2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷64

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive (认知的) aging, but there is some evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines.At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. Warn

2、er Schaie, have studied 5,000 people, some since 1956. People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare (过活) better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stim

3、ulating things like travel.Education helps, too, researchers say, perhaps because it instille (灌输) the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellect

4、ual vigor.Flexibility counts, too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before,” Schaie says. In neuropsychological (神经心理学的) terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of mental function

5、. And people satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says.If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials (辅导课) on inductive reasoning or spatial (空间的) skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14

6、 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years later when they were re-tested.Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone (磨练) visual-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, playing bridge for memory and simply matching

7、 wits at home with players on TV game shows.Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom loosely defined as the maturation of intellectual abilities that comes with life experiences continues throug

8、hout the 40s, 50s and even 60s.16. In this passage, the author mainly discusses .17. The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (Paragraph 1) refers to .18. According to researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?19. From this passage we may safely infer that might help

9、 prevent mental declines.20. According to the author, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that .问题1选项A.the role of mental stimulation in preventing mental agingB.gradual loss of mental skills with normal agingC.the relationship between mental function and spatial skillsD.effec

10、tive ways to keep intellectual vigor问题2选项A.brain powerB.cognitive developmentC.mental stimulationD.intellectual function问题3选项A.EducationB.Chronic illnessC.Standards of livingD.All of the above问题4选项A.physical exercisesB.social interconnectionsC.rigid daily routinesD.a healthy diet问题5选项A.wisdom may be

11、 thought of as a special form of abilities and knowledge completely developed with life experienceB.wisdom may still grow even when the process of mental aging has startedC.wisdom is superior in importance to mental skills such as inductive reasoning and spatial skillsD.wisdom makes up an important

12、part of brain power【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】16.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一步，定位首尾核心句，第一段第一句话Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is some evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines.“研究人员对于使用否则失去的理念是否适用于认知衰老存在

13、分歧，但有一些证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退”。第二步，行文结构，文章是总分结构，先提出保持思维活跃能够减缓智力的衰退，接下来是讲研究人员寻找到的保持智力活跃的方法，最后讲到年龄带来的不只是衰老还有智慧，所以答案选D选项“保持智力活力的有效方法”。A选项“心理刺激在预防心理衰老中的作用”，心理刺激只是在第二段稍微提了一下，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。B选项“随着年龄的增长，心智能力逐渐丧失”，这是最后一段的内容，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。C选项“心理功能和空间技能之间的关系”，这只是文章第五段的内容，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。17.【试题答案】A【试

14、题解析】词汇推断题。第一步句中信息，定位到文章第一段第一句话Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is some evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines.“研究人员对于使用否则失去的理念是否适用于认知衰老持反对态度，但有一些证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退”。第二步，上下文语义衔接，根据关键词but可知两个句子之间是存

15、在着一个转折关系，前句说随着年龄的增长某些事不用就会被丢到，这种观点研究人员持反对态度，后句是说保持思维活跃可以减缓衰退。从这里可知it指代之物是与mentally相应的，所以答案选A选项“智力”。B选项“认知发展”，我们能够使用或者失去的不可能是某种事物的发展，所以答案不能选B，这里属于曲意理解。C选项“精神刺激”，理由同B选项。D选项“智力功能”，文章句子定位到第一段但是D选项是出现在第二段，这里属于出处错误。18.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步精准定位，定位到第二段第二句People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may al

16、so fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel.“他们发现，那些幸运地避免了慢性疾病的人在智力方面也可能表现得更好，这可能是因为慢性疾病会限制生活方式，使精神状况更差，也可能是因为金钱可以买到刺激智力的东西，比如旅行”

17、，第三段第一句Education helps, too“教育也有助于”，第二步综合理解，能够经常旅游的人说明生活水平是很不错的，由此可知教育、慢性疾病、生活水平都能够影响认知衰老，所以答案选D选项“以上都是”。A选项“教育”，B选项“慢性疾病”，C选项“生活水平”，选任何一项都会犯以偏概全的错误。19.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到文章第六段最后一句话simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows.“仅仅是在家和那些在电视里玩游戏的人比拼智慧”，第二步，综合理解，玩游戏这里可以算是一种运动

18、，所以答案选A选项“体育运动”。B选项“社会联系”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。C选项“严格的日常工作”，定位到文章第四段第一二句 Flexibility counts, too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before,”灵活性计数。保持精神活力的人通常不会坚持“他们今天必须像以前一样做事”，由这里可知死板的日常工作非但不会阻止智力衰退反而会导致智力衰退。D选项“健康的饮食”，文章没有提及，属于无中

19、生有。20.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。定位到第五段第二句When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities.“当威利斯给大约200名技能在过去14年中有所下降的人提供5小时的归纳推理或空间技能辅导时，40%的人恢复了失去的能力。”，从这里可知推理归纳和空间技能属于智力技能，不

20、属于智慧的范畴，所以C选项“智慧的重要性高于智力技能，如归纳推理和空间技能”错误，这里属于张冠李戴。A选项“智慧可以被认为是一种特殊形式的能力和伴随着生活经验而来的知识的完全发展”选项是最后一段第二句话Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom.“尽管随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智技能，但你也会在一个关键领域得到提升：智慧”的同义替代。B选项“即使智力老化的过程已经开始，智慧仍然可能增长”定位到最后一段第二句话Even though

21、 you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom.“尽管随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智技能，但你也会在一个关键领域得到提升：智慧”，所以B选项正确。D选项“智慧是脑力的重要组成部分”，定位到最后一段第三句The growth of wisdom loosely defined as the maturation of intellectual abilities that comes with life experiences continues“智慧的增长宽

22、泛地定义为伴随生活经历而来的智力能力的成熟仍在继续”从这里可知智慧是智力能力的成熟，智力和大脑有关，所以D选项正确。2. 单选题Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be _ controlled and modified.问题1选项A.deliberatelyB.noticeablyC.delicatelyD.instinctively【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. deliberately 故意地，有意地 B. noticeably 显著地，明显地C.

23、delicately 微妙地，精致地 D. instinctively 本能地【考查点】副词辨析。【解题思路】主句意思是“人类的面部表情与动物不同”，结合定语从句的意思“它们可以被控制和修改”，其中they指的是人类的面部表情，综合理解可推测，空格处填入“有意地”符合句子意思。因此，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句意。【句意】人类的面部表情与动物的不同之处在于，它们可以被有意地控制和修改。3. 单选题Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowled

24、ge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detail

25、ed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even of other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of peoples, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools,

26、 dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “knowledge” at all. Un

27、fortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an or

28、chid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and fro

29、m them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousa

30、nds of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild world begin to fade away.6. Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?7. What does the comment “this is logical” mean?8. According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany begun to fade

31、?9. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture?10. The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationship between zoology (the study of animals) and_.问题1选项A.They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.B.They thought there we

32、re no needs to cultivate crops.C.They did not enjoy the study of botany.D.They placed great importance on the ownership of property.问题2选项A.There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestors knowledge of plants.B.It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants.C.

33、It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in pre-industrial societies.D.Human knowledge of plants is well organized and detailed.问题3选项A.People no longer value plants as a useful resource.B.Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science.C.Research is unable

34、to keep up with the increasing numbers of plants.D.Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.问题4选项A.The invention of agricultural implements and machinery.B.The development of a system of names for plants.C.The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted.D.The changing die

35、ts of early humans.问题5选项A.deer huntingB.sheep raisingC.bird watchingD.horseback riding【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】6.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三句话It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies tha

36、t still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.“今天我们不可能知道我们石器时代的祖先对植物到底了解多少，但从我们对仍然存在的前工业社会的观察来看，对植物及其特性的详细了解肯定是非常古老的”。第二步综合理解，从这里可知现在我们对植物的了解都非常的古老，这些了解都是古代人积累出来的，由此可知A选项“他们可能有丰富的植物知识”正确。B选项“他们认为没有必要种植庄稼”，文章没有提及古人认为种植植物是否必要，这里属于无中生有。C选项“他们不喜欢研究植物学”，文章没有提

37、及古人是否喜欢研究植物学，这里属于无中生有。D选项“他们非常重视财产所有权”，文章没有提及财产所有权，定位到第七句话Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.“如今生活在亚马逊丛林中的部落实际上认识了数百种植物，并知道每种植物的许多特性”，这里的property不是“财产”而是“特性”的意思，这里属于曲解原文。7.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步寻找句内线索，第四句话没有线索。第二步联

38、系上下文，上文讲到古人除了对植物有模糊的认识其他的什么都不知道，而且我们现在所知道的植物知识已经相当古老了。后面讲到植物的用处很多，植物可以用来作为粮食、衣服、武器、染色剂等等，综上可知答案选B选项“早期人类对植物有详细的了解并不奇怪”。A选项“没有明确的方法来确定我们祖先对植物的了解程度”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。C选项“有理由假设我们的祖先的行为非常像前工业社会的人们”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。D选项“人类对植物的了解是有条理和详细的”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。8.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步精准定位，定位到第九句Unfortunately, the

39、 more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.“不幸的是，工业化程度越高，我们离与植物的直接接触越远，我们对植物学的了解也就越少。”以及最后两句Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans

40、would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild world begin to f

41、ade away.“谷物被发现了，农业的奇迹也随之而来：种植庄稼。从那时起，人类将越来越多地从少数植物的控制生产中获取生活，而不是从许多野生品种中一点点，一点点获取数万年的经验和与野生世界植物的亲密关系所积累的知识开始消失”。第二步，综合理解，由此可知植物学开始衰退是因为人们的直接接触减少了，所以答案选D选项“与各种植物的直接接触减少了”。A选项“人们不再把植物视为有用的资源”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。B选项“植物学没有被认为是一门特殊的科学”。定位到文章第一句话Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the

42、 history of human knowledge“植物学，即对植物的研究，在人类知识史上占有特殊的地位”，这里讲的是植物学在人类历史上占特殊地位但没有说植物学是特殊学科，这里属于无中生有。C选项“研究跟不上植物数量的增长”。文章没有提及，属于无中生有。9.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章倒数第三句When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested

43、and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.“大约一万年前生活在中东的新石器时代的祖先们发现某些草能被收获，它们的种子下一季耕种会收获更多时，人类就迈出了人和植物之间的新关系第一大步”。第二步，综合理解，由此可知答案选C选项“发现可以收获和重新种植的草”。A选项“农具和机械的发明”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。B选项“植物名称系统的发展”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“早

44、期人类饮食的变化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。10.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步寻找句内线索，植物学和农业的关系是一个利用关系，根据文章可知人类是利用植物性发展出了农业，因此这里也是动物学和所选之项也是一个利用关系，所以答案选B选项“养羊”，人类利用动物学发展了畜牧业，畜牧业包括养羊。A选项“狩鹿”，狩鹿不需要动物学参与，属于反向干扰。C选项“赏鸟”，赏鸟不需要动物学参与，属于反向干扰。D选项“骑马”，骑马不需要动物学参与，属于反向干扰。4. 翻译题II. (本题3段，每段10分)Humanistic psychologyHumanistic psychologists be

45、lieve that behaviorists are over-concerned with the scientific study and analysis of the actions of man as an organism, to the neglect of basic aspects of man as a feeling, thinking individual, and that too much effort is spent in laboratory research, which quantifies and reduces human behavior to i

46、ts elements. Humanists also take issue with the deterministic orientation of psychoanalysis, which postulates that mans early experiences and drives determine his behavior. Humanists tend to believe that the individual is responsible for his life and actions and may time creatively change his attitu

47、des or behavior through awareness and will. The humanist is concerned with the fullest growth of the individual in the areas of love, fulfillment, self-worth, and autonomy; maturation is considered a process during which one establishes and follows ones system of values.Experiment methodThe experime

48、nt is a research in which the investigator manipulates a variable carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result. Thus, the purpose of an experiment is to find out how one variable, lets call it X, affects another variable, which well call Y.

49、In this formulation, we refer to X as the independent variable to Y as the dependent variable. An independent variable is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. A good shortcut for sorting out the independent variables in experiments is to fi

50、t the variables into the equation “How X affects Y.”IntelligenceIntelligence refers to cognitive abilities of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope effectively with the demands of daily living. In short, intelligence has to do with how well a person is able to use cogni

51、tion in coping with the world. The term intelligence was not in widespread use until it was popularized in the late 1800s by the writings of Sir Francis Galton. Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin, the scientist credited for developing the theory of evolution based on natural selection of inherite

52、d characteristics. Galton believed that intellectual ability was inherited, and he tried unsuccessfully to develop an intelligence test to use in his research. Although he was unsuccessful in his own research, Galton gave psychology the concept of intelligence.【答案】人本心理学5. 单选题People want action on no

53、ise, a recent public meeting in Brisbane showed. Some want technical improvements such as quieter air conditioners or better sound barriers around major roads. Others want tougher laws to restrict noise from building sites or to require owners to take responsibility for barking dogs. But the highest

54、 priority was a noise complaints system that works.Brisbane City Council receives more complaints about noise than all other problems put together. So it conducted a survey and found that about half its residents are upset by noise in one form or anothertraffic, mowers, pool pumps, air conditioners

55、or loud parties. This inspired the Council to bring together more than 100 citizens one evening to talk through a range of options.The meeting found the present regulatory system bizarre. Depending on the problem, responsibility for noise can lie with the Council, the Environment Protection Authorit

56、y, one of three government departments or even the police. So complainants often feel they are getting the run-round. When the people at the forum were asked to vote for changes, the strongest response was for a 24-hour, noise hotline to be the first port of call for all complaints.The forum also fa

57、vored regulatory measures, such as tougher minimum standards for noise in appliances like air conditioners. This even makes economic sense, as noise is a waste of energyand money. Other measures the meeting supported were wider buffer zones around noisy activities and controls to keep heavy traffic

58、away from residential areas.But there are obvious conflicts. Many people like to have a bar within walking distance if they feel like a drink, but they dont want a noisy pub keeping them awake when they want an early night. Most people want to live near a major road providing good access to other pa

59、rts of the city, but they dont want the problem of road noise.I was most interested by the proposals aimed at behavioral change. There was strong support for measures to reduce traffic: better public transport, cycleways and footpaths, even charges for road use. Many people optimistically thought in

60、dustry awards for better equipment would stimulate the production of quieter appliances. It was even suggested that noise from building sites could be alleviated if Brisbane adopted daylight saving, thus shifting the working day and providing longer, quieter evenings.51. In the recent public meeting

61、 in Brisbane, people showed greatest dissatisfaction with _.52. By saying that the complainants feel that “they are getting the run-round”, the author means _.53. Which of the following measures is mentioned as not only beneficial environmentally but also economically?54. What was the authors attitu

62、de towards the industry awards for quieter equipment?55. The passage points out daylight saving could be adopted in order to _.问题1选项A.the technical flaws of the air conditionersB.the poor noise barriers around major roadsC.the inefficient system for noise complaintsD.the late working time of the bui

63、lding sites问题2选项A.the complainants are unfairly treated by the government departmentsB.the government departments seldom respond to the complaintsC.it is inexplicit which department is responsible for the complaintsD.complaints will be treated only after being approved by all three departments问题3选项A

64、.Enforcing stricter noise control on electrical apparatus.B.Prohibiting heavy traffic from entering residential areas.C.Launching a 24-hour noise hotline.D.Increasing the charges for road use.问题4选项A.Skeptical.B.Disappointed.C.Concerned.D.Optimistic.问题5选项A.prolong the daytimeB.advance the working timeC.shorten the working timeD.save time and energy【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第