2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第54期

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1、2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The ideas expressed in the art historians book are more（ ） than one would expect on the basis of her rather （ ）treatment of her subject in the opening pages.问题1选项A.compelling.intriguingB.accessible.reconditeC.hidebound.reactionaryD.insightful.innovative【答案】B【解析】考

2、查形容词词义辨析。compelling “引人注目的，不可抗拒的”；intriguing “有趣的，迷人的”；accessible “易接近的，可进入的，可理解的”；recondite “深奥的，隐藏的”；hidebound “死板的，保守的，顽固的”；reactionary “保守的，反动的”；insightful “有深刻见解的，富有洞察力的”；innovative “革新的，创新的”。句意：跟她在开篇对主题的深奥表述，对于读者而言，这个艺术史学家书中的观点要容易理解很多。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题The country had（ ） swiftly into open conflict

3、 with its neighbors.问题1选项A.underwentB.plungedC.tightenedD.confronted【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。undergo “经受，经历；遭受”；plunge “投入，跳进，陷入 ”；tighten “变紧，绷紧，拉紧”；confront “使面临，对抗”。句意：这个国家很快便陷入了与邻国的公开冲突中。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Vi

4、ewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be

5、 debated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possib

6、le comer cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from

7、recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate appr

8、oach is advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that world prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscr

9、upulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting societys priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers has begun to shift the tide, however. As

10、abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relatio

11、n to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell.1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation（ ） .2. Manufacturers in the text tend to（ ） .3.Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that（ ） .4.The authors attitude toward the issu

12、e seems to be （ ）.5. The main purpose of this text is to（ ） .问题1选项A.are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuitB.suffer injuries from faulty merchandise and deserve appropriate compensationC.will find their options limited in the future as product liability laws will

13、move toward a more moderate positionD.bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and profit seeking grounds问题2选项A.invariably produce dangerous products that require legislation to ensure safetyB.hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safetyC.be the victims of a le

14、gal institution that unfairly targets themD.be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing their products问题3选项A.such laws curb producers ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profitB.the laws need to be modified to better serve the needs of both consumers

15、and producersC.the results of such laws have been positive thus far, but need to be modifiedD.strict product liability laws are unnecessary and should be disposed of问题4选项A.biasedB.puzzlingC.objectiveD.indifferent问题5选项A.present two opposing sides of an argument for the readers considerationB.educate

16、the reader about the effect of product liability legislation on the legal systemC.convince the reader that product liability laws need to be changed.D.inform the reader of the current status of product liability laws【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章提到如果产品质量有问题，消费者有权利提起诉讼；但是也有少量消费者由于贪婪而去寻求一切有可能的机

17、会去获取大量的赔偿费（These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court）。选项D全面，符合题意。2.文章第二段第一句话后半句提到manufactures would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers，所以选项B符合题意。

18、3.文章第三段第二句话提到采取中间态度的人认为既要预防产品质量带来的问题，也要预防过度的消费者保护，所以选项B符合题意。4.文章最后一段作者提到主张对产品质量严格要求的阵营占了主导地位，相关法律法规将会对产品质量进行严格监管，同时也会对消费者无聊的诉求进行更为严格的监控，但是至于结果到底怎么样，作者认为都要交给时间（only time will tell），所以作者是抱着客观的态度。选项C符合题意。5.文章主要提及了现在产品质量法律法规，不同阵营的人对此持不同的态度，有的偏向生产商，有的偏向消费者。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题In the cowboy movies produced by H

19、ollywood, the “bad guys”（ ） get punished at the end.问题1选项A.inevitablyB.doubtlessC.deliberatelyD.readily【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。inevitably “不可避免地；必然地”；doubtless “无疑地；确定地”；deliberately “故意地”；readily “容易地；乐意地”。句意：在好莱坞出品的西部影片中，那些“坏人们”最后都无法避免被惩罚。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Over the past decade, many companies had perfected

20、the art of creating automatic behaviors habits among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, l

21、ike dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors t

22、hat happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, youll find that ma

23、ny of the products we use every day chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitaminsare results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today,

24、 because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didnt drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies start

25、ed bottling the production of far-off spring, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as p

26、art of morning beauty rituals slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.” said Carol Beming, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble the company that sold $ 76 billion of Tide, Crest and o

27、ther products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers lives, and its essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Beming have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habi

28、tual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap（ ） .2.The example of brushing teet

29、h shows that some of consumers habits are developed due to3.Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to4.How did Carol Beming see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?5.What is the authors attitude toward the influence of advertising on peoples habi

30、ts?问题1选项A.should be further cultivatedB.are deeply rooted in historyC.should be changed graduallyD.are basically private concerns问题2选项A.perfected art of productsB.commercial promotionsC.automatic behavior creationD.scientific experiments问题3选项A.show the urgent need of daily necessitiesB.reveal their

31、impact on peoples habitsC.indicate their effect on peoples buying powerD.manifest the significant role of good habits问题4选项A.It may not bring huge profits for companies.B.It has become a new field of scientific researchC.It means a heavy investment for companiesD.It is necessary for the success of ne

32、w products.问题5选项A.IndifferentB.NegativeC.PositiveD.Biased【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第二段第一句there are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits提到这个博士的观点：因为我们不知道如何改变人们的习惯，所以有像手

33、脏了而不用肥皂洗手的根本公共健康问题仍然是导致人类死亡的事物。而这种习惯需要培养。选项A符合题意。2.文章第四段a century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with

34、 Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands提到在广告普及之前很少有人会有规律地刷牙，由此可知选项B “商业促销”符合题意。3.文章第五段提到人们以前从来不会在不用餐的情况下喝水。然后饮料公司开始生产灌装水，现在办公室的人会不假思索地喝水。曾经口香糖也大部分是青春期男孩购买，现在被商业广告塑造成清新口气和牙齿清新剂。这些都是因为人们的习惯被改变了。选项B符合题意。4.文章倒数第二段第一句Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns提到当产品成为每天或每周的生活

35、方式时，这些产品就成功了。选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一段最后一句As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods提到这些策略被用来销售有问题的美容膏或不健康的食品时，随之而来的便是无休止的争论。可知作者对商业广告影响人们的习惯是抱消极态度的。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The history of film reflects the（

36、） inherent in the medium itself: film combines still photographs to represent continuous motion and, while seeming to present life itself, can also offer impossible and dreamlike unrealities.问题1选项A.trivialitiesB.biasesC.constraintsD.paradoxes【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。triviality “浅薄，轻浮，琐事”；bias “偏见，偏爱”； cons

37、traint “约束，局促”；paradox “悖论，反论，似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：电影的历史反映了这种媒体本身具备的矛盾：电影将静止的照片结合在一起区别表现连续的动作，而当呈现生活时，也经常提供一些不可能的和不真实的东西。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题In the end, the police had to（ ） to force in order to break up the crowd.问题1选项A.confineB.withdrawC.employD.appeal【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。confine “限制；禁闭”； withdraw “撤退；离开；收

38、回”；employ “使用，采用；雇用”；appeal “呼吁；上诉；诉诸于”。句意：最后，警察为了驱散人群只能诉诸于武力。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题The football match was televised （ ）from the Government stadium.问题1选项A.aliveB.liveC.lifeD.lively【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。alive “活着的，有活力的”；live “现场直播的”；life “生活，生命”；lively “活泼的，生动的”。句意：这场足球比赛正从政府体育场现场直播。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题The boy answer

39、ed all my questions with complete （ ）.问题1选项A.insuranceB.securityC.assuranceD.safety【答案】C【解析】考察名词词义辨析。insurance“保险，保险费”；security“安全，保证”；assurance “保证，担保，确信”；safety “安全，保险”。句意：这个小男孩自信地回答了我所有的问题。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题Evidence came up（ ） specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.问题1选项

40、A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose【答案】B【解析】考查同位语从句。通过分析句子可知，后面 specific sounds are recognized是对前面的evidence的解释说明，是同位语，并且是个完整的句子，所以此处用that来引导这个同位语从句。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Some scientists are dubious of the claim that organisms（ ） with age as an inevitable outcome of living.问题1选项A.depressB.defaultC.degradeD.deteriora

41、te【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。degrade “降低，降级，退化”；deteriorate “恶化，变坏”；default “拖欠，不履行义务”；depress “ 压抑，使沮丧”。根据句意“科学家对于生物体随着年龄增长会_是必然结果这种说法表示怀疑”，可知空格处应该填表示“退化”此类意思的词，degrade强调功能的退化，deteriorate 强调身体状况的恶化，显然选项C符合题意。12. 单选题The American dream is most （ ）during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by Amer

42、ican capitalism.问题1选项A.plausibleB.patrioticC.primitiveD.partial【答案】A【解析】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE考查形近形容词词义辨析。plausible “貌似可行的，似乎合理的”；patriotic “爱国的”；primitive “原始的”；partial “偏爱的，局部的”。根据句意“美国资本主义带来发达的生产力创造了财富”，所以使得在人们看来美国梦是可实现的。所以选项A符合题意。13. 单选题（ ）, he remains very mode

43、st.问题1选项A.Though his contributionsB.He made great contributionsC.For all his great contributionsD.However his great contributions【答案】C【解析】考查语法知识。Though 与however为连词，后面要接句子，不能接名词，所以选项A和D排除；选项B是一个完整的句子，空格后面也是一个完整的句子，中间没有任何连词，所以选项B排除。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题One cannot be really happy if（ ） he enjoys doing is ign

44、ored by society as of no value or importance.问题1选项A.thatB.howC.whatD.where【答案】C【解析】考查从句连接词的用法。句意：一个人如果喜欢做的事被社会认为没有价值而被忽略的话，他不会真的快乐。分析句子可知空格处要填入一个引导主语从句的连词，选项C符合题意。15. 单选题Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for“academic mobility”is now often stated in impressive

45、terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest p

46、hilosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presum

47、es that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been comforting to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite a

48、lone, confronted by ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aero plane, making contact between scholars even in the most

49、 distant places immediately possible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantities and require no furthe

50、r mention: there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.In addition, one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number

51、 of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined.These people would work in some, isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also wh

52、ere the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of w

53、hat is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.1.According to the pas

54、sage, scholars and students are great travelers because （ ）.2.The writer says that travel was important in the past because it（ ） .3.The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because（ ） .4.The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel bec

55、ause（ ） .5.Developments in international co-operation are often, it is suggested, the result of（ ） .问题1选项A.salaries and conditions are better abroadB.standards are higher at foreign universitiesC.they are eager for new knowledgeD.their governments encourage them to travel问题2选项A.led to economic progr

56、essB.was a way of spreading ideasC.made new ideas less shockingD.broke down political barriers问题3选项A.more people are studying sciencesB.a greater variety of subjects is studiedC.more students are doing postgraduate workD.the number of universities has increased问题4选项A.their fellow experts are scatter

57、ed round the worldB.their laboratories are in remote placesC.there are so many people working in similar fieldsD.there is a lot of dissatisfaction with social affairs at universities问题5选项A.articles in learned journalsB.programs sponsored by governmentsC.friendships formed by scholars at meetingsD.th

58、e work of international agencies【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE1.文章第一段最后一句话Seriousstudents were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulatingteachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, themost eff

59、ective medicine, the likeliest road to gold提到认真的学生总是准备去国外寻找充满新思想的老师和最负盛名的学府，去寻求纯粹的哲学，最有效的医学等等。由此可知，学生和学者去国外是为了学习新知识。选项C符合题意。2.文章第二段第一句话Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people提到这种流动性意味着思想的流动，思想穿越了国界，

60、并且对许多群体产生了影响。由此可知，学者的旅行在不断促进思想的传播。选项B符合题意。3.文章第五段In addition, one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are preci

61、sely defined提到人们必须认识到尤其是在科学领域的学科数量的显著增长成就了一大批专门领域研究的专家。由此可知学术研究的专门化是由于学科数量的增加引起的，选项B符合题意。4.文章第五段最后一句These people would work in some, isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries提到如果他们不去与同样孤单的团体保持联系，他们将会陷于孤立的境地。所以，他们需要通过旅行来保持彼此之间的联系。选项A符合题意。5.文章最后一句

62、From these meetings come personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus提到学者们建立的私人关系是几乎所有合作体系中最基本的要素，并且能推动学术的发展，这是令所有学者都满意的。由此可知，国际合作往往开始于学者间建立的私人关系。选项C符合题意。16. 单选题Much of the language used to describe mometary policy, such as“steering the economy to a soft landing”or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are