2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第27期

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _the atmosphere.问题1选项A.as it isB.the same isC.so isD.and equally is【答案】C【解析】考查倒装结构。句意：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气也是地球的一部分。So+助动词或系动词等+另一个主语B，说明主语B和主句的主语具有同样的性质，在句中大气和土壤具有同样的性质，即都属于地球的一部分，C选项so is符合题意。其余选项用法错误。A选项as it is“事实上”；B选项th

2、e same is“相同的是”，放进题目构成两个独立的句子，语法错误；D选项and equally is中equally是副词，不能充当主语。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题Tickets for the first three rows are not available to those of ordinary social standing; they are（ ） for celebrities.问题1选项A.retainedB.occupiedC.preservedD.reserved【答案】D【解析】retained 保留, 保存；occupied占用；preserved保藏；rese

3、rved预订, 保留。句意：社会地位一般的人买不到前三排的票;它们是为名人保留的。选项D符合语境。3. 翻译题It is more important to pave the way for childrens desire to know than to put them on a diet of facts they are not ready to assimilate. Even if you feel you have little knowledge of nature at your disposal, there is still much you can do for you

4、r child. Wherever you are and whatever your resources, you can still look up at the skyits dawn and evening beauties its moving clouds, its start by night. You can listen to the wind, whether it blows with majestic voice through a forest or sings a many voiced chorus around the corners of your apart

5、ment building, and in the listening you can gain magical release for your thoughts. You can still feel the rain on your face and think of is long journey from sea to air to earth and wonder at the mysteries of natural selection embodied in the perfume and flavor of a fruit. Even if you are a city dw

6、eller, you can find some place, perhaps a park or a golf course, where you can observe the mysterious migrations of the birds and the changing seasons. And with your child you can ponder the mystery of a growing seed, even if its just one planted in a pot of earth in the kitchen window.【答案】为孩子们的求知欲铺

7、平道路比让他们接受他们还没有准备好吸收的事实更重要。即使你觉得你掌握的自然知识甚为寥寥，你仍可以为你的孩子做许多事情。无论你身在何处，不管你智谋高低，你仍然可以仰望天空看它的拂晓与黄昏之美，看它的游云，看它夜晚时的星光。你可以倾听风的歌声，无论是用宏伟的歌喉呼啸着穿过森林，还是在你的公寓大楼拐角处唱着多声部的合唱。而在倾听中，你可以让思想神奇地奔放。你仍然能感觉到打在你脸上的雨点，想着它从大海到天空再到地面的漫长旅程，对水果的芳香所体现的自然选择的神奇惊叹不已。即使你居住在城市，也能找到某个地方，也许是公园或是高尔夫球场，在那儿能观察鸟类神奇莫测的迁徙和四季的交替。你可以和你的孩子一起思索种子

8、生长的奥秘，即使它只是一颗种在厨房窗台上的一盆泥土之中的种子。4. 单选题Polio has been so effectively suppressed by vaccination programs that most doctors have never encountered its symptoms; in fact, when the rare patient today is _ with the polio virus, doctors are likely to misdiagnose the illness.问题1选项A.affectedB.exposedC.engaged

9、D.afflicted【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句。A选项affected“假装的，做作的”；B选项exposed“（地方）不遮挡风雨的；（人）易受攻击（或批评）的”，be exposed to“受攻击”；C选项engaged“正从事的”；D选项afflicted“受困扰的”，be afflicted with“患病”。句意：小儿麻痹症已经因为疫苗接种计划有效地抑制住了，以至于大多数医生从未遇到过其症状；事实上，当如今患者中罕见_小儿麻痹症时，医生很可能会误诊。小儿麻痹症现在已经很少见了，以至于碰到患有小儿麻痹症的患者，医生很可能会误诊，D选项afflicted“受困扰的”符合题意。因此D选

10、项正确。5. 单选题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of q

11、uestions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great dea

12、l of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as “ nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little

13、if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are of

14、ten called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being i

15、s quite mechanistic, they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the

16、controversy will continue for a long time is certain.1.Which of the following statements would supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?2.Which of the following statements would proponents of the “nurture” theory agree with?3.B.F. Skinner （ ）.4.Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writ

17、er of this article （ ）.5.In the U.S, black people often score people on intelligence tests. With this in mind, which one of the following statements is not true?问题1选项A.A persons inducts have little effect on his actions.B.Environment is important in determining a persons behavior and personalityC.Bi

18、ological reasons have a strong influence on how we act.D.The behaviorists view correctly explains how we act.问题2选项A.Environment has little to do with behaviorB.Behaviorist theory is not correctC.Biologically based instincts are important in how we act.D.A persons character is greatly influenced by h

19、is environment问题3选项A.supports the nature theoryB.thinks the environment plays an important role in determining characterC.believes instincts govern behaviorD.believes in the importance of genes in determining personality问题4选项A.supports the nature theoryB.supports the nurture theoryC.believes both ar

20、e completely wrongD.thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories.问题5选项A.Nature proponents would say that whites are genetically superior to blacksB.Nurture proponents would disagree that blacks are biologically inferior to whitesC.Supporters of the nature

21、theory would say that whites score well because they have a superior environmentD.Behaviorists would say that blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that whites enjoy【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.根据第三段第一句“Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that o

22、ur personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. ”那些支持“先天性”的人认为, 我们的个性和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物学和基因因素决定的。选项C符合原文。2.根据第一句可知, “后天性”理论的支持者认为, 环境比基于生物学的本能更能决定我们的行为模式。所以选项D正确。3.根据第四段第二句“A behaviorist B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost complet

23、ely shaped by their surroundings.”行为主义者B.F.Skinner认为, 人类的行为几乎完全是由周围环境塑造的。选项B符合原文。4.根据最后一段的内容可知, 这两种理论都不能完全解释人类的行为。事实上, 我们行为的关键很可能在这两个极端之间。选项D符合原文。5.选项C说“先天性”理论的支持者认为白人得分高是因为他们拥有优越的环境。很显然是错误的, 因为环境影响是“后天性”支持者的看法。所以本题选C。6. 单选题Originally designed as work clothes for miners, jeans are now worm by all se

24、gments of society, their appeal _ by their comfort and affordability.问题1选项A.overwhelmedB.corrodedC.complicatedD.broadened【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项overwhelmed“（感情或感觉）充溢，难以禁受；击败，征服”；B选项corroded“腐蚀，侵蚀”；C选项complicated“使复杂”；D选项broadened“扩宽，扩大”。句意：牛仔裤最初是为矿工设计的工作服，现在受到社会各阶层的追捧，它的吸引力因为舒适和实惠的特点而_。这里要填的是牛仔裤的吸引力因为舒适

25、和实惠的特点而怎么样，D选项broadened“扩宽，扩大”符合题意，也对应前面牛仔裤受欢迎的特点。因此D选项正确。7. 单选题Dr. Elizabeth Hurdon distinguished herself as a surgeon at a time in which medical profession was （ ）male.问题1选项A.onlyB.occasionallyC.predominantlyD.regrettably【答案】C【解析】句意：在医学界以男性为主导的时代, Elizabeth Hurdon博士作为一名外科医生而闻名。predominantly主要地, 占主

26、导地位地, 选项C符合句意。8. 单选题The virus is usually blood-borne and may _ almost any organ in the body.问题1选项A.patronizeB.infectC.engraveD.enroll【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项patronize“屈尊对待；赞助”；B选项infect“感染”；C选项engrave“在上雕刻（字或图案）”；D选项enroll“注册”。句意：这种病毒通常是血液传播的，可以_几乎身体的任何器官。横线处和organ“器官”形成动宾关系，病毒感染身体，B选项infect“感染”符合题意。因此B选

27、项正确。9. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory

28、laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years; middl

29、e-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowing so fast that the industrial worker, the oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little i

30、f anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different

31、 skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly, more people f

32、ail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization r

33、ather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1. It is implied that fifty years ago _.2. According to the passage, with the development of modem modern industry _.3. The word “dubious” (underlined in Para 2.) most probably means _.4. According to the writer, professional knowledge or s

34、kill is _.5. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one _.问题1选项A.eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of in

35、dustrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB.the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreasedC.employers have attached grea

36、t importance to factory laborersD.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers问题3选项A.valuableB.usefulC.doubtfulD.helpful问题4选项A.as important as the ability to deal with public relationsB.less important than awareness of being a good employeeC.more important than employer employee rela

37、tionsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题5选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to be more specialized in his fieldC.to solve technical problemsD.to develop his professional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段And when fifty years ag

38、o “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills.（50年前，“被雇佣”的意思是作为工厂工人或农场工人工作，而今天的雇员越来越多地是中产阶级，

39、接受过大量的正规教育，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。），由此可知50年前，当人们提到被雇佣时想到的是工厂或农场工人，而现在想到的是中产阶级，由此可推断出50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以D选项“知识分子作为雇员工作的百分比没有产业工人的百分比大”正确。A选项“百分之八十的美国工人受雇于工厂”和B选项“百分之二十的美国知识分子是雇员”对应文章第二句“大约一百年前，每五个在工作的美国人中只有一个被雇佣，即为别人工作。”，此处说的是一百年前，并不是五十年，且此处要表达的意思是一百年前百分之二十的美国工人受雇于工厂，所以A选项和B选项说法都不正确，属于反向干扰；C选项

40、“知识分子在全体劳动力中的比例几乎与产业工人的比例相同”说法错误，文章第一段说到50年前，知识分子作为雇员工作的占比没有产业工人的大，所以C选项属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populationgrowi

41、ng so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.（事实上，在过去的50年里，美国社会有两个特点：中产阶级和上层社会的雇员一直是我们劳动人口中增长最快的群体增长如此之快，以至于工业革命时以体力为主的工人在数量上已经失去了重要性，尽管工业生产在扩大。），由此可推断出产业工人的数量减少了，所以B选项“产业

42、工人在总雇员人口中的比例有所下降”正确。A选项“产业工人的数量将超过知识型员工”和D选项“中产阶级雇员和产业工人一样多”与原文表述不符，属于反向干扰；C选项“雇主非常重视产业工人”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。3.词汇推断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段开头Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a pr

43、omotion.（然而，你会发现几乎没有任何关于如何成为一名员工的内容。但是你却可以找到很多关于如何获得工作或晋升非常_的建议。），根据第一句几乎没有什么文章写道应该如何成为一名员工，却有如何获得工作或晋升的建议，所以不难推测这种建议是不可信的，因此C选项“可疑的；不可信的”正确。A选项“有价值的”；B选项“有用的”；D选项“有帮助的”都与原文所表达的意思相反，属于反向干扰，因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段Certainly, more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an

44、 employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade（当然，更多的人失败是因为他们不知道作为一名员工的要求，而不是因为他们没有充分掌握自己的行业技能），由此可推断作者认为知道自己作为员工的要求，即做一名好员工比掌握专业知识技能更重要，所以B选项“不如意识到自己要做一名好员工那么重要”正确。A选项“与处理公共关系的能力同等重要”、C选项“比劳资关系更重要”和D选项“与组织中其他人合作的能力同样重要”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到最后一段最后两句

45、employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skillthe higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, and the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professiona

46、l knowledge.（对成功来说，雇佣制度比特殊的专业知识或技能更为重要你的职位越高，你进入行政或管理工作的机会就越多，你就越重视在组织内的工作能力，而不是技术能力或专业知识。），由此可知雇佣制度有利于帮助一个人在他的职业生涯中取得较大成功，所以A选项“在他的事业上更成功”正确。B选项“在他的领域更专业”、C选项“解决技术问题”以及D选项“发展他的专业技能”都与文章表述不符，此处提到了雇佣制度中，知道自己作为员工的要求比任何专业知识、技术知识以及专业技能都更重要，B、C、D选项属于反向干扰。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题He doesnt（ ）much interest in his st

47、udies with the result that he fails in exams time and again.问题1选项A.indicateB.exertC.manifestD.express【答案】D【解析】express an interest in. 为固定搭配，意为“对.表现出兴趣”。所以选项D正确。11. 单选题The elegant decorations （ ）the gym into a starlit ballroom.问题1选项A.transplantedB.transferredC.transcendedD.transformed【答案】D【解析】transpl

48、ant移植, 迁移；transfer转让, 移交；transcend胜过, 超越；transform改变, 转换。句意：优雅的装饰把体育馆变成了星光灿烂的舞厅。选项D符合句意。12. 翻译题1. If the young engineer didnt have all these qualities, he could never have done what he has done or have the chance of succeeding in what he is trying to do.2. Cloning doesnt necessarily make cells grow

49、old, and can even act as a fountain of youth, say researchers who have been investigating a group of cloned calves.3. We often reach an impasse in our thinking, at that moment we are looking at a problem, and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end.4. The curriculum of the high school is

50、 similar to conventional school that provide preparation for college, complete with English, history, math and science, besides, all students are required to take performing arts and sports and provide a community service.5. In the Philippines, women were found to contribute about a third of househo

51、lds cash income, but 55 percent of household support if the economic value of their activities at home, such as growing food, or gathering hay to feed the family donkey, is included.【答案】1. 如果这位年轻的工程师没有所有这些品质，他就不可能完成他所做的事情，也不可能有机会在他所尝试的事情上取得成功。2. 一直在研究一组克隆小牛的研究人员说，克隆不一定会使细胞衰老，甚至还能起到不老泉的作用。3. 我们经常在思维过

52、程中陷入僵局，当我们看到问题并试图解决时，似乎就会有一个死胡同。4. 这所高中的课程与传统学校的课程类似，都为升入大学做准备，包括英语、历史、数学和科学。但所有的学生都必须选修表演艺术和体育，还要提供社区服务。5. 研究发现，在菲律宾，妇女贡献了家庭现金收入的三分之一，但如果算上家务的经济价值，比如种植粮食或收集干草饲养家中的驴子，则为家庭贡献了55%。13. 单选题Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very h

53、eart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the causes of earthq

54、uakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one anotherthe scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence mig

55、ht be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-ray, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve

56、specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving

57、 aside the funds devoted to research by industrywhich is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quicklythe funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently mount to about 7 percent of its over-all research and development funds. Unless adequate s

58、afeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, “Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoverie

59、s will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure sciencetend to degrade the quality of the nations technology in the long run, rather than to improve it.”1. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.2. Industry

60、is primarily interested in applied research because it _.问题1选项A.The Importance of Basic ResearchB.Roentgens Ignorance of X-raysC.The Attractiveness of Applied ResearchD.Basic Research vs. Applied Research问题2选项A.provides better understandingB.offers immediate profitC.drives out basic researchD.solves

61、 practical problems【答案】第1题:D第2题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。1. 首尾段核心句首段第一句提出问题：Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research?（为什么基金会集中支持基础研究而不是应用研究？），具体介绍基础研究。尾段第一句Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the

62、results can be seen and enjoyed.（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有吸引力，因为可以直接看到和享受成果。），具体讲述应用研究。这篇文章分别介绍了这两种研究并且进行对比，由此推断本文的主旨是“基础研究与应用研究”。因此D选项正确。2. 分析文章的行文结构本文的行文逻辑是“AB”，分别讲述基础研究和应用研究，因此D选项正确。排除干扰项A选项“基础研究的重要性”：基础研究仅仅是第一段的内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。B选项“对X射线的不了解”：关键词X-rays对应第一段最后一句discovered X-ray, he had no idea of

63、their usefulness to medicine，这个例子用来支持上一句the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated（往往无法预料基础研究的实际应用），不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。C选项“应用研究的吸引力”：这里只总结了第二段，也属于以偏概全。2.事实细节题。精确定位根据题干定位到第二段第三句Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industrywhich is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly（撇开用于工业研究的资金不谈工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速带来利益），可知工业界因为应用研究带来的好处而关注它，B选项“立刻带来利益”正确。排除干扰项A选项“帮助更好地理解”：根据第