2022年考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第22期

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1、2022年考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题How come they have the freedom to disrupt and （ ） the torch relay, whereas Olympic-loving people have not the freedom to welcome the torch?问题1选项A.destructB.destroyC.sabotageD.damage【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项destruct “毁坏”，B项destroy “消灭”，C项sabotage “蓄意破坏”，D项damage “损害”

2、；句意：难道只有破坏分子干扰破坏火炬传递的自由，就没有热爱奥林匹克运动的人们去欢迎火炬的自由吗？因此C选项正确。2. 单选题President Coolidges statement, “The business of America is business,” still points to an important truth today that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government

3、. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige?One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive bus

4、iness institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself; it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly of

5、power. In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the

6、 customers dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even thoug

7、h government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many Americans believe, then, that competition is as important as, or even more important than, democracy in preserving freedom.Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the idea of equality of opportunity. Com

8、petition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea

9、of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic idea of inherited privilege.1. The statement “The business of America is business” probably means “（ ）”.2. Americans believe that they can realize their personal values only （ ）.3. Who can benefit from business competition?4. Government is beli

10、eved to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by （ ）.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes （ ）.问题1选项A.The business institutions in America are concerned with commerceB.Business problems are of great importance to the American governmentC.Busine

11、ss is of primary concern to AmericansD.America is a great power in world business问题2选项A.when given equality of opportunityB.through doing businessC.by protecting their individual freedomD.by way of competition问题3选项A.Honest businessmenB.Both businessmen and their customersC.People with ideals of equa

12、lity and freedomD.Both business institutions and government问题4选项A.its absolute control of powerB.its function in preserving personal freedomC.its role in protecting basic American valuesD.its democratic way of exercising leadership问题5选项A.Americans are more ambitious than people in other countriesB.i

13、n many countries success often depends on ones social statusC.American businesses are more democratic than those in other countriesD.businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“句子The business of America is business可能是什么

14、意思？”。第一段truth today that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government.（真相就是在美国社会商业机构比包括政府在内的其他任何类型的组织有更多的威望）说明美国人很关注商业。因此The business of America is business表达的意思是“商业是美国人第一关心的”。A选项“美国商业机构关注的是商业”，这个选项逻辑没问题，但是比较片面；B项“商业问题对美国政

15、府很重要”和D项“美国是全球商业的强国”没提到。故该题选C。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“美国人相信他们只有怎样才能实现他们的个人价值？”。第二段最后一句Competition is not only good in itself; it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.（竞争不仅本身是良好的，它还是一种保护手段，其他基本的美国人价值观都是受它的保护，如个人

16、自由、机会均等和努力工作等），由此可知美国人是可以通过竞争实现他们的个人价值。B项“通过做生意”没有提到，A项“给予平等的机会”和C项“保护个人自由”都是包括在竞争的保护机制里面，最终还是通过竞争才能实现自己的价值。因此D选项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“商业竞争对谁有利？”。第三段第三句if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly.（如果一个商业机

17、构试图不公平地利用它的顾客，它就会输给那些对待顾客更公平的竞争对手），由此推断出竞争不仅有利于顾客的利益，也有利于公平对待客户的商业机构。A项“诚实的商人”不够全面；C项“拥有平等和自由理想的人们”和D项“商业机构和政府”中的政府均未提及。因此B选项“商人和顾客”正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“人们认为政府与商业有显著的不同，因为政府的特点是什么？”。第四段第一句A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.（竞争的商业和政府

18、的垄断总是经常拿来对比），可以推断出政府和商业竞争相比，政府的垄断是权利上的操控，B项“保护个人自由的功能”这是竞争的特点；C项“保护美国基本价值观方面的作用”没有提到；D项“行使领导的民主方式”，只提到了政府的垄断，没有提到民主。因此A选项“对权利的绝对控制”正确。5.【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从这篇文章可以推断出作者相信什么？”。最后一段第三句Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background.（竞争的成功被美国人视为基

19、于家庭背景而产生的社会地位的替代），即美国是不依靠家庭背景决定社会地位，从而推断出，相反其他国家就要依靠社会地位。A项“美国人比其他国家的人更具野心”、C项“美国商业比其他国家更民主”和D项“其他国家的商业不像美国商业一样有竞争性”没有提到。因此B选项“许多国家的成功取决于一个人的社会地位”正确。3. 单选题Put both vegetables into a bowl and （ ） with a potato masher.问题1选项A.crashB.crushC.clashD.crack【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项crash “碰撞”，B项crush “压碎”，C项clash “

20、冲突”，D项crack “使破裂”；句意：把这两种蔬菜都放进碗里，用捣土豆器捣碎。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题Im worried about washing that shirt in case it （ ）.问题1选项A.decreasesB.contractsC.constringesD.shrinks【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项decrease “减少”，B项contract “收缩”，C项constringe “使收敛”，D项名词shrink “缩水”；句意：我不敢洗那件衬衫，怕它会缩水。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题There is a risk that （ ） chemi

21、cals might be blasted into the atmosphere.问题1选项A.destructiveB.toxicC.evilD.vicious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项destructive “破坏性的、毁灭性的”，B项toxic “有毒的”，C项evil“邪恶的”，D项vicious “恶毒的”；句意：毁灭性的化学物质有在空中爆炸的危险。因此A选项正确。6. 翻译题国家统计局（NBS）周五发布的2018年全国睡觉时间使用情况调查报告揭示了中国人平均每天的时间分配情况。这包括了他们的工作、睡觉、家务、休闲娱乐等不同活动。这项调查显示，低收入人群平均看电视的时间

22、为每天1小时50分钟。这比中等收入人群多15分钟，比较高收入组多32分钟，比高收入人群多46分钟。国家统计局高级统计员金红表示，2008年和2018年的时间使用情况调查显示，中国人均生活质量有所改善。Section B Translate the following passage into English.【答案】The 2018 National Survey Report on the Utilization of Bedtime, released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on Friday, revealed how Ch

23、inese people to allocate their dailys time averagely. This includes work, sleep, housework, recreation and other different activities. According to the survey, the average time of low-income group watching TV is 1 hour and 50 minutes a day, which is 15 minutes more than medium-income group, 32 minut

24、es more than the high-income group and 46 minutes more than the high-income group. Jinhong, a senior statistician at the NBS, said that the quality of life per capita in China had improved, which was showed by the survey on situation of time utilization in 2008 and 2018.7. 写作题Directions: “Publish or

25、 perish” is well-known in the academic world. Do you agree or disagree with this view points. Please express your opinion in about 150 words.【答案】略8. 翻译题Space X will send a spacesuit-clad crash test dummy to the International Space Station as part of a trial flight for its Crew Dragon spacecraft. The

26、 mission will take place on 2 March and will also deliver supplies to crew aboard the ISS. An array of sensors built into the mannequins suit will help provide key data ahead of the first human passengers going aboard the capsule later this year.Mr. Musk revealed the cost of a ticket to Mars on boar

27、d a Space X flight would be less than $100,000. Taking questions on social media, he wrote: Im confident moving to Mars (return ticket is free) will one day cost less than $500k or maybe even below $100k. Low enough that most people in advanced economies could sell their home on Earth and move to Ma

28、rs if they want.Section A Translate the following passage into Chinese.【答案】Space X公司将把一个穿着航天服的撞击试验人体模型送往国际空间站，这也是其Crew Dragon载人宇宙飞船试飞任务的一部分。这次任务将于3月2日进行，并将向国际空间站的宇航员运送物资。该人体模型所穿的太空服上安装了大量的传感器。今年晚些时候，在第一批人类旅客将登上太空舱之前，这些传感器将有助于提供重要数据。马斯克先生透露，乘坐Space X宇宙飞船前往火星的票价可能会低于10万美元。他在社交媒体上接受了人们的提问，并写道：“我确信，将来有一

29、天搬去火星（返程票是免费的）的票价会低于50万美元，甚至可能会低于10万美元。这个票价足够低了，发达经济体的多数人都可以卖掉他们在地球上的房子，搬去火星，如果他们愿意的话。”9. 单选题A piece of glass was embedded （ ） her hand.问题1选项A.withB.withinC.inD.inside【答案】C【解析】考查介词辨析及搭配。A项with “和”，B项within “在之内”，C项in “在里”，D项inside “内部、内侧”；句意：一块玻璃扎在她的手上。embed in “嵌入”；因此C选项正确。10. 单选题The discussion qui

30、ckly （ ） into an angry argument.问题1选项A.deterioratedB.aggravatedC.increaseD.declined【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项deteriorate “恶化”，B项aggravate “加重、激怒”，C项increase “提高”，D项decline “拒绝”；句意：这场讨论迅速演变成愤怒的争吵。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题When it works, it can be fantastic, but can very easily （ ） into a nightmare of the most serious p

31、roportions.问题1选项A.backwashB.backdateC.backlashD.backfire【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A项backwash “回流、反响”，B项backdate “回溯”，C项backlash “强烈反对”，D项backfire“产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果”；句意：当它发挥作用时，可能是非常奇妙的，但也很容易事与愿违，变成最严重的噩梦。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题Alcohols can also （ ） judgment to the extent that you may not make the best or brightest decis

32、ions in a cold weather emergency.问题1选项A.impartB.impactC.impairD.impose【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项impart “传授”，B项impact “影响”，C项impair “损害、削弱”，D项impose “利用”；句意：酒精也会影响你的判断力，让你在寒冷天气的紧急情况下无法做出最佳或最明智的决定。因此B选项正确。13. 单选题This will allow our citizens to build connections with peoples overseas and to develop skills and

33、contacts that will help them （ ） in the global economy.问题1选项A.surviveB.striveC.thriveD.stride【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项survive “生存”，B项strive “努力、奋斗”，C项thrive “繁荣”，D项stride “跨过”；句意：这将使我们的公民与海外人民建立联系，发展技能和增加接触，帮助他们在全球经济环境中生存。因此A选项正确。14. 单选题The new policies will （ ） rather than help poor families.问题1选项A.hideB.

34、hinderC.hintD.hind【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析。A项动词hide “隐藏”，B项动词hinder “阻碍、打扰”，C项动词hint “暗示、示意”，D项形容词hind “后部的”；句意：新政策将阻碍而不是帮助贫困家庭。因此B选项正确。15. 单选题Holders of deferred shares have no rights to vote at general meetings or receive any （ ）.问题1选项A.divisiveB.divideC.dividendD.division【答案】C【解析】考查形近词辨析。A项形容词divisive “分

35、裂的、区分的”，B项动词divide “分开”，C项名词dividend “红利、股息”，D项名词division “除法、分割”；句意：递延股票的持有者在股东大会上没有投票权，也不能获得任何股息。因此C选项正确。16. 单选题The producers refused to even talk about residuals. They put forth a simple and （ ） question:Why should any employee be paid more than once for the same job?问题1选项A.compellingB.componentC

36、.competentD.compulsive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项compelling “令人信服的，引人注目的”，B项component “组成的”，C项competent “有能力的”，D项compulsive “强制的”；句意：制片人甚至拒绝提到剩余工资并提出了一个简单而又引人注目的问题：为什么雇主要为一次同样的工作付两次钱？因此A选项正确。17. 单选题Have you winterized your horse yet? Even though global warming may have made our climate milder, many animals

37、are still hibernating. Its too bad that humans cant hibernate. In fact, as a species, we almost did.Apparently, at times in the past, peasants in France liked a semi-state of human hibernation. So writes Graham Robb, a British scholar who has studied the sleeping habits of the French peasants. As so

38、on as the weather turned cold people all over France shut themselves away and practiced the forgotten art of doing nothing at all for months on end.In line with this, Jeff Warren, a producer at CBC Radios The Current, tells us that the way we sleep has changed fundamentally since the invention of ar

39、tificial lighting and the electric bulb.When historians began studying texts of the Middle Ages, they noticed something referred to as “first sleep”, which was not clarified, though. Now scientists are telling us our ancestors most likely slept in separate periods. The business of eight hours uninte

40、rrupted sleep is a modern invention.In the past, without the artificial light of the city to bathe in, humans went to sleep when it became dark and then woke themselves around midnight. The late night period was known as “The Watch”. It was when people actually kept watch against wild animals, altho

41、ugh many of them simply moved around or visited family and neighbors.According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia at midnight is not a disorder. It is normal. Humans can experience another state of consciousness around their sleeping, which occurs in the brief period before we fal

42、l asleep or wake ourselves in the morning. This period can be an extraordinarily creative time for some people. The impressive inventor, Thomas Edison, used this state to hit upon many of his new ideas.Playing with your sleep rhythms can be adventurous, as anxiety may set in. Medical science doesnt

43、help much in this case. It offers us medicines for a full nights continuous sleep, which sounds natural; however, according to Warrens theory, it is really the opposite of what we need.1. The example of the French peasants shows the fact that （ ）.2. The late night was called “The Watch” because it w

44、as a time for people （ ）.3. Thomas Edison is cited to show （ ）.4. What does the author advise people to do?5. What is most possibly the source of this article?问题1选项A.people might become lazy as a result of too much sleepB.there were signs of hibernation in human sleeping habitsC.people tended to sle

45、ep more peacefully in cold weatherD.winter was a season for people to sleep for months on end问题2选项A.to set traps to catch animalsB.to wake up their family and neighborsC.to remind others of the timeD.to guard against possible dangers问题3选项A.insomnia is harmful to peopleB.human being cannot overcome i

46、nsomniaC.a short period of consciousness during sleeping is normal for human beingD.great scientists must sleep less to make great inventions问题4选项A.Sleep in the way animals do.B.Consult a doctor if they cant sleep.C.Follow their natural sleep rhythm.D.Keep to the eight-hour sleep pattern.问题5选项A.scie

47、ntific journalsB.history booksC.science fictionsD.fairy tales【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“文中用法国农民的例子来体现一个什么事实呢？”。第二段讲述了过去的法国农民等天气一变冷就会把自己关在屋子里几个月，什么都不做；这一例子是用来论证第一段的论点In fact, as a species, we almost did.”中，did指代前面提到的hibernate，表达的意思是“事实上，作为一个物种，我们都会冬眠”。A项“因为睡太多的觉人们可能会变懒”和C项“在

48、冬天人们睡得更安稳”没有提到；D项“冬天是人们可以睡好几个月的季节”，文中只是提到天气变冷，法国农民就会把自己关到屋子里，并没有说一直睡觉。因此此题B项正确。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“深夜被叫作The Watch是因为这个时间是人们要干的时候？”。从第五段最后一句It was when people actually kept watch against wild animals, although many of them simply moved around or visited family and neighbors.（那时人们实际上是在监视野生动物，尽管许多动物只是四

49、处走动或者逗留一会。）可以看出The Watch是代表到了人们要监视外面可能的危险的时间。A项“设陷阱抓动物”，没有提到；B项“叫醒他们的邻居和家人”，文中只是提到这些动物只是在邻居门前逗留一会，该项不符合题意；C项“提醒其他人时间”，这个时间只是提醒守夜的人要开始监视外面，没有提醒其他人。因此该题D项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“在这里引用托马斯爱迪生是用来表示？”。第六段提到在午夜短时间的失眠是正常的，第三句接着提到Humans can experience another state of consciousness around their sleeping, whic

50、h occurs in the brief period before we fall asleep or wake ourselves in the morning. This period can beThomas Edison, used this state to hit upon many of his ideas.（人类在睡眠时还会经历另一种意识状态，这种状态发生在我们入睡前或早上醒来之前的短暂时间里。对某些人来说，这段时期是极具创造力的时期。令人印象深刻的发明家，托马斯爱迪生，就是在这种状态下想出了他的许多想法。）可知睡眠时短暂的意识状态对人来说是正常的。A项“失眠对人类有伤害”

51、，倒数第二段第一句a short period of insomnia at midnight is not a disorder（午夜时分短暂的失眠并不是一种疾病），提到短暂失眠是正常的，而失眠对人类有伤害没有提到；B项“人类不能克服失眠”，最后一段有提到可以服用药物，但是这不是引用爱迪生例子的目的；D项“为了发明科学家睡得都很少”，文中只是说这种短暂的意识状态适合创造，没有说科学家睡得少。因此该题C项正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者建议人们去做什么？”。最后一段说Playing with your sleep rhythms can be adventurous, as

52、anxiety may set in.（调整你的睡眠节奏可能是冒险的，因为焦虑可能会出现），但最后一句It offers us medicines for a full nights continuous sleep, which sounds natural; however, according to Warrens theory, it is really the opposite of what we need.（医学为我们提供了整夜不会间断睡眠的药物，这听起来很自然；然而，根据沃伦的理论，这确实与我们所需要的相反），由此看出，作者是建议人们跟随自己自然的睡眠规律。A项“和动物的睡觉方

53、式一样”，只是建议遵循自己的睡眠规律，没有一定要和动物睡眠规律一样；B项“如果不能睡着咨询医生”，这不是作者阐述的建议；D项“保持八小时睡眠模式”最后一段没有提到。因此C项“跟随自然的睡眠规律”正确。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“这篇文章的来源最有可能是来自于哪里？”。本文论述了研究者发现在过去人类也像其他动物一样有冬眠时期，现在的八小时睡眠只是现代被改变的睡眠方式，文章有论有据，可以推断出这是一篇科普类文章。B项“历史书”，C项“科幻小说”，D项“神话故事”；因此A选项正确。18. 单选题During my second year at the city college, I wa

54、s told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I （1） the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesnt want to （2） a few dollars? More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I werent （3） enough about free credi

55、ts, news about our （4） was appealing enough to me. He was an international grand master, which （5） I would be learning from one of the games （6）. I could hardly wait to （7） him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this （8） was no game for him; he meant busines

56、s. In his introduction, he made it （9） that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to （10） the class among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to （11） what we would learn in class to our future professions and （12） to our lives. I managed to get an A in that （13） and learned l

57、ife lessons that have served me well beyond the （14）.Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he （15） me: “the absolute most important （16） that you learn when you play chess is how to make good （17）.On every single move you have to （18） a situation, process what your

58、 opponent is doing and （19） the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my （20）as a journalist.问题1选项A.put forwardB.jumped atC.tried outD.turned down问题2选项A.wasteB.earnC.saveD.pay问题3选项A.excitedB.worriedC.movedD.tired问题4选项A.titleB.competitorC.textbookD.instructor问题5

59、选项A.urgedB.demandedC.heldD.meant问题6选项A.fastestB.easiestC.bestD.rarest问题7选项A.interviewB.meetC.challengeD.beat问题8选项A.chanceB.qualificationC.honorD.job问题9选项A.realB.perfectC.clearD.possible问题10选项A.attendB.passC.skipD.observe问题11选项A.addB.exposeC.applyD.compare问题12选项A.eventuallyB.naturallyC.directlyD.norm

60、ally问题13选项A.gameB.presentationC.courseD.experiment问题14选项A.criterionB.classroomC.departmentD.situation问题15选项A.taughtB.wroteC.questionedD.promised问题16选项A.factB.stepC.mannerD.skill问题17选项A.gradesB.decisionsC.impressionsD.comments问题18选项A.analyzeB.describeC.rebuildD.control问题19选项A.announceB.signalC.blockD

61、.evaluate问题20选项A.roleB.desireC.concernD.behavior【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D第6题:C第7题:B第8题:D第9题:C第10题:B第11题:C第12题:A第13题:C第14题:B第15题:A第16题:D第17题:B第18题:A第19题:D第20题:A【解析】1. 【试题解析】考查上下文语义和动词短语。A项put forward “提出”，B项jumped at “欣然接受，急切的接受”，C项tried out “试验、考验”，D项turned down “减小，调低（声音）、拒绝”；上文说I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.（我被告知教育部门为学生提供了一门免费的课程思考象棋，这门课程有三个学分），由此可以看出是欣然/急切的接受了这门课程，因此选B。2. 【试题解