2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷75（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was （ ）a traveling company.问题1选项A.to form the firstB.the first to formC.who formed the firstD.forming the first【答案】B【解析】考查序数词的用法。句意：作为一个改革者，芭蕾舞女演员Augusta Maywood是第一个成立旅游公司的人。 由句意及序数词的用法可知B项正确。The+序数词+to do sth。2. 翻译题Read th

2、e following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Beginning in the late 1960s, a growing number of women expressed a strong dissatisfaction with any marriage arrangement where the husband and his career were the primary considerations in the marriage. （1）By the e

3、nd of the 1970s, for example, considerably less than half of the women in our society still believed that they should put their husbands and children ahead of their own careers. In the 2000s, most women in the United States believe that they should be equal partners in their marriages and that their

4、 husbands should have equal responsibility for child care and household chores.（2） In an equal-partnership marriage, the wife pursues afull-time job or career which has equal or greater importance to her husbands, while the long-standing division of labor between husband and wife comes to an end. Th

5、e husband is no longer the main provider of family income, and the wife no longer has the main responsibilities for household duties and raising children. Husband and wife share all these duties equally. Power over family decisions is also shared equally.（3）The reality of life in the present world i

6、s that although most American women now have an equal say in the decision affecting the family, they sometimes earn less than men for same work. Also, most women are still spending more time taking care of the children, cooking, and cleaning than their husbands are. Many women are resentful because

7、they feel like they have two full-time jobs-the one at work and the one at home. In the 1980s women were told they could “have it all” - fast-track career, husband, children, and a clean house. Now, some women are finding that lifestyle exhausting and unrewarding. （4）Some young women are now choosin

8、g to stay at home until their children start school, but many others who would like to cannot afford to do so.Juggling two careers and family responsibilities can be as difficult for men as it is for women, especially if there is truly an equal division of duties. American fathers are often seen dro

9、pping the kids off at the babysitters or taking a sick child to the doctor.（5）Some businesses are recognizing the need to accommodate families where both parents work，thus they may open a day care center in the office building, offer fathers paternity leave to stay home with their new babies or have

10、 flexible working hours. Unfortunately, these benefits are not yet available to all. While young couples strive to achieve equality in their careers, their marriages, and their parenting, society at large still lacks many of the structures that are needed to support them.【答案】1.例如，到20世纪70年代末，我们社会中仍有相

11、当少的妇女认为她们应该把丈夫和孩子放在自己事业的前面。2.在一个平等伙伴关系的婚姻中，妻子所从事的全职工作或事业与丈夫 的工作或事业是同等或更重要的，而丈夫与妻子之间的劳动分配也结束了。3.当今世界的现实生活是，尽管大多数美国妇女现在在影响家庭的决定上有平等的发言权，但她们有时因同样的工作而挣得比男人少。4.如今，一些年轻女性选择待在家里，直到孩子上学，但许多其他愿意这样做的人却负担不起。5.一些企业认识到需要去帮助那些父母都上班的家庭，因此，他们可能 在办公大楼里开设日托中心，为父亲们提供陪产假以便在家里陪伴其新出生的婴儿或有弹性工作时间。3. 单选题Until about five yea

12、rs ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding- Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains only endocrine gland. What is more, because peptide hormones

13、cannot cross the blood-brain barrier; researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brain other than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then released into the bloodstream.But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found th

14、at antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is

15、imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible, and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually prod

16、uced.New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNAs (CDNAs) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells

17、will contain these mRNAs. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNAs should still bind to these mRNAs, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNAs for the true hormones. The cells containing these mRNAs can then be isolated and

18、their mRNAs decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious p

19、urifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of many researchers, states: “I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me that the field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process of grinding out pro

20、tein purifications is just too slow.”If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormones really are made in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must be developed that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regul

21、ators, but Rosens work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose that they might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage?2.The passage suggests that a substance detected in brain by

22、 use of antiserums to peptide hormones may（ ）.3.The passage implies that, in doing research on rat brains, Rosen discovered that（ ）.4.Which of the following is a way in which the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones differs from the molecular method?问题1选项A.Is Molecular Biology the Key

23、to Understanding Intercellular Communication in the Brain?B.Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide Hormones?C.The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to Detecting Peptide Hormones.D.Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Sol

24、ve Problems of Their Detection.问题2选项A.have been stored in the brain for a long period of time and to Understand Their FunctionB.play no role in the functioning of the brainC.have been produced in some part of the body other than the brainD.play an important role in the functioning of hypothalamus问题3

25、选项A.peptide hormones are used for intercellular communicationB.complementary DNAs do not bind to cells producing peptide hormonesC.products closely resembling peptide hormones are not identical to peptide hormoneD.some peptide hormones do not function as growth regulators问题4选项A.The immunological met

26、hod uses substances that react with products of hormone-producing cells, whereas the molecular method uses substances that react with a specific component of the cells themselves.B.The immunological method has produced results consistent with long-held beliefs about peptide hormones, whereas the mol

27、ecular method has produced results that upset these beliefs.C.The immunological method uses probes that can only bind with peptide hormones, whereas the molecular method uses probes that bind with peptide hormones and substances similar to themD.The immunological method can only be used to test for

28、the presence of peptide hormones within the hypothalamus, whereas the molecular method can be used throughout the brain.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。解答此类题必须找到文章主旨，文章第一段说到了之前关于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段开头就出现了转折关系词but，本文的讨论点必然是在but之后出现。第一句说到“But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as labo

29、ratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. 但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结

30、合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”因此下文不会讨论A选项中分子生物学与大脑间通讯，也不会研究B选项技术合成肽激素，也不是讨论C选项检测肽激素的优缺点，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎样去检测它的位置，因此D选项“肽激素:科学家如何试图解决他们的检测问题”符合文意。2.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章第二段首句“But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormone

31、s, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. 但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”说明这些物质是在下丘脑以外的地方结合形成的，因此C选项“是在身体的其他

32、部位产生的，而不是大脑”符合题意。3.判断推理题。由题干关键词“rat brains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosens work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true. 有些人认为这些激素都是生长调节剂，但Rosen对老鼠大脑的研究表明这不是真的。”Rosen的研究表明这些激素并不是生长调节剂，因此D选项“有些肽激素没有生长调节剂的功能”符合题意。4.判断推理题。题干中提到了两

33、个检测肽激素的方式对比，文章第二段详细说明了第一种方法“The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible, and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives. 然而，用抗

34、血清来测定肽激素的免疫学方法是不精确的，可能产生交叉反应。而且这种方法不能确定抗血清检测到的物质是否真的是激素，有可能仅仅是近亲。”免疫学的方法是用能和产生激素的细胞的产物发生反应的物质检测。第二个方法的描述出现在第三段中“New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNAs (CDNAs) that can serve as molecular probes to seek

35、 out the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of the peptide hormones.然而，分子生物学的新技术为这些问题提供了答案。科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNAs (CDNAs)，以此作为分子探子(molecular probe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNAs (mRNAs)。”此处说的“问题”就是第一种方法中说到的“近亲”问题，分子生物学的新技术可以用能和细胞本身的某个特定成分发生反应的物质来检测。因此A选项“免疫学方法使用与产生激素的细胞产生反应的物质，而分子方法使用与细胞自身特定成分发生反应的物质”符合文意。4. 单选题A major go

36、al of law of any country, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.deceptiveD.credible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。serious “严肃的；危急的”；coercive “强制的；胁迫的”；deceptive “欺骗性；虚伪的”；credible “可靠的”。句

37、意：当惩罚很少被执行，因而它已经不再是一种可靠的震慑时，任何国家法律的主要目标一一通过惩罚做坏事的人来阻止潜在的犯罪就没有得到保证。由关键词A major goal is not served.可知法律不再是一种有效的震慑。D项符合语义。5. 单选题The new biological psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors in mental illnesses, but posits that these factors may act as a catalyst on existing

38、 physiological conditions and （ ）such illnesses.问题1选项A.disguiseB.impedeC.consummateD.precipitate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项disguise“掩饰；假装”；B选项impede“阻碍；妨碍；阻止”；C选项consummate“完成；作成”；D选项precipitate“使（坏事）突然发生”；猛地落下”。句意：新的生物精神病学并没有否认心理因素在精神疾病中的作用，而是假设这些因素可能作为现有生理条件的催化剂而起作用，并 这类疾病。在本句中，“因素”与“疾病之间”是引起与被引起的关系。因此D选项

39、符合题意。6. 单选题We cant hope to compete with other big companies （ ）we have inferior equipment in our installation lines and training of our workforce.问题1选项A.neverthelessB.unlessC.ifD.on condition【答案】C【解析】考查连词词义和词组辨析。nevertheless 然而；不过；unless 除非，如果不；if如果；即使；on condition 只要。根据前后句意推断C项符合题意，答案C。句意：如果我们在安装线上

40、的设备和职工培训方面是较差的，那么我们就不能指望去与其他大公司竞争。7. 写作题Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Love and Being Loved according to the instructions given below.爱和被爱是人际社会关系最重要的一对因子。爱是付出，它是奉献；被爱是接受，它是幸福；但它们又是相互置换。请你围绕这一命题，结合事例谈谈你对它们的认识和看法。【答案】略8. 单选题Even those who disagreed with Carmens views rarely fau

41、lted her for expressing them,for the positions she took were as（ ） as they were controversial.问题1选项A.complicatedB.thoughtfulC.subjectiveD.commonplace【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。complicated “难懂的，复杂的”；thoughtful “深思的；体贴的”；subjective “主观的；自觉的”；commonplace “平凡的； 普通的”。句意：即使是那些不同意卡门观点的人，也很少指责她的表达，因为卡门所采取的立场如同有争议那样

42、让人深思。由controversial可知，既然该立场有争议，所以引人深思。故B项符合题意。9. 单选题Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologi

43、sts deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal dig

44、ging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they woul

45、d break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all t

46、o appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has poten

47、tial scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard, Eve

48、n precious royal seal impressions known as Lmelekh Handles have been found in abundancemore than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as

49、 a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the pu

50、rchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposesIt would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandes

51、tine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it ?1.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storin

52、g artifacts in museum basements?2.The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus to emphasize which of the following points?3.The authors argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?4.The author anticip

53、ates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?5.The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT （ ）.问题1选项A.Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.B.Space that could be better used for display

54、is taken up for storage.C.Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.D.Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.问题2选项A.Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal i

55、mpressions.B.Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.C.Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.D.Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable

56、artifacts.问题3选项A.Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.B.The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.C.Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal excavators.D.Illegal excavators would be forced to sell o

57、nly duplicate artifacts.问题4选项A.An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B.Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C.Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.D.Counterfeiting

58、 of artifacts will become more commonplace.问题5选项A.A market for such artifacts already existsB.Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC.Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collectionsD.Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts【答案】第1题:D第2题

59、:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到倒数第二段 “There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds: as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. 甚至没有足够的钱来对这些发现进行分类：结果是，它们再也找不到了，变得像从未被发现过一样难以接近。”可知D项“这些艺术品经常没有被分类，所以一旦它们被存储起来就找不到了”正确。2.细节事实题。由第四段中的

60、“In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions known as Lmelekh Handles have been found in abundancemore than 4,000 examples so far. 在塞浦路斯的一个小发掘中，考古学家最近在一个院子里发现了2000个几乎无法分辨

61、的小罐子，甚至还发现了珍贵的皇家印章印记，被称为L melekh手柄迄今为止有4000多个例子。”以及第三段末句“you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong. 你可能认为您声称每个工件都有潜在的科学价值这一观点是正确的。实际上，你错了。”可知C项“工艺品不是唯一有价值的，因此可以出售的工件，可以大量获得。”符合题意。3.细节事实题。定位到末段最后一句“Who would want an unmarked pot when

62、 another was available whose provenance was known当另一个罐子的来源已经知道了的时候，谁会想要一个没有标记的罐子。”可知项A项“潜在的购买者更愿意购买经过认证的产品。”符合题意。4.推理判断题 由“scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market科学考古探险队和政府当局在公开市场上出售出土文物。”以及You might object that professionals exc

63、avate to acquire knowledge, not money你可能会反对专业人士挖掘是为了获取知识，而不是金钱”，可知作者建议在公开市场上出售出土文物。故B项“本应在公共场所展出的文物将出售给私人收藏家。”与作者建议相反。5.判断推理题。AB两项的内容“已经有复制品的市场存在，比如非法交易市场，而且这些复制品的科学价值不是很高。”在第二段的末尾和第三段的开头有提及。C项“这类文物的质量常常超过那些已经列入博物馆收藏目录的文物”文中没有提及。10. 写作题Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic Personal Qualitie

64、s and Values in My Viewaccording to the idea given below and outlineed in Chinese.一个人的素养和价值是人生奋斗中发展和积累起来的一对因子。前者决定着你融入 社会的个体形态：诸如品行、学识、待人和处世的品味和方式；价值取决于你对社会产 生的影响和贡献，有隐性的受人尊重和爱戴，有显性的成就和地位。请你从自己的感受 和体验谈谈你对这对人生因子的评价和想法，也设想一下四十年后你会对自己的评价和总结。【答案】略11. 单选题When giving any general overview of the development and use of machine translation (MT) systems and translation tools, it is important to distinguish four ba