2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第174期

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1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that _in pictures from space.问题1选项A.stands forB.stands byC.stands upD.stands out【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“stands for”意为“代表；意味着”；B选项“stands by”意为“支持；袖手旁观；准备；站在旁边”；C选项“s

2、tands up”意为“站起来；坚持；竖立；站得住脚；拥护”；D选项“stands out”意为“突出；杰出；坚持到底；坚决反对”。句意：人们常常想知道地球是如何从一个炙热、狂暴的诞生演变成这个著名的含水星球，并从太空照片中脱颖而出的。由题干可知，in pictures from space（在太空照片中），说明从太空层面来看，地球与其他星球截然不同，是个含水的星球，由此脱颖而出。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题Probability is the mathematical study of the（ ）of an events occurrence.问题1选项A.desireB.likeli

3、hoodC.resultD.effect【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项desire“欲望；要求，心愿”；B选项likelihood“可能性，可能”；C选项result“结果；成绩”；D选项effect“影响；效率；作用”。句意：几率是对一件事发生的可能性所进行的数学研究。根据句中“probability几率”可知“可能性”符合语境，因此B选项正确。3. 单选题The severity of adjustment problems experienced in a second culture depends on the individuals ability to adapt to

4、new situations.问题1选项A.excitementB.intensityC.solutionsD.importance【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。severity“严重性；严格；猛烈”；A选项excitement“兴奋；刺激；令人新奇的事物”；B选项intensity“强度；强烈；紧张”；C选项solutions“解决方案；应对措施；溶液剂”；D选项importance“价值；重要；重大”。句意：在第二种文化中经历的适应问题的严重程度取决于个人适应新情况的能力。题干指出“adjustment problems experienced in a second culture在第

5、二种文化中所经历的适应问题”，可推知severity在这里是“严重性”的意思，因此B选项正确。4. 单选题Substances which allow light to pass through them without objects on the other side being clearly seen are said to be （ ）.问题1选项A.transparentB.translucentC.luminousD.opaque【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项transparent“透明的；显然的；坦率的”；B选项translucent“半透明的”；C选项luminou

6、s“发光的；明亮的；清楚的”；D选项opaque“不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的”。句意：那些允许光通过而另一边的物体看不清楚的物质被称为半透明。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Her panic was transient, and ceased when she began to speak.问题1选项A.beyond descriptionB.unnoticedC.passing quicklyD.vague【答案】C【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。transient“短暂的；路过的”；A选项beyond description“无法形容，难以形容”；B选项unnoticed“被忽视的；不引人注意

7、的；未被注意的”；C选项passing quickly“飞逝的”；D选项vague“模糊的；含糊的”。句意：她的惊慌是暂时的，一开口就停止了。由题干中的“ceased when she began to speak一开口就停止了”可推知transient在这里有“短暂的”的意思，因此C选项正确。6. 单选题During the World War II, the shabby little bar successfully harbored many Jews who would otherwise have been slaughtered by Hitler.问题1选项A.shivered

8、B.shoveledC.shelteredD.shuttled【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。harbor“庇护；怀有”；A选项shiver“颤抖；打碎”；B选项shovel“铲除；用铲挖”；C选项shelter“保护；使掩蔽；庇护”；D选项shuttle“使穿梭般来回移动；短程穿梭般运送”。句意：第二次世界大战期间，这家破旧的小酒吧成功地收留了许多犹太人，否则他们可能会被希特勒屠杀。文中提到“slaughtered by Hitler被希特勒屠杀”，可推知harbored在这里有“庇护”的意思，因此C选项正确。7. 不定项选择题The first reaction one has to th

9、e question of viable approaches to the control of chemical and biological weapons is that there are no such approaches. And it is most difficult to dispense with this first reaction. The reasons are that the nations, including some of the smaller ones, are already downstream too far. The larger stor

10、es of weapons for CB warfare may be restricted to the major powers, but there is little doubt that an increasing capability is proliferating to some of the smaller and developing countries. What used to be largely a picture of research has turned to development, and development has turned to manufac

11、turing and stockpiling. The subject is shrouded in secrecy and it is the secrecy which seems to provide a nonstop momentum to realize the full potential of these types of weapons. No one really knows what someone else may have ready for employment in a military situation. The large and expensive pro

12、grams in the United States and Russia are attributed to each others “large and expensive programs”. Knowledge and capability required for detection and defense are tied to knowledge and capability for retaliation. The “no first use” policy of the United States and other major nations implies that th

13、is retaliation be in kind, and this requires that weapons of the CB class be available.A philosophy of mutual deterrence (制约) is developing in CB warfare comparable to that in nuclear warfare. In fact, much of the literature on the subject repeats that the stalemate in the latter opens up the need f

14、or capability in the former. As an arms race, CBW does not present the spiraling costs of the ICBM-ABM systems, hence a movement to CB weapons (especially chemical) among some smaller nations. So far as the major powers are concerned, the elements in CBW which are in common with the nuclear arms rac

15、e include the now-accepted approach to that race. Thus in discussing control of CB warfare, an editorial in the British journal, Nature, concluded: “The balance of terror between the great power blocs may not be to everybodys taste, but it is probably still the best way of avoiding War.”1. It can be

16、 inferred that the control of chemical and biological warfare（ ）.2. Which of the following is NOT given as a cause for the continued development of CB weapons?3. The writer in the British journal might feel that the research and development of CB systems should be（ ）.4. The justification for the Uni

17、ted States participation in CB warfare programs is mainly due to the（ ）.5. The main purpose of this article is to（ ）.问题1选项A.is less costly than controlling other systems of warfareB.may not be possible or necessarily desirableC.is in the hands of the United States and RussiaD.should become a matter

18、of prime importance问题2选项A.The hostilities between the nations involved.B.The need to be able to detect a CB attack.C.Other weapons programs are more costly than the development of a CB system.D.The countries involved are unaware of what the others are doing.问题3选项A.encouraged and expandedB.conducted

19、only by the major powersC.immediately haltedD.maintained as it is now问题4选项A.need for undetectable weaponryB.costliness of the nuclear programsC.Russias having such a programD.ability of modern research to develop them问题5选项A.show the indifference in stopping CB warfare programsB.explain the cost of C

20、B warfareC.discuss alternatives to CB warfareD.make the reader aware of the dangers of CB warfare【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由the control of chemical and biological warfare定位到文章第一段“The first reaction one has to the question of viable approaches to the control of chemical and biologica

21、l weapons is that there are no such approaches”，即人们对控制化学和生物武器的可行办法问题的第一反应是觉得根本没有这种办法，并且研究生化武器的能力正扩散到一些较小和发展中的国家。这说明控制生化武器也许是不可能的，或者说不能令人满意。A选项“is less costly than controlling other systems of warfare”意为“比控制其他战争系统成本更低”，原文虽将生化武器和洲际导弹的成本进行对比，但这不是控制生化武器的原因，反而是一些小国开始使用生化武器的原因；B选项“may not be possible or n

22、ecessarily desirable”意为“也许不可能或不一定是令人满意的”，与原文相符；C选项“is in the hands of the United States and Russia”意为“都掌握在美国和俄罗斯手中”，与原文不符，研究生化武器的能力也逐渐被一些小国掌握；D选项“should become a matter of prime importance”意为“应该成为头等大事”原文没有相关表达。因此B选项符合题意。第2题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析四个选项。A选项“The hostilities between the nations involved

23、”，意为“国家之间的敌对状态”，原文“The large and expensive programs in the United States and Russia are attributed to each others large and expensive programs”美俄两国将开发生化武器归结于对方也有这些生化武器，即出于敌对目的；B选项“The need to be able to detect a CB attack”意为“探测到生化武器攻击的需要”，原文并未提及；C选项“Other weapons programs are more costly than the de

24、velopment of a CB system”意为“其他武器项目比生化武器系统的开发成本更高”，原文“As an arms race, CBW does not present the spiraling costs of the ICBM-ABM systems”生化武器的成本不如洲际导弹的成本高，所以国家会选择研究生化武器；D选项“The countries involved are unaware of what the others are doing”意为“所涉及的国家不知道其他国家在做什么”，原文“No one really knows what someone else ma

25、y have ready for employment in a military situation”没有人真正知道别人在军事形势下准备好了什么，所以自己也要研究生化武器来确保安全。由此可推测出，正是由于各国秘密研究生化武器，为别国研究生化武器提供了动力。因此B选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。由the British journal定位到文章第二段最后一句“an editorial in the British journal, Nature, concluded: The balance of terror between the great power blocs”，社论总结到“大国集

26、团之间的恐怖平衡可能不符合每个人的口味，但它可能仍然是避免战争的最佳方式”。由此可知，生化武器系统基本被主要的大国势力控制了。A选项“encouraged and expanded”意为“鼓励和扩大”，社论并没有鼓舞生化武器的扩大；B选项“conducted only by the major powers”意为“仅由主要大国控制”，符合原文；C选项“immediately halted”意为“立即停止”，原文没有提及；D选项“maintained as it is now”意为“维持现状”，原文“may not be to everybodys taste”可能不符合每个人的口味，说明现状不

27、能令每个人满意，所以不应维持现状。因此B选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。由the United States定位到文章第一段倒数第三句“The large and expensive programs in the United States and Russia are attributed to each others large and expensive programs” 美国和俄罗斯的大型和昂贵的项目被归因于彼此的大型和昂贵的项目。由此可推测，美国研究生化武器是因为俄罗斯也有研究。A选项“need for undetectable weaponry”意为“需要不可探测的武器”，原

28、文未提及不可探测的武器；B选项“costliness of the nuclear programs”意为“核项目的昂贵”，原文未提及核武器的成本；C选项“Russias having such a program”意为“俄罗斯有这样一个计划”，与原文相符；D选项“ability of modern research to develop them”意为“现代研究发展它们的能力”，原文并未提及现代研究能力。因此C选项符合题意。第5题:主旨大意题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“show the indifference in stopping CB warfare prog

29、rams”意为“对停止生化武器战争方面表现出漠不关心”，与原文不符，全文第一段就已提出控制生化武器的话题；B选项“explain the cost of CB warfare”意为“解释生化武器战争的成本”，这只是原文第二段的一部分内容，并不是原文的主旨大意；C选项“discuss alternatives to CB warfare”意为“讨论生化武器战争的替代方案”，原文第一段提出控制生化武器的话题，然后最后一句话总结到避免生化武器战争的方法就是大国保持相对平衡，所以本文就是在讨论生化武器战争的替代方案；D选项“make the reader aware of the dangers of

30、 CB warfare”意为“使读者意识到生化武器战争的危险”，原文并未举例说明或是提及生化武器战争的危险。因此C选项符合题意。8. 单选题Your help is（ ）for the success of the project.问题1选项A.indispensableB.indicativeC.inevitableD.inherent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indispensable“不可缺少的；绝对必要的”；B选项indicative“象征的；指示的”；C选项inevitable“必然的，不可避免的”；D选项inherent“内在的；与生俱来的”。句意：你的帮助是这个项目

31、成功不可缺少的。根据句中“the success of the project这个项目成功”可知“不可缺少的”符合语境，因此A选项正确。9. 不定项选择题Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says

32、bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there”.Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at

33、 the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plants weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he, “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prov

34、e in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “Were got far worse natural chemicals in the food suppl

35、y than anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous

36、chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what

37、they eat and drink. To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives.

38、 Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain from fields to processing plants to kitchens.1. What does the author think of the Americans view of their food?

39、2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because（ ）.3. By saying “they employ chemical warfare” (Paragraph 2, Line 4), Bruce Ames means （ ）.4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on （ ）.5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?

40、问题1选项A.They overstate the governments interference with the food industry.B.They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.C.They overestimate the hazards of their food.D.They overlook the risks of the food they eat.问题2选项A.no food is free from pollution in the environmentB.pesticides are wid

41、ely used in agricultureC.many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicalsD.almost all foods have additives问题3选项A.plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesB.plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthC.farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals

42、in plantsD.farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases问题4选项A.the governmentB.the processorC.the consumerD.the grower问题5选项A.Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.B.Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.C.Health food is n

43、ot a dream in modern society.D.There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段第一句“Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. 许多美国人对围绕食品的大多数风险持有严重扭曲和夸大的

44、看法。”可知C项“他们高估了食物的危害。”与原文相符；A项“他们夸大了政府对食品工业的干预”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“他们对食品的安全性过于乐观。”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“他们忽略了他们所吃食物的风险。”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段第二句“up to 10% of a plants weight is made up of natural pesticides. 高达植物重量10%的成分是天然杀虫剂。”可知A项“没有一种食物是不受环境污染的”与原文相符。B项“农药在农业中被广泛使用”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“许多蔬菜包含危险的天然化学

45、物质”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“几乎所有的食品都含有添加剂”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第三句“Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves. 因为植物没有颌或牙齿来保护自己”可知这里的“they employ chemical warfare 它们使用化学武器”代指“植物产生某些化学物质来对抗虫害和疾病”，由此知A项“植物产生某种化学物质来对抗病虫害”与原文相符。B项“植物吸收有用的化学物质来促进它们的生长”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“农民使用人造化学物质溶解植物

46、中的天然化学物质”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“农民使用化学药品保护植物免受病虫害”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句“Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. 也许最重要的是，消费者将不得不更好地学习如何正确处理和烹饪食物。”可知C项“消费者”正确。A项“政府”；B项“加工者”；D项“种植者”。因此C选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第

47、二句“While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. 虽然美国人没有理由害怕坐在餐桌前吃饭，但他们完全有理由要求显著改善食品和水安全。”可知D项“关于食物消费，有理由谨慎，但没有理由惊慌。”与原文相符。A项“饮食变得比以前更危险。”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“必须立即采取措施改善食品生产和加工。”，原文并没有相关表达；

48、C项“健康食品在现代社会不再是一个梦。”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。10. 单选题The pollutants can be（ ）hundreds and even thousands of kilometers by large air masses.问题1选项A.containedB.conveyedC.contaminatedD.conserved【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contain“包含；控制；容纳”；B选项convey“传达；运输；转移”；C选项contaminate“污染，弄脏”；D选项conserve“保存；将做成蜜饯”。句意：这大型气团可以将污染物输送

49、到数百甚至数千公里以外的地方。由题干中的“by large air masses通过大的空气团”可知“转移”符合题意，因此B选项正确。11. 单选题Light is less vital to animals than it is to plants; （ ） most animals tend to shun the light rather than to welcome it.问题1选项A.for instanceB.indeedC.that isD.therefore【答案】B【解析】考查副词和词组辨析。A选项for instance“例如”；B选项 indeed“的确；事实上；甚至”

50、；C选项that is“即；就是说；换言之”；D选项therefore“因此；所以”。句意：光对动物的重要性不如对植物；事实上，大多数动物倾向于回避光明，而不是欢迎它。空格后的内容“most animals tend to shun the light rather than to welcome it大多数动物倾向于避开光明而不是欢迎它”是对空格前句子的进一步说明，因此“事实上”符合语境，因此B选项正确。12. 单选题Artificial diamond is indistinguishable from genuine one, but much cheaper.问题1选项A.differ

51、ential inB.indifferent toC.differentiable fromD.identical to【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。横线单词indistinguishable from意为“难以分辨，别无二致”；A选项“differential in”意为“在有差别的”；B选项“indifferent to”意为“不在乎；对漠不关心”；C选项“differentiable from”意为“区别于”；D选项“identical to”意为“同一的，同样的；和相同”。句意：人造钻石与真钻石难以区别，但便宜得多。由题干可知，but是表转折的并列连词。but后是便宜得多，如果人造钻

52、石和真钻石有区别的话，构不成转折的关系，所以此处表达的是人造钻石和真钻石难以区分，但是还便宜得多。由此可知，indistinguishable from在此处最可能是“难以分辨”的意思。因此D选项符合题意。13. 单选题If you repeatedly find yourself _or agreeing to requests you are reluctant to fulfill and feeling unhappy about, you might want to look at some reasons why you say yes when you prefer to say

53、 no.问题1选项A.abstainingB.acquiescingC.accommodatingD.articulating【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“abstaining”意为“（投票时）弃权；回避；自制”；B选项“acquiescing”意为“默许；勉强同意”；C选项“accommodating”意为“容纳；使适应；供应；调解”；D选项“articulating”意为“清晰地发（音）；明确有力地表达；用关节连接；使相互连贯”。句意：如果你不断地发现自己默许或同意那些你不愿去满足或感到不开心的要求，你可能想看看为什么你在更想说不的时候却说“是”的原因。由题干可知，or是并列连词

54、表选择，说明横线处与agreeing（同意）意思相近，acquiescing有默许，勉强同意的意思。因此B选项符合题意。14. 单选题Nowadays, our government advocates credit to whatever we do or whoever we contact with. Once you _your words, you will lose your social status and personal reputation.问题1选项A.keep up withB.give away fromC.go back onD.lose sight of【答案】

55、C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“keep up with”意为“赶得上；和保持联系”；B选项“give away from”没有这个词组；C选项“go back on”意为“违背；背弃”；D选项“lose sight of”意为“忽略；不再看见”。句意：现在，我们的政府提倡无论我们做什么或与任何人交往都要讲信用。一旦你食言，你就会失去你的社会地位和个人声誉。由题干可知，lose your social status and personal reputation（失去你的社会地位和个人声誉），说明我们没有做到言而有信，违背了自己说的话，别人就不再信任我们。因此C选项符合题意。15. 翻译题Di

56、rections: Translate the following passage into English on the Answer Sheet.时下，在北京的图书馆、博物馆甚至书店里，经常有一些大大小小不同类型的文化讲座，这些讲座，小而言之，只是一次次知识的宣讲，大而言之，则是先进文化的传播。在这方面，中国现代文学馆组织的周末义务讲座无疑是开风气之先、具有示范作用的。这里一时间竟出现了作家学者主动报名讲演，听者以能占有一席之地为荣的局面，可以相信，越来越多的人自觉进入求学殿堂，将大大促进我国国民素质的提升。【答案】Nowadays, from libraries and museums

57、in Beijing to bookstores, there are often cultural lectures on different scales and varied sizes. These lectures, in practical terms, are repeated knowledge impartations. In theoretical terms, theyre the dissemination of advanced culture. In this regard, the weekend lectures organized by the Museum

58、of Modern Chinese Literature are undoubtedly pioneering and exemplary. Here, many writers and scholars volunteer to be entered for opportunities to give lectures while the audience is honored when given a seat. It can be believed that more and more people consciously into the educational programs, w

59、hich will greatly promote the national quality of our citizens.16. 单选题During the summer holiday season there are no （ ）rooms in this seaside hotel.问题1选项A.emptyB.blankC.desertedD.vacant【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项empty“空的；无意义的；无知的；徒劳的”，一般指可容纳人或者物的容器还未容纳进去；B选项blank“空白的；空虚的；单调的”，一般指表面无字迹的；C选项deserted“荒芜的；被遗弃的；

60、无人居住的”；D选项vacant“空的；空缺的；空闲的”，多侧重于指某个位置没有人居住或者占用导致空闲的。由本句关键词“rooms”（房间）可知，这里是指没有空余的房间，所以与vacant相对应。句意：在夏季假期期间，这家海滨旅馆没有空房了。因此D选项正确。17. 单选题I didnt listen to Mom and I was not surprised at the look of（ ）on her face.问题1选项A.indifferenceB.complimentC.negligenceD.reproach【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项indifference“漠不关心

61、；不重视；中立”；B选项compliment“恭维；称赞；问候”；C选项negligence“疏忽；忽视”；D选项reproach“责备；责骂”。句意：我没有听妈妈的话，看到她脸上责备的表情，我并不感到惊讶。题干中说到“I didnt listen to Mom我没有听妈妈的话”，而“责备”符合语境，因此D选项正确。18. 单选题John says that his present job does not provide him with enough（ ）for his organizing ability.问题1选项A.scopeB.spaceC.capacityD.range【答案】B

62、【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scope“范围；余地；视野”；B选项space“空间；太空”；C选项capacity“能力；容量；资格”；D选项range“范围；幅度；山脉”。句意：约翰称他现在的工作没有为自己的组织能力提供足够的发展空间。根据句中“organizing ability组织能力”可知“空间”符合语境，因此B选项正确。19. 单选题There were no tickets（ ）for Fridays performance.问题1选项A.preferableB.possibleC.considerableD.available【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项preferable“更好的，更可取的；更合意的”；B选项possible“可能的；合理的；合适的”；C选项considerable“相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的”；D选项available“可获得的；可购买的；可找到的；有空的”。句意：周五的演出已没有票可购买。根据句中“There were no tickets没有票”可知“可购买的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。20. 不定项选择题The mental health movement i