最全面英国文学史知识点总结

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1、 英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition

2、 of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express th

3、eir ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟13401400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle English特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 声誉之宫Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(传

4、奇故事) Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe

5、 beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery

6、 of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man

7、”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. 牧人日历 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.

8、爱情小唱?2. Thomas? More托马斯?莫尔14781535 One of the greatest English humanists乌托邦3. Francis? Bacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.?Writing style:brevity, pactness&powerfulnes

9、s, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.学术的推进随笔(famous quotas: )?The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.4. Ben Jonson狐狸5. Christopher? Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595 “Universi

10、ty Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） 帖木耳大帝? 马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616? Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour edies四大喜剧:皆大欢喜;第十二夜;仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人Four Tr

11、agedies四大悲剧: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century 1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674（诗人、政论家;失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics: 失乐园 复

12、乐园 Dramatic poem: 力士参孙 论出版自由?为英国人民声辩 我的失明 This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2. John Bunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，某寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的

13、百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大某题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:天路历程 3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or

14、with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段论 Meditations 沉思录The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:IV The 18th Century A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age o

15、f Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Goth

16、ic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)1. Alexander? Pope亚历山大蒲柏16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.批评论 Artistic features: 1.Using “heroic couplets” 卷发遇劫记 道德论 人论愚人记2. Samuel

17、Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊17091784Dictionary =英语大词典3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） 格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛一个小小的建议 书战 木桶的故事 一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。He is the first

18、writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. 鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by nu

19、merous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. 5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。） He is

20、called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “ic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:弃婴汤姆琼斯约瑟夫安德鲁大诗人江奈生威尔德爱米利亚 plays:一七三六年历史记事堂吉柯德在英国6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯17301774 poems: 旅游人 荒村 novel: 威克菲尔德牧师传7. Richard Brinsley Sherid

21、an理查德布林斯利施莱登17511816 情敌 造谣学校8. William Blake威廉布莱克17571827 天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. 经验之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence 天堂与地狱的婚

22、姻9. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯17591796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 约翰安德生，我的爱人 一朵红红的玫瑰 往昔时光 不管那一套 我的心在那高原上 V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Wa

23、lter Scotts death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, natu

24、re, monplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） 抒情歌

25、谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. ment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the

26、 beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines posed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834

27、The LakePoets 古舟子颂 柯里斯塔贝尔 忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory 半夜冰霜 忧郁颂 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。） “Byronic hero” is a proud, mys

28、terious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. 唐璜恰尔德哈罗德尔游记该隐 当初我们俩分别 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression 麦布女王伊斯兰的反叛钦契一家诗辩无神论的必要性 Lyrics: 西风颂 Theme: The author express

29、his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. pare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill e to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life bac

30、k into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. ment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming

31、 scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )致云雀5. John? Keats约翰?济慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂心灵颂

32、 忧郁颂 秋颂? Theme: The theme of John Keats poem, To Autumn, is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. ment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but als

33、o asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poems three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6. Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817She pared her works to

34、a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. 理智与感情 傲慢与偏见(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging sp

35、insterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】ic characters曼斯菲尔德庄园爱玛诺桑觉寺劝导7. Walter? Scott沃尔特?斯科特17711832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels 罗伯?罗伊 艾凡赫VI The Victorian Periodmon sense and moral proprei

36、ty, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the mon people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯18121870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer 匹克威克外传 奥利弗?特维斯特（雾都孤儿） 老古玩店 圣诞颂歌 董贝父子 大卫?科波菲尔 荒凉山庄艰难时世 双城记(London & Paris) 远大前程 我们共同的朋友 2. Will

37、iam Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷18111863 or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan) 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特18161855 简?爱Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a bove

38、rness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as LowoodSchoolIt is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-c

39、lass working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. 雪莉 教师4. Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特18181854 呼啸山庄A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff【The Linton Fa

40、mily】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella 5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特18191880 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 亚当?比德 织工马南 米德尔马契6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生18091892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） 悼念 To memorialize his friend 冲击、冲击、冲击 国王叙事诗7. Robert? Browning罗伯特?白朗宁18121889 我已故的公爵夫人 海外乡思Elizabeth Barrett Browing

41、: 葡萄牙十四行诗8. Robert Louis Stevenson 金银岛 9. Thomas? Hardy托马斯?哈代18401928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） Novels 德伯家的苔丝Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 无名的裘德 绿荫下 远离尘嚣 卡斯特桥市长 还乡 PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And Pres

42、entThe Dynasts 列国VII 19001950 The 20th CenturyPlaywrights Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德18561900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Arts Sake） 4 edies:认真的重要 温德米尔夫人的扇子 一个无足轻重的女人理想的丈夫 Novel:多利安?格雷的画像 Fairy Stories:快乐王子故事集2. George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧18561950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical

43、 realistic dramatist Plays Plays Unpleasant 华伦夫人的职业鳏夫的房产 Plays Pleasant 武器与人左右命运的人Plays 人与超人匹格玛利翁苹果车圣女贞德Novelists (Realists)1. Joseph Concrad吉姆爷黑暗的心1.Why the books title is Heart of Darkness?The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of peoples skin in there is black. Most impor

44、tant point about the title is to the evil in humans heart.2.What is the symbolism of black and white【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilizedMiddle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all w

45、as dark and God created light.According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means

46、truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The

47、trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.mentThe book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.Civilization, ho

48、wever, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once one of the darker places of the earth before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.This savagery is seen

49、in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.4.Character【Kurtz】 represents what every man will bee if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represent