述空气的元素之一。【句意】气象学家主要根据空气的组成、温度、压力、风速、风向、降雨量和湿度来描述空气。8. 填空题Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survival. In general ho

36、wever, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. A B C D【答案】C the fittest survival改为the fittest survive【解析】【考查点】谓语动词。【解题思路】B部分到句子结尾为从句，C部分为从句的主干部分，其句型结构为主谓，survival为名词，survive为动词，其意思为“生存，存活”，符合语境。【句意】许多作家认为，在动物为生存而进行的斗争不可避免，只有适者生存。然而，一般来说，自然界中的这种斗争是竞争，而不是冲突。9. 填空题Higher interest rates ma

37、ke it more expensive to borrow money, _ people from buying new homes or starting new construction projects. (courage)【答案】discouraging【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】逗号前为完整的句子，横线所在内容应为非谓语动词。逗号前说到借贷更加昂贵，后面说_人们购买新房或开工建设新项目，可知前者打击后者积极性，是主动关系，一方面动词应为现在分词，一方面动词discourage的意思为“使灰心，使泄气”，符合题意。因此此处应为discourage的现在分词discourag

38、ing。【句意】利率更高让借贷更加昂贵，使人们不愿购买新房或开工建设新项目。10. 单选题To the extent that democracy has spread, it is because it is an effective method of holding rulers accountable to their people, and not simply because of its cultural prestige.问题1选项A.evolutionB.impactC.fameD.conversion【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. evolution 演变，发展 B.

39、impact 撞击C. fame 名声，声誉 D. conversion 转变，转换【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】prestige的意思为“威信，声望”，民主传播不仅仅是因为其文化声望，fame与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】就民主传播的程度而言，这是因为它是一种让统治者对其人民负责的有效方法，而不仅仅是因为它的文化声望。11. 单选题The North Vietnamese were tenacious, and in January 1968 they launched a massive attack known as the

40、Tet Offensive, which severely damaged U.S. forces.问题1选项A.collectiveB.hostileC.aggressiveD.persistent【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. collective 集体的，共有的 B. hostile 敌意的，敌对的C. aggressive 好斗的，挑衅的 D. persistent 执著的，不屈不挠的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】tenacious的意思为“顽强的，坚忍不拔的”，用来形容the North Vietnamese，指的是他们非常英勇，persistent与之词义相近，因

41、此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】北越人很顽强，1968年1月他们发动了大规模进攻，称为春节攻势，重创美军。12. 单选题Angry engineers challenged the statistical significance of the studys small sample and labeled it sloppy science.问题1选项A.carelessB.doubtfulC.invalidD.worthless【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. careless 不仔细的，粗心的（没有足够的关注和思考） B. doubtful 不确定的，怀

42、疑的C. invalid 病弱者 D. worthless 没用的，无价值的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】sloppy的意思为“马虎的，草率的（缺乏关心、思考或努力）”，在这里指研究的样本太小，这样的研究非常随意，欠缺考虑，careless与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】愤怒的工程师们质疑这项研究中小样本的统计意义，并将其贴上草率的标签。13. 单选题Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that w

43、hich we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision. The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabiliti

44、es greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us. This limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. Since these quanta are believed to be invisible packages of energy and so cannot be fu

45、rther refined, we reach a point beyond which further resolution of the world is not possible. It is like a drawing a child might make by sticking invisible discs of color onto a canvas.We might think that we could avoid this limitation by using quanta with extremely long wavelengths: such quanta wou

46、ld be sufficiently sensitive to convey extremely delicate sense data. And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive. F

47、or this, quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless. To measure a length accurately to within a millionth of an inch, we must have a measure graduate in millionths of an inch; a yardstick graduated in inches is useless. Quanta with a wavelength of one inch would be, in a sense, measures that a

48、re graduated in inches. Quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless in measuring anything except extremely large dimensions.Despite these difficulties, quanta have important theoretical implications for physics. It used to be supposed that, in the observation of nature, the universe could be di

49、vided into two distinct parts a perceiving subject and a perceived object. In physics, subject and object were supposed to be entirely distinct, so that a description of any part of the universe would be independent of the observer. The quantum theory, however, suggests otherwise, for every observat

50、ion involves the passage of a complete quantum from the object to the subject, and it now appears that this passage constitutes an important coupling between observer and observed. We can no longer make a sharp division between the two in an effort to observe nature objectively. Such an attempt at o

51、bjectivity would distort the crucial interrelationship of observer and observed as parts of a single whole. But, even for scientists, it is only in the world of atoms that this new development makes any appreciable difference in the explanation of observations.1. The primary purpose of the passage i

52、s to _.2. According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they _.3. The author uses the analogy of the childs drawing (Para. 1) primarily in order to _.4. The author implies that making a sharp division b

53、etween subject and object in physics is _.问题1选项A.discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the worldB.point out the inadequacies of accepted units of measurementC.compare and contrast scientific hypotheses about how the world should be measured and observedD.suggest the limited function o

54、f sensory observation问题2选项A.exist independently of sense dataB.have an insignificant amount of energyC.cannot, with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelengthD.provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring length and position问题3选项A.illustrate the ultimate limitatio

55、n in the precision of sense data conveyed by quantaB.show the sense of helplessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational problemsC.anticipate the objections of those scientists who believe that no instrumental aid to observation is entirely reliableD.exemplify the similarities be

56、tween packages of energy and varieties of color问题4选项A.possible in a measurement of an objects length and position, but not in a measurement of its energyB.no longer an entirely accurate way to describe observation of the universeC.still theoretically possible in the small-scale world of atoms and el

57、ectronsD.possible in the case of observations involving the passage of a complete quantum【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The primary purpose of the passage is to _. 本文的主要目的是_。A. discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the world A. 讨论妨碍准确感知世界的问题B. point out the inadequacies of acce

58、pted units of measurement B. 指出公认计量单位的不足之处C. compare and contrast scientific hypotheses about how the world should be measured and observed C. 比较和对照关于应该如何测量和观察世界的科学假设D. suggest the limited function of sensory observation D. 表明感官观察功能的有限【答案】A【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出视觉感知（visual perception）的极限在我们无法接收比单个量子

59、能量传递的更小的感知数据，第二段提出科学家想到了一个办法使用波长极长的量子（quanta with extremely long wavelengths）也不能突破这种限制，第三段提出量子对物理学有重要的理论意义（important theoretical implications），也就是研究视觉感知而得来的启示。综上所述，本文在谈论视觉感知受到阻碍引发的一系列问题，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“指出公认计量单位的不足之处”：文章没有提到计量单位，属于无中生有；C选项“比较和对照关于应该如何测量和观察世界的科学假设”和D选项“表明感官观察功能的有限”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文

60、，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they _. 根据本文，波长极长的量子不能用来提供关于物质世界的完整信息，因为它们_。A. exist independently of sense data A. 独立于感官数据而存在B. have an insignificant amount of energy B.

61、 没有足够的能量C. cannot, with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelength C. 用现在的仪器不能与较短波长的量子隔离D. provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring length and position D. 提供的测量长度和位置的方法不够精确【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词complete information定位到第二段第二、三句，该处讲到“对世界的完全准确的感知（completel

62、y accurate perception of the world）还取决于我们想要感知的东西的长度和位置的精确测量（exact measurement of the lengths and positions）。因此（For this），波长极长的量子是无用的。”，可知其原因是它们不能准确测量长度和位置，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“独立于感官数据而存在”：文中没有提到波长极长的量子独立于感官数据，属于无中生有；B选项“没有足够的能量”：文中没有提到波长极长的量子能量不足，属于无中生有；C选项“用现在的仪器不能与较短波长的量子隔离”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】The author uses the analogy of the childs drawing (Para. 1) primarily in order to _. 作者