2022年考博英语-清华大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第45期

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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequacy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human be

2、ings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. Energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possib

3、le to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990s is whether the trend that began in the 1970s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of n

4、ew resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of population growth and industrial demand.Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas a

5、re already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on todays scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guarantee

6、d.【答案】在人类历史发展的长河中，人们主要关心的是能源有利的一面。能源资源不足，或者为开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，同时意味着能源的增长遭到干扰和限制。到了 20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点，能源多方成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于，这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。廉价能源时代真的一去不返，还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施，有可能重登历史舞台？这个问题的一个关键因素是过去1

7、00年以来因人口空前增长带来巨大的能源需求以及工业需求。除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源以外，地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在。即使偶尔找到几个大油田，同当今巨大的能源消耗相比，也是杯水车薪。对于大多数国家来说，资源越来越多地依赖于深层埋藏，越来越多地依赖进口，且不说进口油气资源的可靠性无法得到保障，其对于进口国的购买力也是一个考验。2. 单选题It is known to all that children in this region have strong（ ）to swimming in summerbecause of the hot weather.问题1选项A.inclinati

8、onB.exposureC.fluxD.correlation【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。inclination 倾向；exposure 暴露；flux 涨潮；熔化；correlation 相互关系，相关性。句意: 由于夏天天热，这个地区的孩子对于游泳都有强烈的 。选项A符合句意。3. 单选题Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their（ ）.问题1选项A.conditionsB.combinationsC.peersD.granaries【答案】C【解析】语义题。空格填入的词应与children同类型

9、。因此C项peer （同龄人，同辈人）符合要求。4. 单选题They admitted that they shared the same（ ）on the matter.问题1选项A.PotentialityB.sentimentC.postscriptD.subscription【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。potentiality 潜能，潜力；sentiment 情操，情感；postscript 附言，后记；subscription 订金；捐献。shared the same后接选项D, 表示在这件事上出相同的订金。5. 单选题The local residents were unha

10、ppy about the curfew in this region and decided to（ ）it.问题1选项A.disgraceB.disguiseC.defyD.distress【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。disgrace 玷污；disguise 假装，伪装；defy 不服从，公然反抗；distress 使悲痛，使穷困；句意:当地居民对该地区的宵禁不满意,决定（ ） 。选项C符合句意。6. 单选题Her talk at the seminar clearly（ ）from the topic the supervisor expected in the field ofso

11、ciology.问题1选项A.alternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意:她的发言明显与领导期望的在社会学领域的主题（ ） 。Diverged from为固定搭配，意为“背道而驰；背离”。7. 单选题All the products made in China are sold and distributed in（ ）with the U. S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.问题1选项A.complianceB.pros

12、perityC.merchandiseD.intersection【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。in compliance with为固定搭配，意为“依从 ，按照”。8. 单选题These samples have to be（ ）in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.问题1选项A.immersedB.crispedC.armoredD.arrayed【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。Immerse浸没, 陷入； crisp 变脆,卷曲；armor 为穿盔甲；为提供防御；array 部署，排列。句意:这些样品必须 在某

13、种化学水中。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the（ ）silk from damage.问题1选项A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.tenderD.delicate【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。sensitive 敏感的，易受影响的；sensible 明智的，合乎情理的；tender 脆弱的, 温柔的；delicate 娇弱的, 纤细的, 易碎的。句意: 在加工过程中，应注意保护 丝绸不受损坏。故D项符合句意。10. 单选题Sea

14、 rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at the sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the worlds great seaport cities would be （1 ）: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo.

15、Some countries Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,（2）large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme （3） .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, （4）in coa

16、stal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. （5） water quality may result as（6） flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural （7）could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the （8）

17、plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be （9）affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would （10） grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects （11

18、） the crops.Human health would also be affected. Warming could （12 ） tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful （13 ）of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer（14）. There will b

19、e some （15）from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will （16 ）new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of todays colder regions more （17）. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems 一 both plant and animal

20、 will be less able than man to cope and （18 ）. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now （19 ）will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do ever

21、ything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions（20） by global warming.问题1选项A.ascendedB.assaultedC.erasedD.endangered问题2选项A.whichB.whereC.whenD.what问题3选项A.dislocationB.discontentC.distributionD.disti

22、nction问题4选项A.rebukingB.ramblingC.resultingD.rallying问题5选项A.IncreasedB.ReducedC.ExpandedD.Saddened问题6选项A.inlandB.coastalC.urbanD.suburban问题7选项A.dry-landB.mountainC.wetlandsD.forest问题8选项A.uniqueB.preciousC.interestingD.exciting问题9选项A.geologicallyB.adverselyC.secretivelyD.serially问题10选项A.shiftB.generat

23、eC.greaseD.fuse问题11选项A.hikingB.huggingC.attackingD.activating问题12选项A.endangerB.accommodateC.adhereD.enlarge问题13选项A.profitsB.valuesC.effectsD.interests问题14选项A.conditionsB.accommodationC.surroundingsD.evolution问题15选项A.adjustmentsB.benefitsC.adoptionsD.profits问题16选项A.alternateB.abuseC.advocateD.create问

24、题17选项A.accidentalB.habitableC.anniversaryD.ambient问题18选项A.adaptB.alleviateC.agitateD.assert问题19选项A.ascertainedB.conformedC.consoledD.anticipated问题20选项A.tutoredB.relayedC.triggeredD.reflected【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B第6题:B第7题:C第8题:A第9题:B第10题:A第11题:C第12题:D第13题:C第14题:A第15题:B第16题:D第17题:B第18题:A第19题:D第

25、20题:C【解析】（1）动词辨析和上下文语义。句意: 海平面上升 沿海城市。ascended 攀登，上升；assaulted 攻击，袭击；erased 抹去，擦掉；endangered 危及。选项D符合句意和上下文逻辑。（2）状语从句。地名Bangladesh and Egypt后用地点引导词where。（3）名词辨析和上下文语义。原句为，Heavily populated coastal areas would suffer extreme（人口稠密的沿海地区将遭受 ）。dislocation 混乱，断层；discontent 不满；distribution 分配；distinction 区

26、别，差别。选项A符合句意。（4）固定搭配。故答案为C。rebuke “指责，谴责”；ramble “漫步，漫游”；rally “重整旗鼓，使恢复健康”。result in后面接coastal flooding，意为“引起，导致海岸洪灾”。（5）上下文语义。Increased 增加的，上升的； reduced 减少的，简化的；expanded 膨胀的，扩大的；saddened 悲哀的，忧愁的。根据上下文可知水质量是下降的。（6）上下文语义。全文都围绕海平面上升和沿海洪水展开论述，coastal 沿海的, 海岸的。（7）名词辨析。dry-land 旱地；mountain 山脉；wetlands 湿

27、地；forest 森林。根据原文，在沿海地区的自然地带，有可能被洪水，选项C符合逻辑。（8）形容词辨析和上下文语义。unique 独特的；precious 值得珍视的；interesting 有趣的；exciting 令人兴奋的。句意：摧毁那儿 的动植物物种。unique 强调数量稀有而独特，precious强调价值宝贵。选项A更符合。（9）副词辨析。geologically 地质学地，地质地；adversely 不利地；secretively 隐秘地，隐匿地；serially 连续地。句意应为：粮食供应和森林受到不利的影响。（10）动词辨析和上下文语义。shift 移动，移位；generat

28、e 产生，发生；grease 涂脂，贿赂；fuse熔化。句意：温度升高会使谷物生长区向两极 。选项A符合句意。（11）动词辨析。hiking 远足，步行；hugging 拥抱；attacking 侵袭。activating 刺激，使活动。选项C符合句意。weeds and the insects attacking the crops表示杂草和昆虫攻击庄稼。（12）动词辨析。endanger 危及；accommodate 供应，供给；adhere 黏附，胶着；enlarge 扩大，扩展。句意：气候变暖可能 热带气候，导致黄热病、疟疾和其他疾病。enlarge 放在此处符合句意。（13）上下文语

29、义。句意：局部化的城市空气污染的有害 更加严重。harmful后面接effects,表示有害影响。（14）名词辨析。选项中，conditions 条件；accommodation 住处，膳宿；surroundings 环境；evolution 进展；进化。句意：在更加温暖的 下会更加严重。conditions 符合句意。（15）名词辨析和固定搭配。adjustments 调整；benefits 益处；adoptions 收养；profits利润，收益。Benefits符合句意，在此与from warming表示变暖的好处。（16）动词辨析和上下文语义。alternate 交替，轮流；abuse

30、 滥用；advocate 提倡；create创造，产生。此处还是说海平面上升带来的有利方面，create 符合上下文语义。（17）形容词辨析。accidental 意外的，非主要的；habitable 可居住的；anniversary 周年纪念为名词，排除；ambient 周围的。句意：气候变暖使现在更冷的地方更加适宜 。habitable 符合句意。（18）动词辨析。adapt 使适应；alleviate 使易于忍受，减轻；agitate 搅动，煽动；assert 断言，声称。空前有一个并列连接词and，此处应填一个cope的并列词。选项中，adapt （使适应）符合逻辑。（19）上下文语义

31、。ascertained 确定的，探知的；conformed 一致的，顺从的；consoled 安慰的，慰藉的；anticipated 预见的，预期的。句中有一个will，因此选项要体现将来的含义。Anticipated符合逻辑。（20）动词辨析。tutored 辅导，辅助；relayed 使接替，传播；triggered 触发；reflected 反射，反映。此处应填triggered 表示由全球变暖引发的不良影响。11. 单选题The industry has pumped（ ）amounts of money into political campaigns，making it less

32、 and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.问题1选项A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。potential 潜在的，有潜力的；substantial 大量的；客观的；massive 大而重的，大块的；traditional 传统的。此处substantial形容amounts of money （很大一笔钱）。12. 单选题One of the main reasons is that the universitys

33、（ ）attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.问题1选项A.fraudB.respondentC.misconductD.prestige【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。Fraud 欺诈; respondent （尤指离婚案的）被告；misconduct 不当行为; prestige 声望 。句意: 其中一个主要原因是大学的 吸引了全世界的学生和教职员工。故D项符合句意。13. 单选题I would never have（ ） a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.问题1选项A.

34、sought forB.accounted forC.turned upD.resorted to【答案】D【解析】动词词组辨析。resorted to 与a court搭配，意为诉诸法庭。14. 单选题The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treatyfollowing its（ ）declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.问题1选项A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomo

35、usD.almighty【答案】A【解析】固定用法。unanimous 意见一致的，无异议的；abstract 抽象的；autonomous 自治的；almighty 全能的。unanimous 与declaration 连用, 表示 达成一致的声明。15. 单选题When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite（ ）qualified sources of information and examples.问题1选项A.unbiasedB.manipulatedC.distortedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。Unbia

36、sed 公正的, 无偏见的; manipulated 熟练控制的；distorted 扭歪的，受到曲解的；conveyed 传达的，传输的。句中 “qualified sources of information”应该指合格的信息, 故A项unbiased “公正不偏不倚的”符合逻辑。16. 单选题The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to（ ）the weight of the building.问题1选项A.subsideB.idealizeC.initiateD.sustain【答案】D【解

37、析】动词词义辨析。Subside 平息，减退；idealize 使理想化；initiate开始，发起；sustain 支撑，支持。句意: 根据句中collapsed判定空格应填入与strong同向的词。选项中，sustain 支撑，支持。句意：建筑物倒塌因为地基不够牢固，无法（ ）它的重量。选项D符合句意。17. 单选题The European Union countries were once worried that they would not have （ ）supplies of petroleum.问题1选项A.sufficientB.efficientC.potentialD.p

38、roficient【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。sufficient足够的，充足的；efficient有效率，有能力的；potential潜在的，可能的；proficient熟练的，精通的。空格处应该为一个形容词修饰supplies of petroleum（石油供应），根据前面部分“The European Union countries were once worried（欧盟国家曾一度担心）”可知，此处应表示“充足的石油供应”，因此A项符合句意。句意：欧盟国家曾一度担心他们没有充足的石油供应。18. 单选题Shopping malls have some advantage in suf

39、fering from shorter periods of（ ）business.问题1选项A.staleB.slackC.ferrousD.abundant【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。stale 不新鲜的 ，可以指食物，也可以指事情；slack 松弛的，不活跃的；生意不景气的；ferrous 含铁的；abundant 大量的，充足的。句子中与business搭配的应该是slack, slack business指“生意不景气，萧条”。19. 翻译题Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connecti

40、on between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtainin

41、g and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organ

42、izations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs and of relegation of envir

43、onmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs

44、exceeding the benefits.【答案】参考译文：要理解这种转变，需要考察一下能源和人类幸福之间的双重关系。从积极的方面来看，能源促进了人类幸福，不但服务了经济生产，而且为人类提供了消费服务，如供热和照明等。但另一方面，能源的成本却破坏了人类的幸福，它不但包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源，而且包括能源对环境和社会政治所造成的影响。在人类历史的大部分时间里，其主要关注的是能源和幸福关系的积极方面，能源短缺或者是更为常见的是在开采、转化和分配能源的技术和组织上的不足减少了能源的积极作用，从而产生能源使用的不便，能源使用权利被剥夺，其发展也受到限制。20世纪70年代是一个转折点。

45、此前的几十年中能源的资金成本一直保持稳定甚至有所下降，环境和社会政治成本在屈居几十年的次要地位之后，能源在各个方面的成本都在增加。能源使用代价过高的危害可以同能源短缺的危害相提并论。也有可能出现提供某些能源供应所付出的代价要大于获得的利益这种情况。20. 单选题The protests were part of their（ ）against the proposed building development in the area.问题1选项A.commissionB.commitmentC.conventionD.campaign【答案】D【解析】语义题。commission 授权，委托；commitment承诺，许诺，保证；convention 习俗，惯例。campaign 运动, 战役。根据句中protests，part of推测, D项campaign符合句意。