2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第70期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题During our first teacher training year, we often visited local schools for the（ ）of lessons.问题1选项A.observationB.investigationC.inspectionD.examination【答案】A【解析】句意：教师培训的第一年，为了（ ）课程, 我们经常参观当地的学校。A选项observation观察；B选项investigation调查，研究；C选项inspection检查；D选项exami

2、nation检查，考试。选项A符合句意。2. 单选题The town planning commission said that their financial（ ）for the next fiscalyear was optimistic; they expect increased tax revenues.问题1选项A.outlookB.oversightC.notionD.subject【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：城市规划委员会表示，他们对下一个财政年度的财务前景持乐观态度；他们预计税收会增加。3. 单选题Mr. Smith became very（ ）when it was

3、suggested that he had made a mistake.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：当史密斯先生被暗示犯了一个错误时，他变得非常（ ） 。ingenious灵敏的，聪明的；empirical以事实为依据的；objective客观的；indignant愤怒的。故选D。4. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ） between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child a

4、nd what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.paradoxB.dilemmaC.junctionD.premise【答案】B【解析】句意：父母们经常面对这样的 （ ）：是选择做他们认为对孩子发展好的事情，还是选择对孩子吵闹和破坏放任自由。A选项paradox自相矛盾；B选项dilemma 进退两难； C选项junction连接，接合；会合点；D选项premise前提；假定，B选项dilemma符合句意。5. 单选题The government will （ ） the eco

5、nomy next year and develop the trade relations with other countries quickly.问题1选项A.abuseB.amountC.accumulateD.accelerate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：明年，政府将 （ ） 经济增长，并且快速同其他国家发展贸易关系。abuse 滥用，虐待；amount 总计，合计；accumulate 积累，积聚；accelerate 促进；（使）加快。因此，D项符合句意。6. 单选题Why should anyone want to read（ ）of books by great au

6、thors when the real pleasure comes from reading the originals?问题1选项A.digestsB.insightsC.themesD.leaflets【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。digests文摘；insights洞悉，领悟；themes主题；leaflets传单。句意：真正的快乐来自阅读原著，怎么还会有人想读名著的（ ）呢？因此推测，正确答案是A选项。7. 单选题At first, the results of the experiment seemed（ ）but finally a pattern emerged.问题1选项A.f

7、ineB.graveC.genuineD.haphazard【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：起初，实验结果似乎是偶然的，但最终出现了一种模式。因此选D。8. 单选题To compensate for the substantial decline in the availability of fossil fuels in future years, we will have to provide at least（ ）alternative energy source.问题1选项A.an anticipatedB.an officialC.an equivalentD.a redundan

8、t【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意：为了弥补未来几年中矿物燃料供应量的大幅度下降，我们不得不提供一种至少是 （ ）的替代能源。anticipated预期的，期望的；official官方的，正式的，公务的；equivalent等价的，相等的；redundant多余的，过剩的。C选项“相等的”符合句意。9. 单选题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the dras

9、tic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing

10、was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother

11、 is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the pro

12、cess is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-lik

13、e sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacit

14、y to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from

15、the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds

16、 to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick Is experiment was（ ）.

17、2.The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that（ ）3.What is particularly remarkable about a child is that（ ）.4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will（ ）in future.问题1选项A.to prove that children are bo

18、rn with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speakC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language问题2选项A.they are incapable of learning language rap

19、idlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3选项A.he is born with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animalsC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owe

20、s his speech ability to good nursing问题4选项A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The childs brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above问题5选项A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward【答案

21、】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Frederick Is experiment”定位至第一段：it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent （他让护士们保持沉默，这也许是为了发现如果没有听到母语，孩子会说什么语言）。因此，B选项正确。2.根据题干关键词“children are backward in speaking”定位至第三段：most

22、 often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant （最常见的原因是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感。），因此C选项正确。3.第四段指出：even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of

23、a language in new ways（更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分）。因此C选项“他可以组成自己的句子”正确。4.文章第四段第三句指出：at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak，可知孩子的语言能力一部分是天生的；从第四段最后一句可知年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分，可知婴儿的大脑是具有选择性的，文章第四段第一句指出：e

24、xperts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age，可知人类的语言阶段往往是在特定的年纪完成的，由此可知，A、B和C选项均正确，故选D。5.根据题干关键词“child starts to speak later”定位至第四段：there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ （有的孩子掌握语言能力的时期较晚，但最后却变成了高智

25、商的人），但是并不是每一个孩子都这样，因此排除A选项，B、C选项在文章中没有提及，由此可知D选项为正确答案。10. 单选题In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state gov-ernments.问题1选项A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：一般来说，国家边境问题是政府 关心的问题。extinct灭绝的；excluding除外，不包括；excessive过度的，过分的；exclusive

26、独有的，专一的。D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的，特别的”。11. 单选题Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electri-cally charged particles, and generally there

27、is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral,Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries.

28、 Or it can be caused by a build-up of static elec-tricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or com-puter display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fati

29、gue，irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump aboutunaccountably. This has l

30、ed the U. S. Geographical Survey to fund a network, of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well- being. Natural conditions tha

31、t produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of nega

32、tive ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other sci

33、entists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative / posi-tive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects onthemselves, or on others，of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether de-pending on seismic readings t

34、o anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.1.What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?2.In accordance with the passage, static electricity can be caused by（ ） .3.A high negative ion count is likely to be found（ ） .4.What kind of machine can generate ne

35、gative ions indoors?5.According to the passage, some scientists believe that （ ）问题1选项A.They think they are insane.B.They become rather bad-tempered.C.They become violently sick.D.They are too tired to do anything.问题2选项A.using home-made goodsB.wearing clothes made of natural materialsC.walking on car

36、petsD.cleaning computer screens问题3选项A.near a parking lotB.close to a slow-flowing riverC.in some barren mountainsD.by a rotating water sprinkler问题4选项A.Ionizers.B.Air-conditioners.C.Exhaust-fans.D.Vacuum pumps.问题5选项A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seism

37、ographyB.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be explainedC.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliableD.earthquake cannot be predicted【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。第二段指出：When a large number of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as

38、 headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. 因此，B项“人会变得易怒”正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词“static electricity”定位至第一段：Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV set

39、s, duplicators or com-puter display screens（也可能是由于室内地毯或人造纤维制成的衣服或电视机、复印机或电脑显示屏产生的静电积聚所致）。因此C选项“在地毯上行走”是静电产生的原因之一。3.细节题。根据题干关键词“negative ion”定位至第三段：Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms

40、a spray（产生这些大量负离子的自然条件是靠近大海，靠近瀑布或喷泉，或在喷洒水的任何地方，或形成喷雾剂）, 因此D项“通过旋转洒水车”正确。4.细节题。根据题干关键词 “negative ions indoors”定位至最后一段：To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers. 由此可知，ionizers（离子发生器）可以制造室内负离子。A项正确。5.细节题。最后一段指出：After all it is debatable whether depen

41、ding on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat （依靠地震知识预测地震是否比观察猫更有效还存在争议）, 因此A项正确。12. 写作题Have you ever attempted to question academic authority in your learning and research process? What do you think are the appropriate attitudes towards academic authorit

42、y? Write an essay of no less than 150 words to explain your opinions on this issue.【答案】A Critical Attitude Towards Academic Authority13. 单选题Recent research from animal behaviorists suggests that “ as the crow flies ” should no longer be taken to mean “the shortest distance between two points. ” Zool

43、ogists at Oxford University,（1）conducted an eighteen-month （2） of homing pigeons, have concluded that under some circum- stances ,pigeons follow （3）visual landmarks to find their way home （4） than taking the shor- test, most direct route. （5） for their ability to navigate long distances, homing pige

44、ons use the （6） of the sun and stars, their inbuilt compasses，and perhaps also their sense of smell to direct their flight over long（7） or on a journey for the first time. （8），different factors appear to affect a pigeons navigation （9） it is released close to its（10） Animal behaviorists reached this

45、 （11）after attaching small global positioning devices to the backs of pigeons and releasing them a few miles from their home. These devices enabled the scientists to（12）the precise location of each pigeon ev- ery second of （13） flight. Each pigeon was tracked for approximately twenty flights from th

46、e （14）point. For the first several flights，each birds path（15）significantly from the paths it had taken （16）Subsequently，（17），the bird would tend to follow the same path, （18） after flight, even though that path was not always the most direct route home. The scientists concluded that pigeons use a （

47、19） of familiar visual landmarks to find their way when they are near their home rather than rel- ying primarily on compass navigation. Major highways are one （20）landmark. Almost comically, some of the pigeons followed the path of a major highway they could see below them, turning where the road tu

48、rned, and even following the circular path of the exit ramps.问题1选项A.whichB.thenC.whoD.had问题2选项A.checkB.flightC.periodD.study问题3选项A.fullB.familiarC.magneticD.no问题4选项A.longerB.otherC.fewerD.rather问题5选项A.CertainB.RegardlessC.KnownD.Concerning问题6选项A.compositionB.influenceC.positionD.dimensions问题7选项A.dis

49、tractionsB.distancesC.momentsD.delays问题8选项A.SimplyB.HoweverC.OtherwiseD.Consequently问题9选项A.whenB.untilC.stillD.since问题10选项A.flightB.wingsC.homeD.young问题11选项A.decisionB.ideaC.conclusionD.summary问题12选项A.approveB.matchC.manipulateD.record问题13选项A.itsB.groupC.perD.one问题14选项A.sameB.actualC.distantD.home问题

50、15选项A.reducedB.variedC.followedD.improved问题16选项A.offB.firstC.earlierD.over问题17选项A.neverthelessB.moreoverC.althoughD.though问题18选项A.flightB.rightC.thenD.soon问题19选项A.unitB.sumC.linkD.chain问题20选项A.exampleB.suchC.similarD.type【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C第6题:C第7题:B第8题:B第9题:A第10题:C第11题:C第12题:D第13题:C第14题:A

51、第15题:B第16题:A第17题:A第18题:A第19题:D第20题:B【解析】（1）此句考察定语从句，空格处应填入关系代词,而先行词是zoologists , 因此，正确答案为“who”，C选项正确。（2）句意为:牛津大学的动物学家在对信鸽进行了 18个月的 后，得出了结论，选项D “Study”符合句意。（3）此处需要结合文章倒数第五句“The scientists concluded that pigeons use a familiar visual landmarks(科学家得出结论，鸽子使用一种熟悉的视觉标志物)。因此此处选项B“familiar”正确。（4）本句句意:鸽子会通过熟

52、悉的地标按原路返回家里， 以最短的距离直线飞回家。这里D选项“rather than”是固定搭配，表示“而不是”。（5）此处句意为:鸽子因其长距离的导航能力而 ，选项D“known”与“for”搭配表示“因闻名”，其他选项都不能与介词for搭配使用，故选项D正确c（6）空格处句意:信鸽利用太阳和星星的 、它们的内置罗盘以及嗅觉来辨识方向。故C选项“position”符合句意。（7）根据空后的 “or on a journey”判断,此处应填入与 “journey”并列平行的单词 。因此选项B“ distance ”正确。（8）空格后分句句意:不同的因素会影响鸽子的航行，因此此处是一个转折关系，

53、虽然C选项“otherwise”也有转折的意思，但其后不跟逗号，故选项B“however”正确。（9）空格处句意:当信鸽被放飞到离家近的地方时，它的导航能力似乎会受到不同因素的影响。因此此处应选择A项“when”，表示“当时”。（10）空格处句意为:当信鸽被放飞到离 近的地方时，它的导航能力似乎会受到不同因素的影响。因此此处应填C项home。（11）此处句意为:通过给信鸽安装小型全球定位装置，将它们放到离家几公里的地方做实验，动物行为学家由此得出了 。选项C“ conclusion”符合句意。（12）句意:给信鸽安装全球定位装置是用来 信鸽的飞行位置的，选项D“record”符合句意。（13）

54、此处表达的是:实验应该对每一只信鸽每一次飞行过程中的每一秒进行记录,并且由 “every second ”推断,此处为“per”。（14）此处句意为:在 起点进行放飞实验，选项A“same”符合句意。（15）此处句意为:最初的几次放飞实验，信鸽的返回路径与放飞路径 ，选项B“varied”符合句意。（16）“take off”为固定搭配，表示“起飞”。（17）空格前后位转折关系。（18）“flight after flight”为固定搭配,表示“成群的”。（19）“a chain of”修饰后面的 “landmarks”表示 “一连串路标”。（20）句意:在信鸽返回的途中，高速公路就是 。B项

55、 “such”正确。14. 单选题To my surprise, the house which looked rather shabby outside was luxuriously and（ ）furnished inside.问题1选项A.artificiallyB.arrogantlyC.arbitrarilyD.artistically【答案】D【解析】句意：令我吃惊的是，房子的外面看起来很破旧，内部却装饰得 （ ） 。A选项artificially人工地；B选项arrogantly傲慢地；C选项arbitrarily任意地；D选项artistically艺术地, D选项artis

56、tically符合句意。15. 单选题If any man here does not agree with me, he should（ ）his own plan for improvingthe living conditions of these people.问题1选项A.put onB.put outC.put inD.put forward【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意：如果这里有人不同意我的意见，他应该提出自己的计划来改善这些人的生活条件。16. 单选题The energy contained in rock within the earths crust represent

57、s a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recov- ry systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates f heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of ge

58、ysers and hot springs. In other areas, owever, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce erup- ive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock ( HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spon- aneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequat

59、e for existing commercial systems.As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems which in- olve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust are be- ng developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDRs, artificial

60、 stimulation will be required to reate either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circula- ion of a fluid over the surface of the rock.The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than 150C, is t depths less than ten

61、 kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although ells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously etermine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100oC may e useful for space heating； however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200C are esirable.The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines