2022年考博英语-华东师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第184期

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1、2022年考博英语-华东师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Economics involves the study of topics like wealth and poverty, money and banks, incomes, taxes, prosperity and depression, big business and labor unions, and hundreds of other matters that intimately affect the way we live. Economic forces surround our daily l

2、ives, influencing how easy or how hard it is to get a job, how much we can earn in our chosen occupations, and how much our paychecks will buy after we receive them.Economic factors are major concerns in governments decisions about how much to spend and for what purposes, and how much to raise in ta

3、xes and who should be taxed as well as in their evaluations of the consequences of war, peace, and disarmament. Urban slums, job discrimination, unequal educational opportunities, and civil rights have important consequences for all of us for both those who are discriminated against and those who ar

4、e not. At a still more global level economic factors are involved in birth, health, death, population growth, and the dynamics of history.In fact, probably without exception, each topic in economics not only touches somewhere on your own personal life but is also important to some current economic p

5、roblems of government on social policy and is, at the same time, involved in the long-range concerns of human history.The common thread that runs through all of these topics, binding them together into a coherent body of study, is that one way or another each deals with the way society produces and

6、uses goods and services. Practically nothing that we eat, wear, or use comes to us directly from nature. A loaf of bread is the end result of long series of operations that begins with planting and harvesting grain and proceeds through milling, baking, and shipping to the point at which the housewif

7、e can pick the loaf off the grocers shelf. The driver filling his tank at a services station is taking the final step in a long chain of activities: drilling oil wells, moving petroleum in ships and pipelines, chemical treatment, refining and storage. The same is generally true of all goods.The proc

8、ess of bridging the gap between the original resources of nature and needs of the final consumer is production. Production includes any activity that makes goods and services available to people. It is not restricted to work on tangible physical commodities, but encompasses services as well. Doctors

9、, lawyers, teachers, and barbers are productive, as are actors, musicians, entertainers, and others who perform services for our benefits.1.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?2.We may infer from the context that the word “encompass” (Line 4, Paragraph 5) means（）3.According to the

10、 passage, economics is the study of （）4.Which of the following statements is TRUE?5.Which of the following can be learned from the passage?问题1选项A.Economic factors influence our daily life.B.Economic factors are major concerns in governments decisions about some policies.C.What we study in economics

11、is how governments influence the use of land, labor, capital, etc.D.The services of wholesalers, retailers and bankers are an important part of the productive process.问题2选项A.surroundB.encloseC.encircleD.include问题3选项A.production and consumptionB.governments policyC.activities that make goods availabl

12、e to peopleD.consequences of war and peace.问题4选项A.The services of doctors, lawyers and teachers are unproductive.B.Economic factors are involved in the development of history.C.All that we eat, wear, or use comes to us directly from nature.D.Job discrimination and unequal educational opportunities h

13、ave important consequences only for those who are discriminated against.问题5选项A.Urban slums, job discrimination, unequal educational opportunities, and civil rights are excluded from economic factors.B.Each topic in economics deals with the way society produces and uses goods and services.C.Governmen

14、t policies determine the link between the resources of nature and needs of the consumer.D.A housewife cannot pick a loaf of bread off the grocers shelf unless there is a good harvest.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段的一二句“.affect the way we live.”对应选项A；第二段的第一句“Economic factors are major co

15、ncerns in governments decisions.”对应选项B；最后一段的第三句“It is not restricted to work on tangible physical commodities, but encompasses services as well.”对应选项D。只有选项C在文中没有提及。2.词义题。根据原文：它不限制于有形的物质设施, 但是也 服务。选项D包括, 与原文encompass意思最相近。3.细节事实题。根据第四段的第一句“., is that one way or another each deals with the way society

16、 produces and uses goods and services.”每个主题都以这样或那样的方式处理社会生产和使用商品和服务的方式。所以选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段的最后一句“Doctors, lawyers, teachers, and barbers are productive.”可知选项A错误；根据第三段的最后一句“at the same time, involved in the long-range concerns of human history.”可知选项B正确；根据第四段的第二句“Practically nothing that we eat, w

17、ear, or use comes to us directly from nature.”可知选项C错误；根据第二段的第二句“job discrimination, .and those who are not.”可知选项D也错误。所以本题选B。5.判断推理题。根据第四段的第一句“The common thread that runs through all of these topics, binding them together into a coherent body of study, is that one way or another each deals with the w

18、ay society produces and uses goods and services.”由此可以推断选项B符合原文。2. 单选题As it turned out to be a small house party, we（）so formally.问题1选项A.neednt dress upB.did not need dress upC.did not need have dressed upD.neednt have dressed up【答案】D【解析】句意：原来是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们本没有必要穿得那么正式。Need的否定形式为neednt，所以首先排除选项B和C。need

19、nt have done表示不需要做某事却做了。所以选项D正确。3. 单选题People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in（）populated areas.问题1选项A.denselyB.intenselyC.abundantlyD.highly【答案】A【解析】副词辨析。densely浓密地、稠密地；intensely激烈地、热情地；abundantly丰富地；highly高地，非常。句意：住在小城镇的人似乎比住在人口稠密地区的人更友好。选项A符合句意。4. 单选题（）for the

20、timely investment from the general public, our company would not be as thriving as it is.问题1选项A.Had it not beenB.Be it notC.Were it notD.Should it not be【答案】A【解析】考査虚拟语气。虚拟条件句是过去时，从句中吋态应往前推，为过去完成时。本句省略了if，所以需要将助动词had提前。所以选项A正确。5. 翻译题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct the meaning of the

21、 word has never been clear. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use

22、 of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abili

23、ties. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.

24、【答案】“智力”充其量只是一个假设性的概念, 因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。人们对智力所指的不同表现, 比对这些表现如何解释或分类, 看法更为一致, 但是一般认为智力好的人是能够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数车符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童的学习能力, 尤其是学习学校所要求的不同知识的能力。智力测验并不测定人的品格、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。批评智力测试不反映上述情况, 就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。既然对智力的评估是比较而言的, 那么我们就必须确保在对我们的对象迸行比较时, 我们所使用尺度能提供“有效的”；或“公平的”比较。6. 单选题

25、The relation of the sales tax to the problem of social balance is admirably direct. The community is rich in privately produced goods. It is poor in public services. The obvious solution is to tax the former to provide the latterby making private goods more expensive, The public goods are made more

26、abundant. Motion pictures, electronic equipment, and cigarettes are made more costly so that schools can be more handsomely supported. We pay more for soap, make-ups, and vacuum cleaners in order that we may have cleaner cities and fewer occasions to use them. We have more expensive cars and gasolin

27、e so that we may have highways and streets on which to drive them. Food being comparatively cheap and abundant, we tax it in order to have better services and better health in which to enjoy it. This straightforward solution has the further advantage that sales taxation can be employed with fair eff

28、iciency by states and even by cities. It is in the services rendered by these governments that the problem of social balance is especially severe. The yield of the sales tax increases with increasing production. As wants are planned for private goods, more benefits are provided for public use. The g

29、eneral property tax, the principal alternative to the sales tax, is rigid and inflexible. Since its rates must ordinarily be raised for additional services, including those that are associated with increasing income and product, the burden of proving need is especially heavy. This tax is a poor serv

30、ant of social balance.1.Which of the following is NOT true?2.The word handsomely (Line 5) means （ ）.3.According to the author, the chief advantage of the sales tax is that it（ ）.4.The property tax is not regarded as an ideal solution to social needs because（ ）.5.The author of this passage is most in

31、terested in telling us about（ ）.问题1选项A.The property tax is difficult to collect.B.The sales tax can be easily increased.C.The sales tax has little or no social value.D.The community has abundant goods produced by private enterprises.问题2选项A.skillfullyB.generouslyC.earnestlyD.easily问题3选项A.is a direct

32、means of achieving social balanceB.can be imposed by cities and statesC.is less effective than the property taxD.is applicable to wide areas问题4选项A.it must be changed by the House of RepresentativesB.it is not straightforward as is the sales taxC.it can be imposed by cities but not by statesD.its ris

33、e depends on increasing the need for additional services问题5选项A.the collection of the property taxB.the relation of taxes to the problem of social balanceC.the balance of public and private consumptionD.the sales tax as a social means【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文“The general property

34、tax is rigid and inflexible.”可知选项A正确；根据原文“The yield of the sales tax increases with increasing production.”可知选项B符合原文；根据原文第一句“The relation of the sales tax to the problem of social balance is admirably direct.”可知选项C不正确；根据原文第二句“The community is rich in privately produced goods.”可知选项D正确，所以本题选C。2.词义题。根据

35、原文“.by making private goods more expensive, the public goods are made more abundant. Motion pictures, electronic equipment, and cigarettes are made more costly so that schools can be more handsomely supported.”可知后面是对前面的论据列举的一个具体的例子。costly和expensive相对应，所以handsomely和abundant相对应。skillfully巧妙地, 精巧地；gene

36、rously慷慨地, 大方地；earnestly认真地，诚挚地；easily容易地, 无疑地。只有选项B符合原文。3.判断推理题。根据原文可知，这种直截了当的解决方案还有一个更大的优势，那就是各州甚至城市都可以公平高效地征收销售税。正是在这些政府提供的服务中，社会平衡的问题特别严重。作者着重强调的是social balance，而不是政府的服务。所以选项A正确。4.细节事实题。根据原文倒数二三句“The general property tax, the principal alternative to the sales tax, is rigid and inflexible. Since

37、 its rates must ordinarily be raised for additional services,.”可知选项D符合原文。5.主旨大意题。根据文章大意可知本文主要是讲营业税对社会平衡的作用和影响，所以选项D更符合原文。7. 单选题Although too much（1）to the suns ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer, sunshine may have a（2）effect against some cancers, U.S. scientists said in April. They（3）vitamin D, t

38、he so-called sunshine vitamin that is also found in fortified milk and（4）products, cod liver and some fatty fish, can help to slow down the speed（5）which cancer（6）divide. “This study found inverse（7）between both residential and occupational exposure to sunlight（8）mortality from female breast and col

39、on cancers,” said Dr. Michael Freedman of the National Cancer（9）.In research（10）in Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Freedman and his team studied（11）from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate and skin cancers in 24 U.S. states between 1984 and 1995 to determine the（12）of sunlight on the disease.（

40、13）surprisingly, they found more deaths from skin cancer in sunnier（14）but the number of people who died from the other cancers was lower in the（15）areas. Working（16）in a sunny climate was also associated with（17）breast and colon cancer deaths but not（18）the other cancers. Freedman said more researc

41、h is needed to（19）the association between sunlight and（20）cancers.问题1选项A.exposureB.additionC.resolutionD.solution问题2选项A.potentialB.protectiveC.insufficientD.effective问题3选项A.signifyB.prescribeC.reassureD.suspect问题4选项A.agriculturalB.beanC.meatD.dairy问题5选项A.withB.beyondC.atD.in问题6选项A.portionsB.cellsC.d

42、iseasesD.illnesses问题7选项A.associationsB.conclusionsC.judgmentsD.illusions问题8选项A.orB.forC.butD.and问题9选项A.ConstitutionB.ConferenceC.InstituteD.Operation问题10选项A.doneB.concernedC.involvedD.reported问题11选项A.deathsB.painsC.sufferingsD.effects问题12选项A.degreeB.impactC.intensityD.depth问题13选项A.MoreB.NotC.MuchD.N

43、o问题14选项A.statesB.countriesC.citiesD.provinces问题15选项A.wetB.windyC.sunshineD.dry问题16选项A.heavilyB.outdoorsC.offensivelyD.hard问题17选项A.moreB.manyC.lessD.fewer问题18选项A.withB.forC.onD.to问题19选项A.indicateB.propelC.explainD.generate问题20选项A.otherB.vitalC.certainD.severe【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题

44、:D第9题:C第10题:D第11题:A第12题:B第13题:B第14题:A第15题:C第16题:B第17题:D第18题:A第19题:C第20题:C【解析】（1）exposure暴露；addition増加；resolution决心；solution解决。根据句意：过度暴露在太阳紫外线下会导致皮肤癌。选项A符合句意。（2）potential潜在的；protective防护的；insufficient不足够的；effective有效的。根据句意：阳光可能对某些癌症有一定的预防作用。选项B符合句意。（3）signify表示, 预示；prescribe规定；reassure使.安心；suspect怀疑,

45、 猜想。根据句意：他们猜想, 所谓的阳光维他命维他命D.”, 选项D符合原文。（4）agricultural农业的；bean豆类；meat 肉；dairy奶制品。dairy products为固定搭配。（5）at the speed of为固定短语, 意为“以.的速度”。（6）portions部分；cells细胞；diseases疾病；illness病痛。这里指癌细胞, 用cancer cell。（7）associations关系；conclusions结论；judgment判断；illusions例子。根据句意：这项研究发现住宅和职业暴露在阳光下与女性乳腺癌和结肠癌的死亡率呈负相关。选项A符

46、合句意。（8）“住宅和工作场所所接收阳光照射的程度”与“女性乳腺癌和结肠癌的死亡率”是并列关系, 用and, 选项D正确。（9）constitution宪法；conference会议；institute研究所；operation操作。根据原文可知这里指国家癌症研究所。选项C正确。（10）根据原文：在职业与环境医学的研究报告中, .。选项D符合原文。（11）根据下文, 他们发现阳光充足的州皮肤癌死亡率较高。由此推断选项A符合原文。（12）词义辨析题。degree程度；impact影响；intensity强度；depth深度。根据原文可知这里是研究阳光对癌症的影响, 选项B符合原文。（13）根据原

47、文可知研究发现与他们之前的假设基本一致, 所以应该用not surprisingly, 表示不出所料。（14）细节判断题。根据上文可知是美国各州之间的数据对比, 这里也应该填入states, 所以选项A符合原文。（15）细节判断题。根据上文的sunnier states, 可以推断这里也应该指阳光充足的地区, 选项C符合原文。（16）根据下文的sunny climate, 可知这里指户外工作, 选项B符合原文。（17）细节判断题。根据上文提到的, 阳光充足的州皮肤癌死亡率较高, 而这些地区其他癌症的死亡率却低得多。由此推断, 这里指死亡率更低, 根据后面的deaths可推断应用fewer修饰,

48、 所以选项D正确。（18）固定搭配。be associated with与.相关。（19）indicate指出；propel激励；explain 解释；generate使形成, 发生。根据句意：弗里德曼说, 还需要更多的研究来解释阳光和某些癌症之间的联系。选项C符合句意。（20）这里强调的是阳光与具体的某种癌症的关系, 所以选项C更符合原文。8. 单选题This refrigerator we bought last week is（）satisfactory.问题1选项A.by all meansB.by any meansC.by no meansD.by some means【答案】C【

49、解析】by all means一定,务必,一般单独用,后面不接成分；by any means无论如何；by no means点也不；by some means通过某种方法。句意：我们上周买的冰箱一点儿也不让人满意。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题In trying to solve the problem we seem to have exhausted all the（）that the brain of man could suggest.问题1选项A.ingenuityB.nuancesC.ingenuousnessD.nourishments【答案】D【解析】名词辨析题。ingenuit

50、y精巧、独创性；nuances细微差别；ingenuousness正直、老实；nourishments食物、营养品。句意：在试图解决这个问题的过程中，我们似乎耗尽了人类大脑所能提供的所有营养。这里引申为“绞尽脑汁”。选项D符合句意。10. 单选题I hope you are not（）that I obtained this money dishonestly.问题1选项A.implyingB.involvingC.deducingD.denoting【答案】A【解析】Implying暗示,隐含；involving涉及,包括；deducing推测；denoting指示,表示。句意：我希望你不是

51、在暗示我是通过不正当的手段获得这笔钱的。选项A符合句意。11. 单选题As the old man lay dying he kept（）the experiences of his boyhood in Africa.问题1选项A.complaining ofB.entering intoC.rambling aboutD.turning up【答案】C【解析】词组辨析题。complain of抱怨；enter into进入；ramble about漫步于，闲逛；turn up出现、发生。句意：老人在称留之际，思绪一直漫游在他美好童年时代的非洲生活经历当中。选项C符合句意。12. 单选题Si

52、nce there is such an abundance of food in the sea, it is understandable that some of the efficient, highly adaptable, warm-blooded mammals that evolved on land should have returned to the sea. Those that did do that have flourished. Within about 50 million yearsno time at all, geologically speakingo

53、ne of the four kinds of mammals that has returned to a marine environment has developed into the largest of all animal forms, the whale. A second kind, the seal, has produced what is probably the greatest population of large carnivorous mammals on Earth. This suggests that these “top dogs” of the oc

54、ean are prospering and multiplying. However, such has not been the case, at least not for the last 150 years. Trouble has closed in on these mammals in the form of equally warm-blooded and even more efficient and adaptable predators, humans. At sea, as on land, humans have now positioned themselves

55、on top of the whole great pyramid of life, and they have caused serious problems for the mammals of the sea.There is a simple reason for this. Marine mammals have the misfortune to be swimming aggregates of commodities that humans want: fur, oil, and meat. Even so, they might not be so vulnerable to

56、 human depredation if they did not, like humans, reproduce so slowly. Every year humans take more than 50 million tons of fish from the oceans without critically depleting the population of any species. But the slow-breeding mammals of the sea have been all but wiped out by humans seeking to satisfy

57、 their wants and whims.1.Which of the following statements about marine mammals best expresses the main idea of the passage?2.What advantage did some land mammals gain by returning to the sea?3.It can be inferred from the passage that during the last 150 years humans have（）4.Which of the following s

58、tatements is supported by the passage?5.It can be inferred from the passage that marine mammals are like humans in which of the following问题1选项A.They have their origins on land.B.They have evolved successfully but are now threatened by humans.C.They compete with one another for the oceans food supply

59、.D.They have many of the biological traits of humans.问题2选项A.Fewer predators exist in the sea.B.More space is available in the sea.C.There is a greater supply of food in the sea.D.The climate is more hospitable in the sea.问题3选项A.constructed submarinesB.learned how to swimC.threatened the existence of

60、 some marine mammalsD.begun to harvest certain plants from the ocean as food问题4选项A.The whales ancestors were driven into the sea by humans.B.The food supply of seals is being depleted by humans.C.The whale evolved from a species of land-dwelling mammal.D.Whales are a more efficient and adaptable spe

61、cies than humans.问题5选项A.They survive despite changes in their metabolic rates.B.They reproduce slowly.C.They are prospering and multiplying.D.They are depleting the vegetation of the seas【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文主要讲人类对海洋哺乳动物造成了威胁，选项B符合原文。选项A表述错误，海洋哺乳动物的起源不是陆地而是海洋；选项C和D在文中没有提及。所以本题选项B。2.细节事实题。根据第一段的第一句“Since there is such an abundance of food in the sea, . have returned to the sea.”可知选项C 符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据关键词定位到第一段的后半部分，在过去的150年里，情况并非之