2022年考博英语-中国人民大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解16

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1、2022年考博英语-中国人民大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Financial statement is a financial report or record（ ） usually on a quarterly and annually basis which provides an individuals, an organizations, or bussinesss financial states.问题1选项A.completedB.compiledC.collatedD.contested【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。complete完成 compile

2、d编译的 collate核对，校对 contest竞赛，争夺。句意：财务报表是一种编译好的财务报告或记录。通常以季度或年度为单位，给个人，企业单位或商户提供财务报告。空格处所填单词为形容词做后置定语修饰report or record。答案B。2. 翻译题One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy. Buying

3、a commodity or the stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action co

4、uld not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the presen

5、t supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.【答案】当确实存在遭受损失的风险时，人们不禁要问为什么允许进行投机活动。这其中根本的原因是投机能对经济活动产生有益作用。当人们预期商品价格的上

6、涨速度要超过市场平衡点时，就会买入商品或股票并鼓励更多的供应商入市。如果价格的变化滞后，甚至在切实的商品短缺发生后，价格还没有变化，价格波动可能会更剧烈和更突然。调节性的供应行为此时丝毫不能耽搁。同样，如果投机商预测到某些商品会供应过量，这时他们如果卖出期货将有助于在切实的商品供应过量发生前将价格下调到一定水平。当投机商预测到商品会短缺并通过竞标抬高价格时，他们也在帮助囤积当前的商品供应。随着价格的上涨，人们购买的商品量就会减少；价格的上涨鼓励人们节约。同样，降低价格将会鼓励使用者购买更多的商品，进而有助于将正在形成供应过量的商品销售出去。3. 单选题To ensure its sustain

7、ed progress in economy, the government has （ ） a series of policies.问题1选项A.reservedB.issuedC.deliveredD.expressed【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：为确保经济的持续发展，政府出台了一系列政策。选项B符合句意。4. 单选题Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in（ ）organisms.问题1选项A.liveB.lifeC.livingD.alive【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析

8、。live活的，实况转播的;life生活;living活的，现存的，逼真的；alive活着的，有生气的。句意：现如今科学家们对遗传学及其在生物体中的作用有了更深入的了解。填空处修饰organisms，选项C正确且符合句意。5. 写作题Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection”.【答案】The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection6. 单选题For anyone who has experie

9、nced an earthquake, the experience can be frightening and traumatic. In addition to the movement of the ground, people need to be concerned with collapsing buildings and falling debris, such as flying glass. The majority of the injuries and deaths that occur from the earthquakes are due to falling o

10、bjects and structures. The effect of an earthquake can also cause dangerous landslides, fires, gas line explosions and flood-waters from collapsing dam. The goal of seismologists is to understand the earthquake and other seismic activity on Earth. This information, when shared with people in earthqu

11、ake-prone areas, can help decrease the number of deaths and injuries that may occur.One of the most destructive effects of earthquake is tsunami. Tsunami, giant ocean waves, from after an earthquake has occurred on the ocean floor. If the tsunami crashes into land, it may cause destruction. The diff

12、iculty with protecting people from tsunami is that they may come without warning and at an extremely high speed. Once undersea earthquakes occur, the ocean floor rises and sinks. This is when tsunami may begin to form. Along with this shifting of the ocean floor, there is also a large mass of seawat

13、er that may drop or rise. To adjust the sudden change in sea level, the mass of water moves upward and downward. As it is moving, a series of reactions come long. Low waves begin to move from the point of the epicenter outward. These waves will increase in height as they come closer to the shore. Un

14、derwater landslides caused by earthquakes may also form tsunamis.On land, the focus of an earthquakes destruction is usually buildings and property. Most of the buildings today are built using strict building codes. These codes require that the building can withstand the swaying motion of the ground

15、 during an earthquake. However, there buildings, like skyscrapers, may sway so violently that they may tip over and cause damage to lower structures nearby. One factor that affects the intensity of an earthquake is the local geology. The type of land that beneath the buildings can determine the way

16、the buildings respond to an earthquake. Buildings are constructed on loose soil and rock. Likely soil and rock vibrate as if they were jelly. When buildings are constructed on this type of land, they tend to have an exaggerated motion and to sway violently.1.This article is concerned with（ ）.2.The w

17、ord “seismologists”(Line 5, Paragraph 1) refers to（ ）.3.The term “earthquake-prone area” (Line 6, Paragraph 1) probably means（ ）.4.According to the author, tsunamis are caused by（ ）.5.From the last paragraph of the article, we can infer that the intensity of an earthquake is closely related to（ ）.问题

18、1选项A.earthquakes onlyB.tsunamis onlyC.both earthquakes and tsunamisD.various natural disasters问题2选项A.experts who are interested in buildingsB.people who act as rescues when earthquakes occurC.people who have ability to predict tsunamisD.experts who study earthquakes and related phenomena问题3选项A.a pla

19、ce where earthquakes are more likely to happenB.a region that tsunamis are more likely to occurC.an area that is more suitable for the construction of skyscrapersD.a zone in which earthquakes are very likely to happen问题4选项A.extreme climatic change due to global warmingB.destruction of the balance of

20、 the ecologyC.earthquakesD.rising sea level of the ocean as well as carbon dioxide emission问题5选项A.structures of the buildingB.solidity of the buildingC.the height of the buildingD.the local geology【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨思想题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲的是地震及其影响，并着重介绍了其最具破坏性的影响之一海啸。所以选项C正确。2.信息推断题。根据第

21、一段倒数第二句“The goal of seismologists is to understand the earthquake and other seismic activity on Earth.”可知，seismologists的目标是了解地球上的地震及其引发的其他活动。选项D符合原文。3.信息推断题。结合上下文“.can help decrease the number of deaths and injuries that may occur.”分享这些信息能够帮助减少可能发生的死亡和受伤人数。由此可以推断，“earthquake-prone area”指容易发生地震的地方，选项

22、A正确。4.事实细节题。根据第二段的一二句可知，地震最具破坏性的影响之一是海啸。海啸是巨大的海浪，发生在海底地震后。由此可知，海啸是由地震导致的，选项C正确。5.事实细节题。根据最后一段第五句“One factor that affects the intensity of an earthquake is the local geology.”影响地震强度的一个因素是当地的地质条件。选项D符合原文。7. 单选题The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly

23、 advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes ar

24、e at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Novato the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new (star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “no

25、va”, meaning “it doesnt go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food companys friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising veg

26、etables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsis popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wonder customers in Germany didnt rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful i

27、nternational marketing doesnt stop with good translationsother aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail t

28、o capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awaken

29、ed to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a

30、 technique called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of

31、 the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.1.The bes

32、t title of this passage might be （ ）.2.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?3.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?4.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably means （ ）.5.One way to

33、prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to（ ）问题1选项A.Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles问题2选项A.Hesitation.B.Mistake.C.Stutter.D.Default.问题3

34、选项A.Cultural shocks.B.Faulty translations.C.Avoid cultural oversights.D.Prevent blunders.问题4选项A.an animal used in perfume for its smellB.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD.an ornament used in perfume and at funera

35、ls问题5选项A.fire the translators who dont know the target languageB.use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解

36、析】1.主旨题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲太多公司在没有了解国外的语言和文化情况下进行营销，付出了昂贵的代价。也就是说文化在广告中是很重要的。选项A正确。2.语义题。根据第五段第一句“Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.”再根据后面举例的内容可以推测，这里是指犯了营销的错误。所以选项B与之意思最为相近。3.段落主旨题。根据原文可知，第三段到第六段主要是讲：翻译错误是国际广告中许多错误的核心。第三段是中心句，后面的段落是举例说明，所以选项B正确。4.语义题。根据第九段的内容，一位美国设计师

37、试图将一种新的香水引入拉丁美洲市场，但该产品几乎没有引起人们的兴趣。主要原因是，在南美许多国家， “the camellia used in it”传统上用于葬礼。it指的是香水，那么用于香水里面的应该是制作香水的原材料。所以选项C正确。5.细节推理题。根据最后五个段落的内容可知，为了防止不同国家的广告出现错误的方法，我们需要避免文化上的疏忽，也需要避免开玩笑。选项C符合原文。8. 单选题Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, and （ ）, women live about six years l

38、onger than men on an average.问题1选项A.instead ofB.constantlyC.consequentlyD.because【答案】C【解析】根据句意可知，前后构成因果关系，前面是因，后面是由此产生的结果，所以选项C符合语境。9. 写作题Write an essay about 200 words as your answer to the following question:“Should the Chinese government pay more attention and invest more in education for childre

39、n in the rural area?” Write your answer on your ANSWER SHEET II.【答案】Nowadays, the society called for more efforts to upgrade the education quality in the vast western rural area, where the economy was relatively backward. To improve the education quality in the western provinces, especially in the r

40、ural area, we should promote social harmony, coordinate development between the cities and the countryside, and pay attention to the long-term development of the western region. More investment should be injected into the education sector in the western rural area to allow rural students to receive

41、their free nine-year compulsory education. The government should attract more outstanding teachers to serve in the countryside. Also, more efforts should be made to improve the teaching and boarding facilities for rural students, and teaching methods should also be improved to help students develop

42、creative thinking. The authority should also stress the importance of education for ethnic minorities. More efforts should be made to develop ethnic minority education so as to make contribution to the common prosperity of all nationalities.10. 写作题Write an essay of about 200 words on the topic : “Ch

43、ina Is not Ready for E-education”(E-education : a type of education conducted in the environment of the Internet with the guidance of modern educational theories). Write your essay on your Answer Sheet II.【答案】China Is not Ready for E-education11. 单选题According to a recent publication of the Equal Emp

44、loyment Opportunity Commission, at the present rate of progress, it will take forty-three years to end job discriminationhardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity, it is then we need affirmative action to catch up. We are behind as a result of discrimina

45、tion and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 whites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5, 000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1, 900 whites, but only one black dent

46、ist for every 8, 400 blacks. Less than 1 percent of all engineers or of all practicing chemists is black. Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need creative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U. S. context, “reverse discrimination” is illogical a

47、nd a contradiction in terms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blac

48、ks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem. There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began some eight years ago.In a recent column, William Raspberry rais

49、ed an interesting question. Commenting on the Bakke case, he asked, “What if, instead of setting aside 16 of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 100?” That, he suggested, would not interfere with what whites already have. He then went on to point out that this, in fact, is exactly what has happened

50、in law and medical schools. In 1968, the year before affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282 members of minority groups entered U. S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were 14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of “white places

51、” actually rose by 49 percent; white access to medical training was not diminished, but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969, the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group members were enrolled; in 1976, the number was up to

52、8,484. But during the same period, law school enrollment for whites rose from 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. In short, it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he made no challenge to the p

53、referential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumni and the faculty or to athletes or the very talented only to minorities.1.The author is for affirmative action（ ） .2.It requires（ ） to close the gaps between the whites and the blacks in the U. S.3.Blacks are not making progress a

54、t the expense of whites, according to the author, because（ ） .4.William Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggests（ ） .5.What Allan Bakke challenged was（ ） .问题1选项A.because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U. S.B.if we aim at educational and economic equity and pa

55、rityC.because it will take 43 years to end job discriminationD.when there is no reasonable timetable in the U. S.问题2选项A.one black attorney for ever 4,000 blacksB.a lot more black engineers and chemistsC.education and economic developmentD.creative justice and compassion问题3选项A.what white give up is o

56、nly unfair advantageB.there are 49 percent more white in medical school today alreadyC.whites, the majority in the U. S. , will never discriminate against themselvesD.there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today问题4选项A.to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB.to offer 84 slots to white

57、s and 16 to blacksC.to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD.to interfere with what whites already have问题5选项A.the myth that blacks are making progress at white expenseB.unfair treatment accorded to blacksC.preferential treatment in generalD.preferential treatment to minority-group mem

58、bers【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.根据第二段第一句“If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity, it is then we need affirmative action to catch up.”如果我们的目标是教育和经济公平与平等，那么我们就需要积极地开展平权行动。选项B符合原文。2.根据第二段最后两句“Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need creative justice

59、and compassion to help us close them.”残酷无情的不公正造成了这样的差距。我们需要创造性的公正和同情来消除差距。选项D符合原文。3.根据第三段最后一句“The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.”白人因为平权法案而放弃的唯一一件事是不公平的优势，这在一开始是不必要的。选项A符合原文。4.根据关键词“William Raspberry

60、”定位到倒数第二段，根据“What if, instead of setting aside 16 of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 100?”“如果我们不是在100个位置中留出16个位置，而是在100个位置中增加16个位置，那会怎么样?”他表示，这不会影响白人已经拥有的东西。所以选项A正确。5.根据原文内容可知，Allan Bakke挑战的是“it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.”选项A正确。12. 单选题Management operates through

61、various（ ）, often classified as planning, organ leading/motivating and controlling.问题1选项A.foundationsB.functionsC.rolesD.relations【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。句意: 管理部门通过各种职能运作，通常分为规划、机构领导/激励和控制。只有选项B有职能的意思，所以本题选B。13. 单选题During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never（ ） a chrome (chance) to practice her Chi

62、nese.问题1选项A.passed byB.passed onC.passed outD.passed up【答案】D【解析】pass by经过，走过；pass on去世，传递；pass out昏倒，失去知觉；pass up拒绝，错过。pass up a chance to do sth.错过或放弃做某事的机会。句意：在北京逗留的两周中，Elizabeth从未错过任何一个练习汉语的机会。选项D符合句意。14. 单选题John played basketball in college and（ ） active ever since.问题1选项A.have extremely beenB.ha

63、s been extremelyC.will be extremelyD.should extremely be【答案】B【解析】根据ever since可知本句应用现在完成时，表示过去的影响一直持续到现在。所以选项B正确。15. 单选题The transition from wifes to mothers role require the wife to（ ） to the completely new situation in daily life.问题1选项A.adaptB.adjustC.adoptD.accept【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意可知，这里指适应新环境。adapt to为固定搭配，意为“适应”，所以选项A正确。16. 单选题The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them accord