2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷58

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1、2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In the mid-nineteenth, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods l

2、ay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oilthe basic ingredients of industrial growthwere plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. Th

3、e railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spiders web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not

4、 only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.Many factors influenced the emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth centuryal

5、ways with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more producti

6、ve by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being

7、displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europemost of whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion of the America

8、n economy still came from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. Why does the author mention “a spiders web” in Para.2?3. According to the passage,

9、 who were the biggest consumers of manufactured products?4. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century?问题1选项A.The history of railroads in the United StatesB.The major United States industrial centersC.Factors that affected industrialization in the United St

10、atesD.The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century问题2选项A.To emphasize the railroads consumption of oil and coal.B.To describe the complex structure of the railway system.C.To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion.D.To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw

11、materials.问题3选项A.Railway workersB.FarmersC.EuropeansD.City dwellers问题4选项A.They lost some jobs because of mechanization.B.They raised their productivity by using new machinery.C.They sold food to European countries.D.They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D

12、【解析】1. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。定位在第二段中One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads.（在美国工业化的过程中一个关键的发展是铁路的发展。）以及全文都在介绍影响美国工业化的因素（如铁、煤和石油等原材料、劳动力等）综合而知，C选项“影响美国工业化的因素”正确，符合题意。A选项“美国的铁路发展史”，B选项“美国主要的工业中心”及D选项“农业在19世纪的角色”在文中均未提及，可排除。故选C。2. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判

13、断题。定位在第二段中The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spiders web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.（铁路网迅速扩张，直到美国的铁路地图看起来像一张蜘蛛网，这些钢铁丝状物将原材料产地，原

14、材料的生产和配送中心连在一起。）由此可知，美国的铁路路线多，且像蜘蛛网一样结构复杂。因此B选项“去描述铁路系统的复杂结构”正确，符合题意。A选项“去强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗”，C选项“去解释铁路扩张带来的问题”，D选项“去描述原材料配送中涉及的困难”均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。3. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。定位到文章的第三段The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors.（工厂的这些

15、产品很快被居住了工人和批发商的城市所消耗。）工厂产品的最大消费者是居住在那里的人。因此D选项“城市居住者”正确，符合题意。A选项“铁路工人”，B选项“农民”，C选项“欧洲人”，均不符合题意，可排除。故选D。4. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。根据第三段中American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.（美国的农业生产赶得上美国城市的需求，且仍然有剩余以销售到欧洲的工业中心。

16、）可知D选项“他们不能为城市生产足够的食物”错误，与原文不符。也能够知道C选项“他们将食物销售到欧洲国家”正确，与原文相符。由第三段中的倒数第二句The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery.（城市人口的增加得益于农业生产的增加，反过来，农业生产因新的农业机械的使用而变得更多产）可知B选项“他们通过使用新机械而提高了生产力”正确，与原

17、文相符。由最后一段中The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Europe.（工厂运行和铁路建设的劳动力部分来自美国的农村地区，那里的人正被农业机械所取代，一部分来自于亚洲，一部分来自欧洲。）可知A选项“他们由于机械化而失去了一些工作”，正确，与原文相符。故

18、选D。2. 单选题Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comets surface in order to reveal the core and give some _ to the origin of the solar system.问题1选项A.sourcesB.interpretationsC.cluesD.observations【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项source“来源，水源，原始资料”，B项interpretation“解释，翻译，演出”，C项clue“线索，（故事等的）情

19、节”，D项observation“观察，监视，观察报告”。根据give some _ to the origin of the solar system“为太阳系的起源提供一些”可知，“线索”符合语境。句意：科学家们希望这次碰撞将在彗星表面产生一个巨大的陨石坑，以便揭示其核心，并为太阳系的起源提供一些线索。因此，该题选择C项正确。3. 单选题In a society that place so much emphasis to “making it,” we fail to recognize that what looks like failure may, in the long run,

20、 prove beneficial.问题1选项A.toB.fail to recognizeC.whatD.in the long run【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。根据emphasis可知，place emphasis on为固定搭配，表示“重视，强调”。句意：在一个如此强调“成功”的社会里，我们没有意识到，从长远来看，看起来像是失败的东西可能是有益的。因此，该题选择A项。4. 单选题A defeated candidate for the House of Representatives must wait two years before running again, because

21、 elections are _.问题1选项A.semiannualB.biennialC.biannualD.bilateral【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项semiannual“每半年的，半年一次的”，B项biennial“两年一次的”，C项biannual“一年两度的”，D项bilateral“双边的，有两边的”。根据wait two years before running again“等待两年再次参选”可知，“两年一次的”符合语境。句意：被击败的众议院候选人必须等待两年才能再次参选，因为选举是两年一次的。因此，该题选择B项正确。5. 单选题The architect must

22、 respond to the cultural concerns of society _ and pay attention to the functional and aesthetic aspect of the buildings.问题1选项A.at largeB.at heartC.at mostD.at best【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A项at large“详尽的，未被捕的，整体的，普遍的”，B项at heart“本质上，内心里”，C项at most“至多”，D项at best“最多”。根据The architect must respond to the cultura

23、l concerns of society _“建筑师必须回应社会关注的文化问题”可知，“普遍的”符合语境。句意：建筑师必须回应社会普遍关注的文化问题，并关注建筑的功能和美学方面。因此，该题选择A项正确。6. 单选题Clothes play a critical role in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearers backg

24、round, personality, status, mood and social outlook.Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we use them to manipulate peoples impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-cla

25、ss man or woman may be alienated by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the persons education, background, or interests.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfit

26、, including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an a

27、ctive role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothes we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing t

28、o gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about

29、 the appropriate mixture of “masculine” and “feminine” attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when t

30、he women display less “feminine” groomingshorter hair, moderate use of make-up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, “An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she wont get a job.”1. According to the second paragraph, an elderly middle-class

31、man and an unconventionally dressed young man may be unable to _.2. The author uses the newscasters example to illustrate the idea that _.3. Mens professional clothing can best be described as “_”.4. What can women do with their professional clothing according to the passage?5. What is the best titl

32、e for the passage?问题1选项A.understand each others lifestyleB.share the same background or interestsC.manipulate their impression on each otherD.enter the initial phase of a potential interaction问题2选项A.certain clothing gives people more confidenceB.clothes have nothing to do with ones abilitiesC.we ten

33、d to stereotype people by their clothesD.competent people are dressed conventionally问题3选项A.conventionalB.individualisticC.out-of-dateD.undiversified问题4选项A.They must be dressed conservatively.B.They dont have an explicit dressing style to follow.C.They choose either masculine or feminine clothing.D.T

34、hey cant wear unconventional outfit.5. What is the best title for the passage?问题5选项A.Dressing and the Effect.B.Dressing and Personality.C.Dressing Up Appropriately.D.Dressing and Management.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据第二段，一个上了年纪的中产阶级的男人和一个穿着非常不合常规的年轻人可能无法”。第二段提到Sinc

35、e clothes are such an important source of social information, we use them to manipulate peoples impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur.（因为衣服是社会信息的一个重要来源，我们用它们来操纵人们对我们的印象。我们的外貌在可能发生的互动的最初阶段具有特殊的意义。），接着就提到了不管一个人的教育、

36、背景或兴趣，一个上了年纪的中产阶级男人或女人可能会被一个穿着不合常规的年轻人疏远；由此可知，造成这种现象的原因就是外貌在可能发生的互动的最初阶段具有特殊的意义，如果穿着风格大相径庭，那么他们就无法进入潜在相互作用的初始阶段，因此，D项“进入潜在相互作用的初始阶段”正确；A项“理解彼此的生活方式”没有提到；B项“有相同的背景或兴趣”，这个不是造成这种现象的结果；C项“操纵他们对彼此的印象”，文中提到的是人们用衣服来操纵他们对彼此的印象，该项不符合题干。因此，该题选择D项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者用新闻广播员的例子来说明”。第三段第一句提到People ten

37、d to agree on what certain types of clothes mean.（人们倾向于对特定类型的衣服的含义达成一致），这是该段的中心句，接着后面举了青春期女孩、新闻广播员和大学生的例子来支持这一观点，所以C项“我们倾向于对人的衣着有成见”符合题意；A项“某些衣服能给人更多的自信”只是其中一个例子；B项“衣服与一个人的能力无关”，该段表达的中心意思是合适的衣服会显得一个人有能力的样子，所以该项不正确；D项“有能力的人穿着传统”顺序翻倒，穿着传统的人会令人看起来能干，该项也不正确。因此，该题选择C项正确。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“男士职业装的最

38、佳描述是”。第四段提到In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving successThe variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men.（在职场中，男性长期以来都有明确的成功先例和榜样对服饰的选择方面，女性的选择远远多于男性），由此可以推理，男性的职业装应该是模式化，变化少，所以A项“传统”最符合这个描述；B项“个人主义”和C

39、项“过时”不准确；D项“千篇一律”为干扰项，虽然男性的服装变化少，但不代表没变化。因此，该题选择A项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，女性可以如何处理她们的职业装？”。第四段第二句指出A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of “masculine” and “feminine” attributes they should convey by their professional clothing.（商界的许多女性都不确定她

40、们应该通过职业装传达什么样的“男性化”和“女性化”特质），后文举例男性管理者倾向于选择穿着不那么“女性化”的女性担任管理岗位，而一位外表吸引人的女性会获得更长的面试时间但不会获得工作；由此可以判断，女性在职业装方面并没有明确的风格可以去遵循，B项“他们没有明确的着装风格可循”符合题意；A项“他们必须穿着保守”太绝对；C项“他们选择男性或女性的服装”表述不准确；D项“他们不能穿非传统的服装”没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是什么？”。文章开头讲述的是着装能够给人提供很多的信息，接着就着装的不同影响展开了论述和举例，因此A项

41、“着装和影响”最符合文章的主旨；B项“着装和个性”、C项“适当的打扮”和D项“着装和管理”都比较片面。因此，该题选择A项正确。7. 单选题The electronically developed countries are _ nothing less than the abandonment of reading and writing of written language itself, and in its place, the recreation of oral culture.问题1选项A.accessingB.evolvingC.witnessingD.misleading【答

42、案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项access“接近，使用，访问”，B项evolve“发展，进化，使逐步形成”，C项witness“目击，见证，为作证”，D项mislead“误导，带错”。根据空格后的宾语nothing less than the abandonment of reading and writing of written language itself“对书面语言本身的阅读和书写的完全抛弃”可知，“目睹、见证”符合语境。句意：在电子发达的国家，人们目睹了对书面语言本身的阅读和书写的抛弃，取而代之的是口头文化的再造。因此，该题选择C项正确。8. 单选题The prominent B

43、ritish surgeon Joseph Lister pioneered the use of carbolic acid to _ surgical instruments, sutures and wound dressing, thereby preventing infection of wounds.问题1选项A.obviateB.desolateC.mandateD.sterilize【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项obviate“排除，避免，消除”，B项desolate“使荒凉，使孤寂”，C项mandate“授权，托管”，D项sterilize“消毒，杀菌，使成不毛”。根

44、据thereby preventing infection of wounds“从而防止伤口感染”可知，sterilize符合语境。句意：著名的英国外科医生Joseph Lister率先使用石炭酸消毒手术器械、缝合线和伤口敷料，从而防止伤口感染。因此，该题选择D项正确。9. 单选题Rush took a(n) dogmatic approach to medicine, convinced that all diseases had essentially the same cause: fever.问题1选项A.definiteB.confidentC.explicitD.arbitrary

45、【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。dogmatic表示“教条的，武断的”；A项definite“一定的，确切的”，B项confident“自信的，确信的”，C项explicit“明确的，清楚的，直率的”，D项arbitrary“任意的，武断的”。句意：拉什对医学采取独断专行的态度，相信所有的疾病本质上都有相同的原因，那就是发烧。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。10. 单选题Even if the genes themselves are not initially hazardous, you do not know how they are going to evolve.问题1选项A.par

46、tiallyB.originallyC.ultimatelyD.fundamentally【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项partially“部分地；偏袒地”；B选项originally“最初，起初；本来”；C选项ultimately“最后；根本”；D选项fundamentally“根本地，基础地”。ultimately和fundamentally都有根本的意思，前者侧重于就结果方向而言，而后者侧重于从源泉方向讲。句意：即使基因本身没有危险，你也不知道它们将如何进化。Even if引导让步状语从句。由后面的关键信息you do not know how they are going to

47、 evolve.“你不知道它们将如何发展”，是在说基因之后的发展，所以按照逻辑关系，刚开始基因本身是没有危险的，但是之后经历过一些变化后就难以保证了。因此B选项符合题意。11. 单选题Needless to say, the terrorist attacks on September 11 _ the whole nation into extreme horror, and could very likely affect the course of human history.问题1选项A.escalatedB.plungedC.convertedD.drowsed【答案】B【解析】考查

48、动词辨析。A项escalate“逐步增强，逐步升高”，B项plunge“使突然地下落，猛插，骤降，陡峭地向下倾斜”，C项convert“使转变，转换”，D项drowse“使昏昏欲睡，昏昏沉沉地消磨（时光）”。从句子结构来看，缺少谓语动词，且后面接介词into，由extreme horror“极度恐慌”可知，plungeinto“使陷入”符合语境。句意：不用说，911恐怖袭击让整个国家陷入了极度恐慌，很可能会影响人类历史的进程。因此，该题选择B项正确。12. 单选题Janes attic room has a poor _ system and in summer it becomes unbe

49、arably stuffy.问题1选项A.ventilationB.manipulationC.mitigationD.allocation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ventilation“通风设备，空气流通”，B项manipulation“操纵，操作，处理”，C项mitigation“减轻，缓和，平静”，D项allocation“分配，配置，安置”。由unbearably stuffy“闷热的难以忍受”可知，“空气流通”符合语境。句意：简家阁楼的通风系统很差，一到夏天就变得闷热得令人难以忍受。因此，该题选择A项正确。13. 单选题Managers who are permitted

50、 to trade on inside information have an _ to acquire or develop value information, which involves risks.问题1选项A.incentiveB.orientationC.argumentD.identity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项incentive“动机，刺激”，B项orientation“方向，定向，适应”，C项argument“论证，论据，争吵”，D项identity“身份，同一性，一致”。由are permitted to trade on inside information

51、“被允许内幕信息交易”和to acquire or develop value information“获取或发展有价值的信息”可知，“动机”符合语境。句意：被允许利用内幕信息进行交易的经理人有获取或开发价值信息的动机，这涉及到风险。因此，该题选择A项正确。14. 单选题It is often _ to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child.问题1选项A.temptin

52、gB.unanimousC.irretrievableD.disgusting【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项tempting“吸引人的，诱惑人的”，B项unanimous“全体一致的，意见一致的，无异议的”，C项irretrievable“不能弥补的，不能复原的”，D项disgusting“令人厌恶的”。根据but可知前后语义是转折的关系，由后半句中的dangerous对比可知，前半句应该填入一个和dangerous相对的词语，四个选项中只有A项符合。句意：催促孩子快得超过他的自然学习速度往往是诱人的，但这可能会在孩子中建立危险的失败感和担心的状态。因此，该题选择A项正确。15. 翻译

53、题The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous.Newtons laws of motion assume that the total amount o

54、f spin of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up or slow it down. If a cat has no spin when it is released and experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it falls.In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magicians

55、trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cats fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by means of high-speed photography using equipm

56、ent now available in any pharmacy.But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment. The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894. Two sequences of twenty photographs each, one from the side and one from behind, s

57、how a white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet. Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret: As the cat rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear a

58、nd tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect accord with Newtons laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result.The explanation was that while nobody can acquire spin without torque,

59、 a flexible one can readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.【答案】很久以前，降落中的猫在半空中平衡身体并以脚落地的能力一直令人好奇。生物学家们一直认为这是适应自然选择的一个例子，但对于物理学家，这真的是不可思议。牛顿运动定律认为身体自旋的总

60、量不变，除非外部扭矩使之加速或减缓。如果一只猫在被释放时没有旋转，也没有感受到外部扭矩，那么它在下落时就不应该旋转。翻滚着的猫，以如此的速度平衡身体就像一个魔术师变戏法。猫在半空中的旋转得太快，人类的眼睛很难看清，所以这个过程是模糊的。要观察这个现象，要么眼睛必须加速，要么猫的下降减速。一个世纪以前，前者可以通过高速摄影的方法做到，使用的是现在在任何药店都能买到的设备。但在19世纪，拍摄坠落的猫构成了一个科学实验。1984年的一篇论文巴黎学院描述了这个实验。两组共20张照片，一组从侧面，另一组从后面，展示了一只白猫平衡自己的行为。尽管照片有纹理很老式，但是展示了猫的行为：起初没有旋转，却翻滚着

61、落下，并仍然用脚落地。对照片的仔细分析揭示了这个秘密：猫顺时针旋转身体前部时，身体后部和尾巴逆时针扭动，所以总自旋仍然是零，完全符合牛顿定律。下降中途，猫在颠倒扭转之前腿部收紧然后再展开，这样就得到了预期的最终结果。其解释是：尽管没有扭矩，身体不能旋转，但是灵活者可以随时改变其旋转方向或阶段。猫本能地知道这点，但科学家们不能确定这事是怎么发生的，直到他们将其感知提高一千倍的速度。16. 单选题Systematic efforts at national nutrition planning in developing countries go back barely a decade. Dur

62、ing that brief time there has been considerable progress in establishing the extent and causes of malnutrition and what can be done to reduce it.Ten years ago, malnutrition was often thought to reflect primarily a shortage of protein (and in some cases, vitamins or minerals). Most nutrition programs

63、 concentrated on providing high-protein food to children, usually in schools. The emphasis today is different. There is now a wide measure of agreement on several broad propositions.Serious and extensive nutritional deficiencies occur in virtually all developing countries, though they are worst in low-income countries. They are usually caused by undernourishmenta shortage of foodnot by an imbalance between cal