2022年考博英语-北京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第6期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The most interesting new cars may owe ( ) the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.问题1选项A.less local free-spiritedness thanB.less local free-spiritedness than toC.to less local free-spiritedness than toD.less to local free-spiri

2、tedness than to【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。owe to“归功于”是固定搭配，与比较级lessthan连用，应为owe less tothan to。句意：最有趣的新车与其说得益于当地的自由精神，还不如说是得益于一种简单的智慧，即雇佣几个能人，并让他们为之工作。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题The school shooting triggered a barrage of transparently irrelevant proposed solutions, tossed out without regard to their relevance to the even

3、ts that supposedly _ the proposals.问题1选项A.occasionedB.concernedC.illuminatedD.ensued【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。occasion“引起，惹起”；concern“涉及；使担心”；illuminate“阐明；照亮”；ensue“追求”。句意：学校枪击事件引发了一连串明显不相干的解决方案，而这些方案与引发这些方案的事件毫无关联。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题The countrys deficit that year to a record 169.8 billion dollars.问题1选项A.soaredB.

4、souredC.soredD.sourced【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。soar“飙升”；sour“发酵”；sore“弄伤”；source“寻求来源”。句意：这个国家的赤字到1698亿美元的记录。因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题Microsoft founder Bill Gates has ( ) about being a parent, stating that 13 is an appropriate age for a childs first cell phone.问题1选项A.opened upB.taken upC.put upD.held up【答案】A【解析】考查动词词

5、组辨析。open up“坦诚地说，开辟，打开”；take up“开始从事，占用”；put up“提供，提出，建造”；hold up“举起”。句意：微软创始人比尔盖茨坦言为人父母之道，表明13岁是孩子拥有第一部手机的合适年龄。因此A选项符合题意。5. 单选题_ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.问题1选项A.ThatB.ItC.ThisD.As【答案】D【解析】考查关系代词的用法。as在做关系代词

6、时，表示“正如一样”。句意：正如新想法经常出现的情况一样，许多初步活动和乐观的讨论都不会产生具体的建议。因此D选项符合题意。6. 单选题The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7billion people.For better and worse, its a milestone.And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected

7、 to be 8billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the worlds poorer countries.Proportionally, Europes population will decline, while Africas will increase. At around the same time,India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth.The growing global population is jus

8、t one side of the coin. A recent report from the World HealthOrganization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people about half the worlds population are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a largeproportion, of the worlds people been malnouri

9、shed.And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, andpopulation aging.As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and morecoun

10、tries are aging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over willbe visible, whereas the number of children (persons under age 15) will decline slightly.Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to

11、public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure.The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped tomore than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentagefrom the previous census in 2000. A

12、 quarter of the countrys population will be over 65 by 2050,according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission.The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle ； we cant rely onthe ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nations eco

13、nomic growth. Bettersolutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and workingcapability of todays older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible.It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokesp

14、ersonannounced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously andproactively.Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the privatesector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Pub

15、licservants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.1.According to the passage, India will_ in 14 years.2.What problem will result from the global population explosion?3.Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT（ ）.4.Todays older adults en

16、joy（ ）.5.What is the authors attitude toward the spokespersons announcement?问题1选项A.be a poorer countryB.be the most populous countryC.decline in populationD.increase investment in Africa.问题2选项A.Population aging.B.Increasing longevity.C.Declining fertility.D.Expanding malnourishment.问题3选项A.rapid econ

17、omic developmentB.challenge to public institutionsC.success story of mankindD.changing age structure问题4选项A.more working yearsB.more accessible pension programsC.greater longevityD.greater government support问题5选项A.Angered.B.Delighted.C.Indifferent.D.Disappointed.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节题

18、。题干：根据这篇文章，印度将在14年后_。根据关键词India 和14years定位到文章第三段最后一句“India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth”，印度将超越中国成为人口最大国。因此B选项符合题意。2.细节推理题。题干：全球人口激增将带来什么问题？文章第四段第二句提到“人口激增”。紧接着后文提到“more than 3 billion people about half the worlds population are malnourished”，可知营养不良的人口增多，范围会扩大。因此D选项符合题意。3.

19、细节题。题干：人口老龄化带来的问题除了_。第七段提到人口老龄化的问题“Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure.”除了A选项的“经济快速发展”没有体现外，其他都是人口老龄化的问题。因此A选项符合题意。4.细节题。题干：现在的老年人享有_。文章第九段提到“Better solutions

20、are needed, such as raising retirement ages toreflect the greater longevity and working capability of todays older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are moreaccessible”，可知，在（人口老龄化）这种情况下需要更好的解决方法，比如考虑到如今老年人的寿命越来越长，以及他们的工作能力，可以采取提高退休年龄的方法；也可作出政策调整，使养老金计划更改。由此可知，如今老年人的寿命是越来越长的。因此C选项正确。

21、5.态度题。题干：作者对发言人的声明持什么态度？关于发言人的生明出现在文章倒数第二段第一句，使用的语句是“it is heartening to hear振奋人心的”，可知作者对于声明持积极态度。因此B选项符合题意。7. 单选题Information technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has been around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day. But Watson is a diffe

22、rent beast. According to IBM, it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it processing up to 60 million pages of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain old prose, or what scientists call “natural

23、 language” Thats no small thing, because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured”. In medicine, it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records, long-winded sentences published in academic journals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At lea

24、st in theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patient examinations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interacts with real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it

25、makes diagnoses and recommends treatments, it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached.Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this. And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Infor

26、mation and Management System Society, more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearby, to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standing before a video scre

27、en that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changer not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous, treatment errors.Drawing on his own c

28、linical experience and on academic studies, Kohn explained that about one- third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias” ： human beings，tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time in doctors，offices, c

29、linics，and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two or three symptoms，seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something else. Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis, but fails to realize that its incomplete, and ends up treating jus

30、t one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering from several. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohn believes, they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors，offices as the stethoscope.“Watson fills in for some human limitations，” Kohn told me in an interview.

31、 “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information. Thats where Watson shines ； taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down. ”1.What is Watson?2.Which of the following i

32、s beyond Watsoif s ability?3.Marty Kohn( ).4.“Anchoring bias”( ).5.Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical records.B.It is an online tool that connects doctors over different places.C.It is an intelligent computer that

33、helps doctors make decisions.D.It is a beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.问题2选项A.Talk with the patient.B.Calculate probability.C.Recommend treatment.D.Process sophisticated data.问题3选项A.gave a presentation at an academic conferenceB.works for the IBM Training DivisionC.is

34、 a short person with a husky voiceD.expressed optimism for Watson问题4选项A.is a device ubiquitous in doctors，officesB.is less likely to be committed by WatsonC.happens in one third of medical treatmentsD.is a wrong diagnosis with incomplete information问题5选项A.Watson As A Shining Star.B.The Risks Of Misd

35、iagnosis.C.The Robot Will See You Now.D.IBMs IT Solution To Medicine.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。题干：Waston是什么？由第一段第三句中“it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it”可知Waston是能帮助医生和病人的智能电脑。因此选项C符合题意。2.细节题。题干

36、：以下哪项超出了Watsoif的能力？由第一段最后一句中“digest information and make recommendations”可得C和D选项。根据第二段最后一句中“it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached”可得出B选项。因此选项A符合题意。3.细节题。题干：Marty Kohn_。人名定位到第三段。由段尾的“a game changer”可推出Marty Kohn看好Waston。A选项的academic conference与原文不

37、符合，演讲是在一次非正式亮相的聚会上进行的。Marty Kohn是“a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care”，而不是IBM培训部的人，所以排除B选项。由“Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame”可知Marty Kohn本身不矮小，是对比出的效果，排除C选项。因此D选项符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干：“Anchoring bias”_本文第四段提到了“Anchoring bias”，“human beings，tendency

38、 to rely too heavily on a single piece of information”，倒数第二句指出“Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings”，可知Waston不太容易出现这类错误。因此选项B符合题意。5.主旨大意题。题干：下面哪个可能是这篇文章最好的标题？本文主要讲述了Waston是什么以及它在医学领域的应用。因此选项A符合题意。8. 单选题Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study a

39、lmost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact mode

40、rate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your

41、 heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isnt the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has

42、 to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brains ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk o

43、f getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest” sleep deprivation less than six hours and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least

44、seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. Youll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized i

45、n order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. Th

46、is can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep depriv

47、ed are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well. For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection

48、of them. Its a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM s

49、leep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile” memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the minds long-term cache.1.According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”？2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according t

50、o Paragraph 3?3.Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”？4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?5.What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?问题1选项A.To sleep for an average period of time.B.To sleep deeply without dr

51、eaming.C.To sleep less than needed.D.To sleep modestly.问题2选项A.When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B.When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C.Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune s

52、ystem,D.Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.问题3选项A.It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B.It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C.Because you are usually too frightened to move your b

53、ody when waking up from deep REMsleep.D.Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when yourbrain is waking up.问题4选项A.Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B.Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C.You are likely t

54、o lose your memories of yesterday after a nights sleep.D.Long-term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.问题5选项A.High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B.Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long-term memory.C.Blood pressure, immune syste

55、m, the brain and the body, and memory.D.High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.语义题。题干：根据本文，“睡眠不足”指的是什么？文章第三段中“Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also f

56、ound a direct correlation between “modest” sleep deprivation less than six hours and reduced immune response”说明“modest”sleep deprivation指的是少于6小时的睡眠，而成人需要7-9小时的睡眠。因此C 选项符合题意。2.判断推理题。题干：根据第3段，下列哪个陈述是正确的？第三段最后一句“Youll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leav

57、es everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days”，别人生病后就会意识到多睡一小时的好处，对应B选项的内容。3.细节题。题干：为什么会有所谓的“睡眠瘫痪症”?第四段第三句中提到了“Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state”，可知“睡眠瘫痪症”发生在大脑从快速眼动周期唤醒时，身体仍保持不动状态，因此D选项符合题意。4.细节题。题干：根据最后一段，下列

58、哪个陈述是正确的？最后一段最后一句提到“REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile” memories the brain creates throughout the day”表明大脑一天产生的记忆是脆弱的，需要睡眠帮忙巩固记忆。因此B选项符合题意。5.细节题。题干：睡眠不足对人的身心有什么影响？第二段提到“elevated blood pressure”；第三段提到“reduced immune system”;第四段提到“sleep paralysis”；最后一段提到“memory loss”，因此D选项符合题意。9. 单

59、选题Men commit motoring offences as women, according to the Home Office figures.问题1选项A.nine times ofB.as nine timesC.nine times that ofD.nine time as many【答案】D【解析】考查语法知识。对比选项可知本题考查倍数。与times相关的倍数表达方式为：A is N times (形容词比较级) than B。因此D选项符合题意。10. 单选题Weve seen a(n) ( ) trend of consumers saying they will s

60、pend more, from holiday shopping to 2012 travel plans, and spending plans for Feb. 14 are no exception.问题1选项A.consistentB.persistentC.insistentD.resistant【答案】A【解析】考查形近形容词辨析。consistent“前后一致的；坚持的“；persistent ”固执的；坚持的“；insistent ”坚持的；迫切的；显著的“；resistant ”反抗的；顽固的“。句意：从假日购物到2012年的旅游计划，我们已经看到消费者将增加消费的倾向，2月

61、14日的消费计划也不例外。 按照句意，A选项符合，指这种消费倾向保持一致。11. 单选题The British aristocracy had always been involved in industrialization, especially in the development of mining, canals, and railways. It now shrewdly associated itself with the new wave of commercial expansion: most banks and insurance companies had a lord

62、 to add tone to the managerial board. It also shored up its fortunes by astute marriages, notably with the new aristocracy of wealth in the United States; the best-known example was the marriage of the duke of Marlborough to Consuelo Vanderbilt. By these means, many of the great aristocratic estates were preserved despite agricultural decline. But they were playthings as well as engines of wealth, and came to be treated as such. The aristocracy came to be known to the urban population chiefly through their representation in the popular press and magazines as men and women of leisure: ra