2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第8期

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1、2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on wor

2、ds alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We dont always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words dont mean anything ex

3、cept “Im letting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just pay attention to what Im feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before Ill buy.” The owner says,

4、 “Its been like that for years.” Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I dont want to fix it. We put up with it. Why cant you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred

5、, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The orderi

6、ng of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friends unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern

7、of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a serials of charges like “Youre dumb/ “Youre lazy,” and “Youre dishonest,” may also say “NoP and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is And youre good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are p

8、resented. The words, “If sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assu

9、mes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners if_.2. “Im letting off some steam” in paragraph 1 means_.3. The house-owners example shows that he actually means_.4. Some responses

10、 and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if_.5. The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done_.问题1选项A.they use proper words to carry their ideasB.they both speak truly of their own feelingsC.they try to understand each others ideas beyond wordsD.they are

11、 capable of associating meaning with their words问题2选项A.Im just calling your attentionB.Pm just kiddingC.Pm just saying the oppositeD.Im just giving off some sound问题3选项A.the step has been like that for yearsB.he doesnt think it necessary to fix the stepC.the condition of the step is only a minor faul

12、tD.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared问题4选项A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertivenessB.seen as ones habitual pattern of behaviorC.taken as part of an ordering sequenceD.expressed to a series of charges问题5选项A.without true intentionB.light-heartedlyC.in a way of ceremonyD.with less e

13、mphasis【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone.（言语的确为我们提供了一些信息，但其意思是从如此多的其它来源中获取出来的，以至于过于依赖

14、言语将阻碍我们与其他人交流的效果）可知D选项“他们能把自己的言语与意思联系起来”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sometimes our words dont mean anything except “Im letting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just pay attention to what Im feeling.”（有时我们的言语并没有什么意思，除了“我正在宣泄情绪。 我实际上不想让你仔细听我说的话，而是注意我的感受”外）可知A选项“

15、我只是提醒你注意”符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章一段中的Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I dont want to fix it. We put up with it. Why cant you?”（事实上，这个台阶已经有好几年不是这样的了，但暗含的信息是：“我不想修复它。我们能忍受它。你为什么不能忍受它了？）可知B选项“他认为没必要修台阶”符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干意思是“有些反应和行为可能看起来非常不合逻辑，但如果，是合理的”。根据第二段第五句A fri

16、ends unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness.（一个朋友的异常温顺的行为，也许只能通过注意到它是以需要异常自信的情境为前提才能被理解）和第六句 Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic.（有些反应可能直接与反应

17、的发展模式有关，而且不符合逻辑）可推断，如果要理解有些反应和行为，那么就需要注意到之前发生的事件的情况，所以C项“作为有序的续发事件的一部分”符合题意。A项“与一定反常程度的自信有关”，表述不够全面；B项“被视为一个人的习惯性行为模式”，文中没有提到习惯性行为；D项“表达了一系列指控”在文中只是举例说明，D项不选。因此，该题选择C项正确。5.词义题。“ritual（仪式，惯例）”为副词ritualistically的名词形式，故ritualistically表述“仪式地”，因此选C。2. 单选题After several nuclear disasters, a_has raged over

18、the safety of nuclear energy.问题1选项A.quarrelB.suspicionC.verdictD.controversy【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项quarrel“争吵，吵架”，强调以发生口角和吵架等形式引起的争论；B选项suspicion“怀疑，嫌疑”；C选项verdict“裁定，裁决”；D选项controversy“(公开的)争论，辩论”，指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。根据the safety of nuclear energy可知核能安全是一个重要的话题，因此选D。句意：在几次核灾难之后，激起了一场关于核能安全的争论。3. 翻译题Tra

19、nslate the following passage into Chinese.Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in s central short message cent

20、er which then forwards it to the destination mobile. This means that in the case that the recipient is not available; the short message is stored and can be sent later. Each short message can be no longer than 160 characters. These characters can be text or binary Non-Text Short messages. An interes

21、ting feature of SMS is return receipts. This means that the sender, if wishes, can get a small message notifying if the short message was delivered to the intended recipient.【答案】短信服务是通过移动网络来传送短消息的机制。它是一种在手机间储存和发送信息的途径。发送手机所传来的信息（纯文本）被储存于中央短消息中心，然后这个中心将它转发到目标手机。也就是说，在这种情况下，收件人收不到消息。短消息是先被储存后再被发送。每条短信

22、可能不超过160个字符。这些字符可以是文本，或是二进制非文本消息。短信有趣的地方在于有回执。就是说，如果收件人成功收到短信，那么发件人就会收到一条提醒通知。4. 单选题People say that John Smith is very eccentric.问题1选项A.neatB.nervousC.oddD.proud【答案】C【解析】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 考查形容词词义辨析。题目中eccentric为“古怪的（人）；反常的” A选项为“整洁的；干净的”；B选项为 “神经的；紧张不安的”；C选项为“古

23、怪的；临时的；奇数的”；D选项为“自豪的；得意的”。由句意可知，人们说约翰斯密斯是个非常古怪的。因此，正确答案是C项。 5. 单选题Rhetoric is（）.问题1选项A.the ability to lie without revealing it with body language.B.a technique used to speak faster.C.the skill of using language persuasivelyD.the ability to interpret complex logical problems【答案】C【解析】考查名词。Rhetoric指“修辞

24、，修辞学；华丽辞藻”。A选项表示“是一种不会因为肢体语言暴露（目的）的说谎能力”；B选项表示“是一种加快说话方式的技巧”；C选项为“令人信服地运用语言的技巧”；D选项为“解释复杂逻辑关系的能力”。修辞是指运用语言技巧，努力提高语言表达和接受效果的活动。因此，C项最符合题意。6. 单选题The director gave me his _that he would double my pay if I did my job well.问题1选项A.warrantB.obligationC.assuranceD.certainty【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项warrant“许可证，授权证

25、”；B选项obligation“责任，义务”；C选项assurance“保证，担保”；D选项certainty“确实的事，必然的事”。句意：主任向我保证，如果我把工作做好，他会给我双倍的工资。7. 单选题It is due to the invention of the computer that man has been able to work so many. A case _ is the successful launching of space shuttle.问题1选项A.in pointB.in questionC.in a wayD.in brier【答案】A【解析】考查短语

26、搭配。A选项in point相关的，恰当的；B选项in question讨论中的，有问题的；C选项in a way从某种程度上，有点儿；D选项in brief简言之。因此，根据句意可知，正是电脑的发明才使得人们在过去的几年中创造了这么多的奇迹，一个恰当的例子就是航天飞机的成功发射。故A项是正确答案。8. 单选题Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who st

27、udy the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latte

28、r view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol

29、ogy.“If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for

30、 rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, lie notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failin

31、g grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1. Psychologists are divided with regard to the

32、ir attitudes toward（）.2. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?3. Which of the following can best raise students creativity according to Rober Eisenberger?4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standa

33、rds because they believe（）.5. The phrase “token economies” (Line 1，Para 5) probably refers to（）.问题1选项A.the choice between spiritual encouragementB.the amount of monetary rewards for students creativityC.the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD.the effects of external rewards

34、 on students performance问题2选项A.They have no doubts about themB.They have doubts about themC.They approve of themD.They avoid talking about them问题3选项A.Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with beforeB.Assigning them tasks which require inventivenessC.Giving them rewards they really deserve.D.Givi

35、ng them rewards they anticipate.问题4选项A.rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB.punishment is more effective than rewardingC.failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD.discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgen

36、cy问题5选项A.ways to develop economyB.systems of rewarding studentsC.approaches to solving problemsD.method s of improving performance【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一句话“Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, aflect motivation and creativi

37、ty”可知，心理学家对于外部奖励（不论是精神鼓励还是物质奖励）如何影响动机和创造力持对立观点。因此，心理学家因“外部奖励对学生行为的影响持不同态度”而分成两派。本题正确答案为D项。2.推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了Behaviorists和Cognitive researchers的两种不同观点。而由文章第二段第一句话The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.可知，后者的观点，也就是Cognitive researchers获得了很多的支持，尤其是在教育工作者中。他们认为奖赏会摧毁创造力。因此，大

38、多数教育工作者对给予学生的外部奖励持否定态度。正确答案为B项。3.推理判断题。在文章第三段中，the University of Delaware 的Robert Eisenberger 表述了自己对于奖励机制的观点。他认为如果孩子们知道是为得到奖励而学习，并能专注完成相对有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造性。但如果对表现不好的孩子也给予奖励，或者让他们对奖励有过分的期待，那么就很容易扼杀他们的创造力。因此，只有奖励该得奖励的孩子，才能发挥其创造性，正确答案为 C项。4.推理判断题。题干：大学正试图严格评分标准是因为他们认为什么？由文章第四段As an example of the la

39、tter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.可知，重点大学加强分级标准是因为“the latter point”，也就是第三段中提及的its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards这一观点，因此A项符合题意。5.考查词汇题。分析toke

40、n economies后的定语从句in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity.可知，在这种机制下，学生能解决富有挑战性的任务并且获得奖励，这将有望提高学生的努力度和创造性。因此，本题正确答案为B项“奖励学生的机制”。9. 单选题If no one asks any question, I_everybody understands.问题

41、1选项A.deduceB.presumeC.pretendD.presuppose【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项deduce“推论，推断”；B选项presume“假设，认为”；C选项pretend“假装，伪装”；D选项presuppose“假设，以为前提”。根据If no one asks any question可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：如果没有人问任何问题，那么我认为大家都能理解。10. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English.我崇拜朝气，喜欢自由，赞美胆量大的，精力强的。一个人行为或精神上有朝气，不在蝇头小利上打算计较，

42、不拘泥于物质攫取与人世毁誉；他能挺起脊梁，坚持走自己的路，他所学的或同我所学的完全是两样东西，他的政治思想或与我的极其相反，他的宗教信仰或与我的格格不入，那不碍事，我仍然觉得他是个朋友，这是个人。我喜欢这种人，也尊敬这种人。这种人也许粗鲁了一点，但一切伟大事业伟大作品就只有这类人才有份，他不可避免会失败，但决不会轻易放弃。【答案】I worship vitality and freedom, and I admire the plucky and the strong in heart. A person who is full of vitality in behavior and spir

43、it would be neither concerned with petty profits nor constrained by the material prosperity and reputation. He can be upright and insist on his own way. Though what he has learnt is totally different from that of mine, as well as political thoughts and religious belief, all of these do not matter. I

44、 still consider him as my friend and a real man. I like him and also respect his kind of person. Maybe they are a little rude, but only this kind of men can accomplish great works and cause. Inevitably, he may be fail, but he will never give up easily.11. 单选题Sometimes the tension produced by fears i

45、s so great that we cannot suppress it. At such times we need to_the tension by laughing or crying.问题1选项A.discardB.disperseC.disguiseD.discharge【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项discard v.抛弃，丢弃；B选项disperse v.分散，使散开，传播；C选项disguise v.掩饰，假装；D选项discharge v.排放，释放，卸货。根据句意可知，有时恐惧造成的紧张，我们无法自行克制，这时就需要哭泣或者怒吼来释放压力。因此，正确答案为D

46、。12. 单选题National and international（）is indispensable if victory is to be achieved.问题1选项A.sociologyB.isolationC.solidarityD.solo【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项sociology n.社会学；B选项isolation n.隔离，孤立；C选项 solidarity n.团结，团结一致；D选项solon.独奏，独唱曲。句意：如果要取得胜利，国家和国际力量的团结必不可少。因此只有C项符合句意和搭配。13. 单选题The Space Age_in October 19

47、75 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the former Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 initiate“开始，发起”，一般指活动，团体的产生；B选项originate“起源于，来自，产生”；C选项embark“上船，装船，从事”，后面常接介词on/upon；D选项commence“开始”，指重大事件及历史时期的开始。根据The Space Age（太空时代）和 the first art

48、ificial satellite（第一颗人造卫星）可知是一件重大事件，因此选D。句意：太空时代始于1957年10月，当时苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星。14. 单选题If the world is to remain peaceful, the utmost effort must be made by nations to limit local _.问题1选项A.collisionsB.combatsC.contradictionsD.conflicts【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项collision“冲突，碰撞”，指物理上的碰撞；B选项combat“格斗，搏斗”；C选项contrad

49、iction“矛盾，冲突”，指观点上的冲突；D选项conflict“(武装)斗争，冲突”。根据If the world is to remain peaceful可知D选项符合语义。句意：如果世界要保持和平，各国必须尽最大努力限制地方冲突。15. 单选题Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while wome

50、n cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles. But by the middle of this century, mens and womens roles were becoming less firmly fixed.In the 1950s, economic and soci

51、al success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare,

52、men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young

53、men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But its influence spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial wor

54、kers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime” work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or wom

55、ens liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers. Most of them still took traditional womens jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. But some women began to enter tra

56、ditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion.Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in a

57、djusting to these transformations.and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 1?2. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 2?3. In the passage the author proposes that the coun

58、terculture_.4. It could be inferred from the passage that_.5. The best title for the passage may be_.问题1选项A.Women usually worked outside the home for wages.B.Men and womens roles were easily exchanged in the past.C.Mens roles at home were more firmly fixed than womens.D.Men and womens roles were usu

59、ally quite separated in the past.问题2选项A.The first sentence.B.The second and the third sentences.C.The fourth sentence.D.The last sentence.问题3选项A.destroyed the United StatesB.transfonned some American valuesC.was not important in the United StatesD.brought people more leisure time with their families

60、问题4选项A.men and women will never share the same goalsB.some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male rolesC.most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wivesD.more American households are headed by women than ever before问题5选项A.Results of Feminist Mo

61、vementsB.New influence in American LifeC.Counterculture and Its consequenceD.Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。由文章第一段中Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the hom

62、e and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles.（男人在外面工作，挣的钱养家，而女人做饭，照顾家里和孩子。这些角色对大多数人来说是固定不变的，妇女没有机会交换她们的角色）可知过去男女的分工明确，角色相对固定，因此选D。2.主旨大意题。文章第二段主要讲述了反主流文化对男女分工角色的影响，再根据第一段最后一句中But by the middle of this century, mens and womens roles were becoming less firmly fixed.（但是到了本世纪中叶，男性和女性的角色越来越不固定）可知C选项最符合题意。A选项“在20世纪50年代，经济和社会的成功是典型的美国人的目标”；B选项“但是在20世纪60年代，一支新的力量被称为反文