2022年考博英语-山西大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第24期

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题As a motivational speaker, Caroline Miller knows a few things about using mental exercises to achieve goals. But last year, one exercise she was asked to try took her by surprise. Every night, she was to think of three good things that happened that day and a

2、nalyze why they occurred. That was supposed to increase her overall happiness. “I thought it was too simple to be effective”, said Miller. “I went to Harvard. Im used to things being complicated.” But, the quality of her dreams did change and she did feel happier.That exercise is one of several that

3、 have shown preliminary promise in recent research into how people can make themselves happiernot just for a day or two, but long-term. Its part of a larger body of work that challenges a long-standing skepticism about whether thats even possible.For decades, a widely accepted view has been that peo

4、ple are suck with a basic setting on their happiness thermostat. It says the effects of good or bad life events like marriage, a raise, divorce, or disability will simply fade with time. We adapt to them just like we stop noticing bad odor from behind the living room couch after a while.But recent l

5、ong-term studies have revealed that the happiness thermostat is more malleable than the popular theory maintained. “Set-point is not destiny,” says psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois.The think-of-three-good-things exercise that Miller found so simplistic at first is among those bei

6、ng tested by Martin Seligman at the University of Pennsylvania. People keep doing it on their own because its immediately rewarding. It makes people focus more on good things, which might otherwise be forgotten, because of daily disappointments.Sonja Lyubomirsky, a psychologist at the University of

7、California, meanwhile, is testing some other simple strategies. “This is not rocket science,” she said. For example, participants were asked to regularly practice random acts of kindness, things like holding a door open for a stranger, for 10 weeks. Participants who performed a variety of acts, rath

8、er than repeating the same ones, showed an increase in happiness even a month after the experiment was concluded. Those who kept on doing the acts on their own did better than those who didnt.But she also said any long-term effect will probably depend on people continuing to work at it. “Happiness i

9、s the process not the place. So many of us think that when we get everything just right, we will be happy But once we get everything in place, we still need new goals and activities. The Princess could not just stop when she got the Prince.”1.For Miller, the think-of-three-good-things exercise（ ）.2.

10、According to the widely accepted view about happiness,（ ）.3.Results from separate tests by Martin Seligman and Sonja Lyubomirsky both show that（ ）.4.“The Princess could not just stop when she got the Prince.” suggests that（ ）.5.The passage is mainly written to（ ）.问题1选项A.turned out to be a disasterB.

11、was unexpectedly effectiveC.produced a mixed outcomeD.was too simple to be useful问题2选项A.good events make it easier for people to enjoy a happier lifeB.little may come out of peoples efforts to a happier lifeC.it is nothing wrong for people to wish to have a happier lifeD.peoples adaptation skills ma

12、y be the key to a happier life问题3选项A.the effects of some effective strategies may not lastB.it is necessary for people to try all the usefu1 strategiesC.the same strategy has different effects on different peopleD.simple strategies can actually make people feel happier问题4选项A.changes in life goals ma

13、y not affect the long-term happinessB.cherishing what you have is the way to a long-term happinessC.continued efforts are needed to ensure a long-term happinessD.it is impossible for people to achieve a long-term happiness问题5选项A.help people reconsider the value of happinessB.compare the different st

14、rategies to happinessC.confirm the popular theory of happinessD.introduce the latest studies on happiness【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第四到八句That was supposed to increase her overall happiness. “I thought it was too simple to be effective”, said Miller But, the quality of her dreams d

15、id change and she did feel happier.（这应该会增加她的整体幸福感。米勒说：“我认为这太简单了，根本不起作用但是，她的梦的质量确实改变了，她感到更快乐了。），可知B选项“意想不到的好”正确，D选项“因为太简单，所以没效果”错误，A选项“是一场灾难”错误。D选项“喜忧参半的结果”：没有提到消极的影响。因此B选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段第二、三句the effects of good or bad life events like marriage, a raise, divorce, or disability will simply fade with

16、time. We adapt to them just like we stop noticing bad odor from behind the living room couch after a while.（生活中好事或坏事的影响，如结婚、加薪、离婚或残疾，都会随着时间而逐渐消失。我们适应了它们，就像一段时间后我们不再注意客厅沙发的难闻气味一样。），可知这里说好事和坏事的影响都不会长久，故A选项“好的事件使人们更容易享受幸福的生活”错误；因为不长久，所以努力也可能没多大用，故B选项“人们为幸福生活所做的努力可能收效甚微”正确；不长久的原因是习惯了那种感觉，就像会习惯沙发的气味一样，原文

17、的adopt倾向于习惯某件事，和D选项“人们的适应能力也许是幸福生活的关键”中的适应能力不同，故D选项错误。C选项“人们希望拥有更幸福的生活没有错”不是主要观点，没有讨论追求幸福是对是错的问题，故错误。因此B选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第一段Miller做的简单的测试感觉到更快乐，参考36题答案解析，以及第五段第一句The think-of-three-good-things exercise that Miller found so simplistictested by Martin Seligman（Martin Seligman进行了测试，米勒一开始认为思考三件好事的策略过于简单。）

18、，以及根据第六段Sonja Lyubomirskytesting some other simple strategies.（Sonja Lyubomirsky正在测试一些其他的简单策略）和showed an increase in happiness even a month after the experiment（即使在一个月之后，幸福感仍有所提高），可知两人都做的简单测试，并且让人感觉更幸福，并且持久，故D选项“简单的策略实际上可以让人们感觉更快乐”正确，A选项“有的有效策略的效果也许不能持久”错误。B选项“人们有必要尝试所有有用的策略”：根据第六段Participants who p

19、erformed a variety of acts（参与者做不同动作），这不代表要尝试所有有用的策略。C选项“同样的策略对不同的人有不同的影响”：没有提到不同的影响，测试结果都是正向的。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第七段倒数第二句once we get everything in place, we still need new goals and activities（一旦我们把每件事都做好了，我们仍然需要新的目标和活动），可知幸福需要持续拥有目标和实现目标，通过这样获得长期的幸福，故C选项“需要持续的努力来确保长期的幸福”正确，A选项“生活目标的改变可能不会影响长期的幸福”错误，

20、D选项“人们不可能获得长期的幸福”错误。B选项“珍惜你所拥有的是长久幸福的途径”：珍惜在文中没有提到。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。作者通过颠覆大多数人对快乐的理解，再引出自己对快乐的理解，想要人们重新思考幸福，故A选项“帮助人们重新思考幸福的价值”正确。B选项“比较不同的幸福策略”：文中通过例子可知幸福的策略很简单，没有强调各个方法的不同点。C选项“证实流行的幸福理论”：文中说的幸福策略恰恰跟很多人想的不一样，作者讲的策略并不流行。D选项“介绍关于幸福的最新研究”：文章没有提到这些信息是否是最近的。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题You can always use（ ）glass if yo

21、u need to block a street view.问题1选项A.convertibleB.decorousC.opaqueD.salient【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项convertible“可改变的；可转换的；可兑换的”；B选项decorous“礼貌得体的”；C选项opaque“（玻璃、液体等）不透明的，不透光的，浑浊的”；D选项salient“显著的；最重要的”。句意：如果你需要遮挡街景，可以使用（ ）玻璃。opaque“（玻璃）不透明的，不透光的”，glass（玻璃）可以遮挡光，符合语境。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题We spent an hour（ ）with th

22、e crowds as we did our shopping.问题1选项A.purlingB.cobblingC.jostlingD.tapping【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项purling“用反针编织；用金银丝绣”；B选项cobbling“修，拙劣地修补；草率地拼凑，粗制滥造；铺鹅卵石，用圆石铺面”；C选项jostling“推搡，推挤；争夺”；D选项tapping“轻敲，打拍子，窃听”。句意：在购物时我们一个小时（ ）在人群中。jostling“推搡”和the crowds搭配，符合购物时拥挤的生活场景。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题We all have offensive br

23、eath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat t

24、he usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxyge

25、n-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfide producing bacteria gains the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exerciseanything that dries the mouth produces ba

26、d breath. So can stress, though its not understood why. Some peoples breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose

27、mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, file simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath. Those with chronic dry mouth find tha

28、t it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the ef

29、fect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is they dont necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcoholas most doit can inte

30、nsify the problem by drying out the mouth.1.The underlined phrase “emanate from” in (Sent. 2, Para. 1) most probably means “（ ）”.2.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?3.According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because（ ）.4.Mouthw

31、ashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because（ ）.5.We can infer from this passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.thrive onB.account forC.originate fromD.descend from问题2选项A.Tooth trouble.B.Sulfur-rich food.C.Too much exercise.D.Mental strain.问题3选项A.it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB.its sm

32、ell adds to bad breathC.it kills some helpfulD.it affects the normal flow of saliva问题4选项A.they cant mask the bad odor long enoughB.they cant get to all the offending bacteriaC.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD.they cant cover the thick layers of mucus问题5选项A.offensive breat

33、h cant easily be curedB.elderly people are less offended by bad breathC.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD.offensive breath is less affected by alcohol【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义推测题。根据第一段第二句offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth（口臭来自口腔中的细菌），可知C选项“源自”符合题意，故C选项正确。A

34、选项“靠，以”，B选项“对负有责任；对做出解释；（比例）占有”，以及D选项“传下来”意思不符合。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第五段第一、二句anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why（任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，尽管不知道为什么），可知精神紧张导致口臭，故D选项“精神紧张”正确。A选项“牙齿问题”：根据第二段第一句，医生最多能建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁，可知口臭与口腔清洁有关，没有提到和牙齿问题有关。B选项“高硫的食物

35、”：根据第三段第二、三句，细菌以食物中的蛋白质为食，并排放硫化物这种口臭中最难闻的气体，可知并不是高硫食物导致口臭。C选项“运动过度”：根据第五段第一句，运动时用嘴呼吸产生口臭，可知不是运动过多导致口臭。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows（只要唾液的正常流速放缓，就会有口臭）和第五段第一句Alcoholanything that dries the mouth produces bad breath（酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭），酒精引发口臭，而口

36、臭的原因就是唾液流速低于正常速度，可推断酒精影响唾液正常流动，故D选项“它影响唾液正常流动”正确。A选项“它能阻止致病细菌繁殖”：文章中没有提到任何方法阻止细菌繁殖，只有通过刷牙等清除细菌的方法。B选项“其气味加剧口臭”：根据第八段第二句，含有酒精的漱口水通过气味掩盖口臭，没有提到其气味加剧口臭。C选项“它能有效杀死细菌”：根据第八段第三、四句，漱口水可以杀死部分细菌，但不能杀死所有致病细菌，可知漱口水不能有效杀死细菌。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第八段第四句The trouble is they dont necessarily reach all offending germs（问

37、题是它们不一定能接触到所有致病的细菌），the trouble交代这是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的主要原因，故B选项“它们无法接触到所有致病细菌”正确。A选项“它们无法长时间掩盖难闻气味”：无法长时间掩盖气味是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的表现。C选项“它们浓烈的气味和口臭味道混合后加剧口臭”：根据第八段最后一句如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数都含有会加剧问题，可知漱口水含有酒精并且加剧口臭。D选项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层”：根据第八段倒数第二句，大多数细菌在厚层黏液中，漱口水不能杀死它们，没有说到为什么不能和漱口水能不能到达厚层黏液。因此B选项正确。5.细节判断题。根据第二段Until a few yea

38、rs ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.（直到几年前，医生能做的最多的就是建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁。现在他们正在寻找新的方法来治疗这种通常可以治愈的疾病），对于治愈口臭，前几年医生能做的有限，而且现在还在寻找方法治愈口臭，可见口臭不容易治愈，故A选项“口臭不容易治愈”正确。B选项“老年人口臭较少”：根

39、据第六段第一句老年人比年轻人更多有口臭问题，可知老年人口臭问题更多。C选项“酗酒者较少受到口臭的影响”和D选项“口臭受酒精影响较小”：根据第五段第一句酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭，可知酒精加剧口臭问题并且影响不小。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题When you win, your errors are（ ）; when you lose, your errors are magnified.问题1选项A.expandedB.obscuredC.cultivatedD.exaggerated【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项expanded “扩充的，展开的”；B选项obscured

40、 “遮蔽的，湮没的”；C选项cultivated “有教养的；栽培的，培植的”；D选项exaggerated “夸张的，言过其实的”。本句表示“当你胜利时，你的错误会被（ ）；当你失败时，你的错误会被放大。”根据句意可知空格处应填magnified（放大的）的反义词，因此B选项正确。6. 翻译题Visit a museum these days and youll see people using their smartphones and cameras to take pictures of works of art, archeological finds, historical art

41、ifacts, and any other object that strikes their fancy. While taking a picture might seem like a good way to preserve the moment, new research suggests that museum-goers may want to put their cameras down. In a new study, psychological scientist Linda Henkel of Fairfield University presents data show

42、ing that participants had worse memory for objects, and for specific object details, when they took photos of them.“People so often whip out their cameras almost mindlessly to capture a moment, to the point that they are missing what is happening right in front of them,” says Henkel. She calls this

43、the “photo-taking impairment effect”.【答案】如今参观博物馆，你会看到人们用智能手机和相机拍摄艺术作品、考古发现、历史文物和任何其他吸引他们眼球的物品。虽然拍照似乎是保存这一瞬间的好方法，但新的研究表明，参观博物馆的人可能会想放下相机。在一项新的研究中，费尔菲尔德大学（Fairfield University）的心理学家琳达汉克尔（Linda Henkel）提供的数据显示，参与者在拍照时对物体和特定物体细节的记忆力较差。汉克尔说：“人们经常无意识地拿出相机来捕捉某个瞬间，以至于他们忽略了眼前正在发生的事情。”她称之为“拍照障碍效应”。7. 单选题He is

44、a young and（ ）coach who is prepared to lead his team to win the championship in his first season.问题1选项A.realisticB.humorousC.ambitiousD.intimate【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项realistic “现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的”；B选项humorous “诙谐的，幽默的；滑稽的，可笑的”；C选项ambitious “野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的”；D选项intimate “亲密的；私人的；精通的”。句意：他是一个年轻而有（ ）的教练，他

45、准备在他的第一个赛季带领他的球队赢得冠军。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题Were extremely interested in the source of these（ ）rumors.问题1选项A.salientB.fictitiousC.asceticD.indelible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项salient“显著的；最重要的”；B选项fictitious“虚假的”；C选项ascetic“清苦的，苦行的”；D选项indelible“无法忘记的，不可磨灭的”。句意：我们对这些（ ）谣言从何而来非常感兴趣。既然是rumors“谣言”，很多人会不假思索地相信，就不至于salie

46、nt“显著的；最重要的”，fictitious“虚假的”比较符合生活实际。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题Despite the（ ）conditions, the road was finished in just eight months.问题1选项A.attachedB.adverseC.adequateD.annual【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项attached “附加的；依恋的”；B选项adverse “不利的；敌对的”；C选项adequate “充足的；适当的；胜任的”；D选项annual “年度的；每年的”。句意：尽管存在种种（ ）情况，公路还是仅用8个月就完工了。因此B

47、选项正确。10. 单选题A person must satisfy his physiological needs, such as food, clothing and shelter, before（ ）any other objective.问题1选项A.recoveringB.searchingC.chasingD.pursuing【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项recovering“恢复，再生”；B选项searching“查找，思索”；C选项chasing“追赶；追求（事业、金钱、异性）”；D选项pursuing“追赶；追问；努力实现（目标）”。句意：一个人必须先满足生理需要，

48、如衣食住行，才能（ ）任何其他的目标。根据语境，pursuing“努力实现（目标）”搭配objective“目标”比较合理。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题Sharks have an undeserved reputation for being bloodthirsty killers that routinely make snacks out of tourists. Although the risk of getting eaten by a shark is extremely small, the same cannot be said for underwater fiber-

49、optic cables that carry data around the world.It seems sharks have a mighty craving for these vital intercontinental communication links, which has set Google on a mission to reinforce its transPacific cables by wrapping them in a Kevlarlike material. Google product manager Dan Belcher revealed thei

50、r shark-proofing efforts at a marketing meeting in Boston, Network World reports.But why are sharks zeroing in on our global communication networks? Sharks have an uncanny ability to sense electromagnetic fields in the water using tiny detectors in their snouts called ampulla of Lorenzini. The organ

51、s, which look like freckles, sense even minute changes to electrical fields in the water, helping sharks find prey, navigate or locate fiber-optic cables.“No doubt the electromagnetic felds associated with these wires are highly attractive to these sharks,” George Burgess, director of the Florida Pr

52、ogram for Shark Research, told USA. Interestingly, sharks dont seem to be lured to the older copper cables that run underwater. Its led to speculation that sharks confuse the high-voltage, magnetic emissions from fiber-optic cables with the signals given off by fish. Updated cables will thus likely

53、protect the sharks and reduce energy-wasting attacks. Sharks have been giving global communications companies headaches since the 1980s. According to the New York Time, a few shark teeth were found planted in a cable of the Canary Islands in 1985. Every year, more than 50 repairs are needed on under

54、sea transcontinental communication lines due to damage from wildlife, fishing trawlers and earthquakes, The Guardian reports. Googles reinforced cables will be installed as part of a new $300 million system connecting the United States to Japan, according to a press release from project partner NEC.

55、 It will result in an Internet connection that relays information across the Pacific Ocean at 60 terabytes per second. Thats good news for Internet users, but maybe the sharks have a hidden reason: Perhaps theyre simply fed up with fear-mongering documentaries that cast them in a negative light.1.Wh

56、at does “the same” in Paragraph 1 refer to?2.What is emphasized in Paragraph 2?3.Why do sharks bite fiber-optic cables?4.It can be learned that sharks（ ）.5.What is the main topic of the passage?问题1选项A.The killers making snacks out of tourists.B.The risk of getting eaten by sharks.C.The undeserved re

57、putation of sharks.D.The small chance of shark attacks.问题2选项A.The damage to cables caused by sharks.B.The cost of undersea cable lines.C.The function of underwater cameras.D.The development of undersea cables.问题3选项A.They mistake cables for fish.B.They like biting cable-shaped objects.C.They are curi

58、ous about cables.D.They enjoy the taste of cables.问题4选项A.like both copper cables and fiber-optic cablesB.prefer copper cables to fiber-optic cablesC.are attracted to fiber-optic cables onlyD.are attracted to copper cables only问题5选项A.Sharks are no bloodthirsty killers.B.How sharks pick signals from c

59、ables.C.Sharks benefit from electrical field.D.Fiber-optic cables are sharks prey.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.词义猜测题。由“Although the risk of getting eaten by a shark is extremely small, the same cannot be said for underwater fiber-optic cables that carry data around the world.（尽管被鲨鱼吃掉的风险非常小，但在全

60、球范围内传输数据的水下光缆却并非如此。）”可知，虽然人类被鲨鱼吃掉的风险很小，但是水下光缆被鲨鱼吃掉的风险却并非如此。所以the same表示被鲨鱼吃掉的风险。A选项“鲨鱼拿游客当点心”；C选项“鲨鱼被冤枉的名声”；D选项“被鲨鱼攻击的几率很小”都与上下文不符，因此B选项“被鲨鱼吃掉的风险”正确。2.主旨大意题。第二段的最后一句话说到“Google product manager Dan Belcher revealed their shark-proofing efforts at a marketing meeting in Boston, Network World reports. （

61、据网络世界报道，谷歌产品经理丹贝尔彻在波士顿的市场营销会议上透露了他们的防鲨鱼努力。）”，说明为了防止鲨鱼对电缆的破坏，人们做了很多努力，所以该段落更侧重于暗示鲨鱼对电缆造成的破坏。B选项“海底电缆线路的费用”在第二段没有表现出来；C选项“水下相机的功能”第二段没有提到；D选项“海底电缆的发展”第二段也没有提到。因此A选项“鲨鱼对电缆造成的损坏”正确。3.事实细节题。文章第五段写道“Its led to speculation that sharks confuse the high-voltage, magnetic emissions from fiber-optic cables wit

62、h the signals given off by fish. （人们猜测鲨鱼会将光纤电缆发出的高压磁辐射与鱼类发出的信号相混淆。）”，所以鲨鱼会咬电缆是因为错把它们当成了鱼类。B选项“它们喜欢咬电缆形状的物体”文中没有提到；C选项“它们对电缆很好奇”；D选项“它们喜欢电缆的味道”都与原文不符，因此A选项“它们把电缆错当成了鱼”正确。4.事实细节题。文章第五段写道“Interestingly, sharks dont seem to be lured to the older copper cables that run underwater.（有趣的是，鲨鱼似乎不会被海底的旧铜电缆所吸引。

63、）”，由此可知，鲨鱼只被光纤电缆吸引。A选项“铜电缆和光纤电缆都喜欢”；B选项“更喜欢铜电缆而不是光纤电缆”；D选项“只被铜电缆吸引”都与原文意思相悖，因此C选项“只被光纤电缆吸引”正确。5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了鲨鱼对电缆光纤的破坏。A选项“鲨鱼不是嗜血的杀手”文中并没有侧重讲解；B选项“鲨鱼如何从电缆中接收信号”文章也没有提到；C选项“鲨鱼受益于电场”说法错误；D选项“光纤电缆是鲨鱼的受害者”更准确，因此D选项正确。12. 翻译题Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin wit