2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解44

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1、2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The（ ）of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.问题1选项A.fraudulenceB.arrivalC.dawnD.advent【答案】D【解析】名词词义解析。fraudulence “欺诈性”；arrival “到达”；dawn “黎明，开端”；advent “到来，出现”。句意：计算机技术的到来对我们的社会和家庭生活带来了主要的影响。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题She is trying t

2、o（ ）him by phone as she has some very important news for him.问题1选项A.touchB.reachC.relateD.connect【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。touch “感动”;reach “取得联系，到达”relate “有关联”;connect “连接”句意：她正在试着打电话和他获得联系，因为她有重要的消息告诉他。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The manager promised to pay them well and in return he would expect their loyalty and （ ）.问

3、题1选项A.executionB.commitmentC.enduranceD.persistence【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。Execution“实行，执行”；commitment“承诺，承担义务”；endurance“忍耐，持久性”。句意：这位经理承诺给他们高报酬，并且作为回报，他能够得到他们的忠诚对待和义务的承担。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The international Olympic Games, regarded as the world s most prestigious athletic competition, take place once every the

4、four years.问题1选项A.regardedB.prestigiousC.take placeD.the four years【答案】D【解析】固定短语错误，选项D应该是every four years “每四年”，句意：国际奥林匹克运动会，被认为是最著名的运动竞赛，每四年举办一次。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Teenage children began to assert their independence and this can lead to good deal of （ ） in the family.问题1选项A.controversyB.frictionC.restri

5、ctionD.contradiction【答案】B【解析】名词词义解析。controversy “辩论”；friction “摩擦”；restriction “，约束”； contradiction “矛盾，不一致”。句意：青少年开始宣称他们的独立，这样会在家庭中带来大量的摩擦。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures，especially human beings, have their peculiarities, bu

6、t everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud，feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?

7、For some fifty million years，despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, i

8、t has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shapedhence their name and

9、because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with (heir flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and

10、live at a low metabolic ratefeeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty. they would devour all the food availa-ble in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existen

11、ce.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itse

12、lf if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.1.According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumber important?2.The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses（ ）3.What can be inferred about

13、 the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?4.Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?问题1选项A.Because it helps them digest food.B.Because it helps them protect themselves from danger.C.Because it makes it easier for them to move through mud.

14、D.Because it makes them attractive to fish.问题2选项A.the reproduction of sea cucumbersB.the food sources of sea cucumbersC.the eating habits of sea cucumbersD.threats to sea cucumbers existence问题3选项A.They are very sensitive to the surrounding stimuli.B.They are almost useless.C.They require group coope

15、ration.D.They are similar to those of most sea creatures.问题4选项A.A touchB.FoodC.Unusually warm waterD.Pollution【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.”。可知海参的颜色和形状使它们可以藏进裂缝中，可以远离捕食者，更好地保护自己。选项B符合题意。2.主旨题。

16、根据第四段，“Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night.”。海参的胃口很大，可以昼夜不停地吃。可知第四段主要讨论海参的饮食习惯。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched” 一受到攻击甚至是触摸，海参把内脏会喷射到水里然后重生，可推断出海参对外界的攻击反应是很灵敏的。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段， “if it is

17、 attacked or even touched if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.”。可知水温、水污染、攻击或者触碰都会使海参有反应。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题We were（ ） in the middle of our conversation.问题1选项A.cut offB.cut downC.cut inD.cut out【答案】A【解析】动词短语。cut off“中断，切断”；cut down“砍倒”；cut in“插嘴，插入”；cut out“切

18、掉”。句意：我们在谈话中途中断了。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a half-dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed.

19、 Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. The aggressive “Young Yale” movement appeared, demanding partial alumni c

20、ontrol, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard University simultaneously rallied to relieve the Universitys poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standard in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the Wes

21、t by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty.The old-style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard University, where Dr. Charles Elliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard led the progressive forces. Five

22、 revolutionary advances were made during the five years of Dr. Elliot administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising o

23、f professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of di

24、scipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study or another was opened up science, music，the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philosophy, and international law.1.The

25、passage mainly deals with（ ）2.According to the passage, what can be inferred about Harvard University before the innovations?3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about old-style classical education?4.Which of the following is not true?问题1选项A.innovations in the United States high

26、er education in the late 1800s.B.Harvard University graduates success.C.the development of Harvard University.D.the aggressive “Young Yale” movement.问题2选项A.Courses were more practical.B.Educators laid great stress on the maturity in student life.C.Admission standards were higher.D.Students were youn

27、ger.问题3选项A.Most students majored in law.B.The courses were too difficult.C.The curriculum was not reasonable.D.Students could get Masters degree in the liberal arts.问题4选项A.Several leaders in education made great efforts to promote the educational innovations.B.Church leaders influenced education a l

28、ot before the progressive change.C.College entrance requirements were elevated in the late 1800s.D.The sense of public duty was neglected in the late 1800s.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.信息推断题。根据文章第一句可以了解到，美国高等教育发生了改变，从而激发了现代化的推进，导致的原因主要有三个，由此可见本文要讨论美国高等教育的发展。选项A符合题意。2.信息推断题。根据文章第二段，“and the fosterin

29、g of greater maturity in student life”，可以看出目的是培养学生变得更加成熟，比较级greater表明在之前学生就已经是成熟的。选项B符合题意。3.信息推断题。根据文章第二段，哈佛大学对其古典教育进行了彻底性的改革，包括课程和选课制度的发展，文科研究生学习的认可，提高法律的职业培训水平等等。所以只有课程设置的不合理是古典教育的内容，选项C符合题意。4.判断是非题。根据文章第一段，可知A项正确；根据第二段第三句可知C项正确，B和D项都可以根据文章第一段最后一句可判断。只有D选项违背原文意思。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Archaeology as a prof

30、ession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem o

31、f illegal excavation t resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.1 would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and gov

32、ernmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preser-vation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing

33、the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all lo appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing th

34、at has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in clamming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong. I refer to the tho

35、usand pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l melekh handles have been fou

36、nd in abundancemore than 4000 examples so far. The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds； as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if t

37、hey had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be

38、required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes. 1.The primary purpose of the passage is to propose（ ）2.The author implies that all the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT（ ）.3.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a

39、 disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?4.The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?问题1选项A.an alternative to museum display of artifactsB.a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological professionC.the government

40、al regulation of archaeological sitesD.a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts问题2选项A.A market for such artifacts already existsB.Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC.Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifactsD.Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already

41、catalogued in museum collections问题3选项A.Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.B.Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.C.Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.D.Such artifac

42、ts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.问题4选项A.An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B.Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C.Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply o

43、f artifacts for resale.D.Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.主旨题。第一段介绍了考古界面临的问题。根据文章第二段，“make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging.”作者是想提出一种方法解决考古的两个问题，一个是资金问题，另一个是非

44、法挖掘的问题。选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“there is the problem of illegal excavation t resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.”。可知非法挖掘导致了艺术品卖出高价，存在这样的市场，所以A项可排除。根据文章第三段，“you may be correct in clamming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.”，可

45、知认为每件工艺品都有价值是错的，选项B可排除。根据文章最后一段，“The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future.”，可知博物馆已经没有足够的空间，无法储藏未来可能会被发现的文物，说明已经储藏了很多这样的文物，所以选项C可排除。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be

46、 discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds”可知由于储存空间不够，没有足够的资金把它们编入目录，一旦被放进去就难以被找到。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all lo appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder.”，可知人们认为古代文物是供人们欣

47、赏的，而不是卖出高价，所以人们会反对被展出的文物卖给私人收藏家。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题The animal dissection requirement of biology classes has been getting under the skin of students for generations, and there have always been some who asked to be excused from the requirement. Now, a growing number of technological alternatives are makin

48、g it possible for students to swap that scalpel for a computer mouse. There are laws in nearly a dozen states including California, Florida, New York protecting a students choice to learn about animal anatomy sans scalpel. Some students choosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed

49、friends. Others are just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and the smell of formaldehyde.“Dissection is icky. Theres a yuck factor. ” admits Brian Shmaersky, a board member with the National Association of Biology Teachers. “And a teacher has to weigh the benefits with the cost of student

50、s being offended to the point that it interferes with learning. ”Virtual blades. So for cases in which a real dissection would be too slimy, its time to try some toad tech. While the first computer-based alternatives to dissection emerged in the 1980s, modem frog dissection software can be found at

51、different websites. These software programs use creative clicking, high-powered zoom functions, and video clips to teach anatomy. Froguts software, for example, lets students trace incision lines with a computer mouse and snip through skin with a virtual blade. There are even sound effects like a “s

52、lish” for slicing frog flesh, or a “shwoosh” for pinning down skin flaps.(Schools currently pay about $ 300 for a one-year software license, though some organizations will lend programs out free of charge.)Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed the f

53、irst-ever haptic (the Greek word for “touch”) frog dissection program, which uses a pen like tool to create a sensation similar to cutting into real flesh. The hand-held device connects to a computer, and students move the device through the air while watching the results of their actions on a compu

54、ter screen.With Digital Frog a popular program thats had approximately 1, 500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in use in 2, 000 schools students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with a mere mouse click. They can then assess their learning with sporadic frog anatomy quizz

55、es.“Repetition is helpful. The fact that a student can review sections of a program over and over again is important,” says Martin Stephens, vice president for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States. “In dissections, the animals organs are all shriveled and discolored. You

56、 look for things and cant find them because body parts have changed drastically since the animal was killed. But on a computer screen, layers can be digitally peeled away. ” Other experts think the dissection technology has its limits. Gerry Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teache

57、rs Association, says that artificial simulations dont give as enriching an experience as the real thing. Still others worry the programs are depriving kids of experiential learning.1.The word “swap” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means（ ） .2.Some students ask to be excused from the requirement

58、of biology classes because of the following reasons except that（ ）.3.Brian Shmaersky s statement implies that（ ）.4.The authors attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be（ ） .问题1选项A.exchangeB.throw awayC.rejectD.refuse问题2选项A.dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smellsB.ar

59、e entitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulationC.they are offended when fulfilling the requirements of animal dissectionD.they insist that people should treat animals more as friends instead of simply objects.问题3选项A.indeed supports the students animal protection movementB.thin

60、ks the animal dissection should be bannedC.thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectivelyD.always evaluates the teaching effect by weighing reluctant factors of cost and effect问题4选项A.portiveB.doubtfulC.indifferentD.provocative【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A【解析】1.词义理解

61、题。根据文章内容，很多同学不想做解剖，因为令人呕吐，现在有一种科学技术可以代替这种解剖，可以用鼠标电脑模拟进行。选项A符合题意。2.信息推断题。文章第一段讲到了学生不愿做解剖的原因，第一是因为气味让人感到恶心，然后认为动物是我们的朋友而不是物体，C选项是对这两者的概括，B选项不是原因而是一个结果。选项B符合题意。3.信息推断题。根据文章第二段第一句，可以知道教学要考虑学生的情感因素，教师要权衡利弊。选项C符合题意。4.观点态度题。考查对文章文意的理解以及对作者态度的揣测。从整篇文章看，虽然利用电脑程序做解剖有些不足，但是作者对这一法还是持积极态度的。11. 单选题My eldest siste

62、r went on with the story and young children around her（ ） with wonderful!” from time to time.问题1选项A.broke outB.broke offC.broke inD.broke up【答案】C【解析】动词词组辨析。break out “爆发，突发”；break off “折断，突然停止”； break in “打断，闯入”；break up “打碎，结束”，句意：我的姐姐继续讲故事，围在她身边的小孩子时不时地打断欢呼“太棒了！”。选项C符合题意。12. 翻译题中国是世界文明的发源地之一，有五千年的

63、文明史。在中国古代思想史上，涌现出了许许多多杰出的思想家，为中华民族乃至整个人类留下了丰富的思想遗产。这些思想成果独树一帜，在漫长的历史中又不断地被阐释、被发展，很多思想对于今天的中国乃至世界而言，仍然历久弥新，极具生命力。比如，儒家学派创始人孔子“仁”的理念、“和”的思想，不仅在当代中国，在其他亚洲国家也一直备受推崇。【答案】China is one of the birthplaces of the world civilization which has a 5,000-year history. There are many outstanding ideologists in Chinese ancient thought history that left a rich ideological heritage for our China and even the whole mankind. The ideological achievements were very unique and constantly explained and de