2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第76期

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1、2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. A

2、ggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply

3、reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a

4、leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility fo

5、r the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal syst

6、ems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are r

7、emoved from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in

8、the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegianc

9、e, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a communitys deepest religious and ethical commitments.1.Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that（ ）.2.The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is（ ）.3.What does the author mean by saying “.in legal systems, the res

10、ponsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 5-6, Para. 2)?4.The word “allegiance” (Line 5, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（ ）.5.What can we learn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.it threatens the existing social systemsB.it is influenced by societyC.it has roots in religious

11、conflictsD.it is directed against institutions of law问题2选项A.to control violence within a societyB.to protect the world from chaosC.to free society from the idea of revengeD.to give the government absolute power问题3选项A.Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B.Offenses agai

12、nst individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C.Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.D.Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.问题4选项A.loyaltyB.objectiveC.survivalD.motive问题5选项A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.B

13、.In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.C.In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D.Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中

14、的The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior.（人类暴力的许多表现形式总是受到社会习俗的制约，这些社会习俗形成了侵略性的行为）可知B选项“它受社会的影响”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law.（社会中的暴力行为是通过法律制度来控制的）可知A选项“控制

15、社会中的暴力”符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第二段中的The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment（社会承担起保护个人免受暴力侵害的责任，不能保护的，由社会负责处罚）是对前面句子But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes

16、depersonalized and diffused（但在法律制度中，复仇的责任变得非个性化和普及）进行解释，因此D选项“惩罚不是由有关个人直接执行的”符合题意。4.词义题。A选项 loyalty“忠诚”；B选项objective“目标”；C选项survival“幸存”；D选项motive“动机”。由文章第三段中的it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice（这是国

17、家对它的子民提出的承诺、allegiance和至高无上的牺牲最强有力命令的时刻）可知recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice为并列的名词词语，allegiance的感情色彩要与承诺、牺牲的感情色彩一致，结合四个选项的意思以及句意可知A选项最为恰当。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful deman

18、ds upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice.（战争不仅仅是通过战斗来解决国家间争端的审判；这是国家对它的子民提出的承诺、忠诚和至高无上的牺牲最强有力命令的时刻）可知D选项“在战争时期，政府可以为了国家的利益牺牲个人”符合题意。2. 单选题The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that in todays world, you never know what you might see

19、 when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the vent happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to b

20、reak the morals of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether its a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare

21、arent limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there

22、are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat.” says Mi

23、ddle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violent becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic charact

24、er of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that determines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually

25、one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evenings newscast counted the days the hostages were being h

26、eld captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act. “You dont have the notion that a certain

27、person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity （无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves i

28、n the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because its the only tactic they have available to them. “They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access

29、to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1.000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You ha

30、vent really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, youve achieved a lot of demoralization.”1.What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?2.The goal of psychological warfare is to（ ）.3.Ac

31、cording to Richard Bulliet, publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because（ ）.4.The Iranian hostage crisis shows that（ ）.5.In this passage the author（ ）.问题1选项A.Terrorist attacks.B.The increase of military conflicts.C.Advances in nuclear weapons.D.Prosperity of t

32、he media.问题2选项A.change the ideology of the opponentB.win a battle without military attacksC.generate a greater sense of fearD.bring about more physical damage问题3选项A.psychological terrorism is a tacticB.terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC.the use of terrorism is t

33、o inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD.publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat问题4选项A.means determines effectsB.hostage crises are prevalentC.psychological terrors remain harmlessD.the American media is effective问题5选项A.emphasizes the great impact

34、of psychological warfareB.criticizes the violence of terrorismC.calls for an end to psychological warfareD.opposes the hostage crisis【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of

35、 engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.（但由于科技的进步、互联网的普及和新闻报道的扩散，这种心理战的交战规则已经改变）可知D选项“媒体的繁荣”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.（相反，这些攻击的目的是灌输一种比实际威胁本身更大的恐惧感）可知C选项“产生更大的恐惧感”符合题意。3.细节事实

36、题。由文章第五段中的The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat.（将恐怖主义作为一种战术是基于制造一种与实际威胁不相称的恐惧气氛）可知C选项“使用恐怖主义是为了激起比实际威胁更具破坏性的恐惧”符合题意。4.推理判断题。由文章第六段中的The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that determines the

37、effect.（关键不是你做了什么，而是它的报道方式决定了效果）可知A选项“手段决定效果”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出恐怖活动；第二段引出心理战；第三至六段介绍了心理战带来的影响比实际威胁更大；第五段介绍了伊朗人质危机给美国人带来的心理创伤；第六段介绍了恐怖分子随机性和普遍性给人心理上产出更大的威胁；第七段介绍了恐怖组织利用心理战作战；最后一段引用Haroun的话，再次强调心理战带来的影响。因此A选项“强调心理战的巨大影响”符合题意。3. 单选题If we dont stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole

38、 globe will be（ ）.问题1选项A.contaminatedB.pollutedC.annihilatedD.invaded【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contaminate“污染，玷污，腐蚀（人的思想或品德）”；B选项pollute“污染，弄脏 ”；C选项annihilate“消灭，毁灭，彻底击败”；D选项invade“侵入，侵略”。flirt with表示“调戏，玩弄，不认真地考虑”，deathly nuclear weapons表示“致命核武器”，结合语境可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：如果我们不停止玩弄那些致命的核武器，整个世界将被毁灭。4. 单选题America

39、ns no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a ling

40、uist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorters academic s

41、pecialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”,for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, doing our own thing, has spelt the death of formal speech, writ

42、ing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well-regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form,

43、that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the

44、 question of his subtitle: Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing,

45、 as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. M

46、cWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.1.A

47、ccording to McWhorter, the decline of formal English（ ）.2.The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes（ ）.3.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?4.The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the authors（ ）.5.According to the last paragraph, “pape

48、r plates” is to “china” as（ ）.问题1选项A.is inevitable in radical education reformsB.is but all too natural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s问题2选项A.modestyB.personalityC.livelinessD.informality问题3选项A.Logic

49、al thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.问题4选项A.interest in their languageB.appreci

50、ation of their effortsC.admiration for their memoryD.contempt for their old-fashionedness问题5选项A.temporary is to “permanent”B.“radical” is to “conservative”C.“functional” is to “artistic”D.“humble” is to “noble”【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Mr. McWhorters academic specialty is lang

51、uage history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”，for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.（Mr. McWhorter的学术专长是语言的历史和变化，例如，他认为“谁”这一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比失去古英语中的词格尾缀的消失更令人遗憾）可知Mr. McWhorter认为正式英语的衰变是一种自然的现象，因此选B。2.词义题。根据题干关键词ta

52、lking定位到文章第三段中的In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.（在英语口语和书面语中，交谈战胜了演讲，自然表达胜过了精雕细琢），分析句子可知talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft是对应关系，talking对应的spontaneity，specking对应craft，可推测演讲是需要精心准备的，而谈话则是自然随意的，因此D选项“非正式的”符合题意。3.细节事实题。

53、由文章第四段中he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas（他承认，人类语言的所有种类，包括非标准语言，包括黑人英语这样非标准语言，都具有很强的表达力。世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的思想）可知A选项“逻辑思维不一定

54、与我们说话的方式有关”符合题意。4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.（Mr. McWhorter承认，正式的语言并不是绝对必要的，他并没有提出任何激进的教育改革他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾）可知Mr

55、. McWhorter认同俄罗斯记住诗歌的做法，认为是something beautiful，对其做法是赞同的，因此B选项“赞赏他们的努力”。5.推理判断题。由he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful（他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾）可推测paper plates（纸盘）指的是实用性，而china（瓷盘）指美，具有艺术性，因此选C。5. 单选题（ ）scientists have observed increased pollution in the water su

56、pply.问题1选项A.LateB.LaterC.LatterD.Lately【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项late“晚的”；B选项later“后来的，以后，其后”；C选项latter“（刚提及的两者中）后者的，（系列中）最后的”；D选项lately“最近，近来”。根据have observed可知句子为现在完成时，因此选D。句意：最近，科学家们观察到供水中的污染增加了。6. 单选题Your advice would be（ ）valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.问题1选项A.exceedingly

57、B.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项exceedingly“非常，极其”；B选项excessively“过度地”；C选项extensively“广大地，广泛地”；D选项exclusively“唯一地”。根据valuable（很重要的，宝贵的）可知A选项最为恰当，表示“非常有价值”。句意：你的建议对他非常有价值，因为他现在不知道该先做什么。7. 单选题You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, and then shift your gaze to its surroun

58、dings. What you now see appears to drift upward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodys sensors and interpreting what must be happening that your brain must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal,

59、so a change from it must now be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burn

60、ing ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue.Rods and cones send their

61、messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times, per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving pictur

62、e.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual effects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour” A light levels fall, the rods become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wavelengths of blue and g

63、reen, and they impart a strange vividness to the gardens blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and youll still see it in its “true” color white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect

64、of a shift in the color of illuminating on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shade of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the b