浪漫主义时期名词解释
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1、课外拓展(浪漫主义时期名词解释)1. Romanticism:ItisatermappliedtoliteraryandartisticmovementsoftheIate18thandearly19thcentury.Itcanbeseenasarejectionofthepreceptsoforder,calm,harmony,balanee,idealization,andrationalitythattypifiedclassicismingeneralandlate18th-centuryneoclassicisminparticular.Itwasalsotosomeextenta
2、reactionagainsttheEnlightenmentandagainst18th-centuryrationalismandphysicalmaterialismingeneral.InspiredinpartbythelibertarianidealsoftheFrenchRevolution,theromanticsbelievedinareturntonatureandintheinnategoodnessofhumans,asexpressedbyJeanJacquesRousseau.Theyemphasizedtheindividual,thesubjective,the
3、irrational,theimaginative,thepersonal,thespontaneous,theemotional,thevisionary,andthetranscendental.Theyalsoshowedinterestinthemedieval,exotic,primitive,andnationalistic.CriticsdateEnglishliteraryromanticismfromthepublicationofWilliamWordsworthandS.T.ColeridgeLyricalBalladsin1798tothedeathofSirWalte
4、rScottandthepassageofthefirstreformbillintheParliamentin1832.2. Ode:Itisanelaboratelyformallyricpoem,oftenintheformofalengthyceremoniousaddresstoapersonorabstractentity,alwaysseriousandelevatedintone.Itaimsatpraisingandglorifyinganindividual,commemoratinganevent,ordescribingnatureintellectuallyrathe
5、rthanemotionally.Odesoriginallyweresongsperformedtotheaccompanimentofamusicalinstrument.Therearetwodifferentclassicalmodels:PindarGreekchoralodesdevotedtopublicpraiseofathletes(5thcenturyBC),andHoracemoreprivatelyreflectiveodesinLatin(c.2313BC).JohnKeatswrotemanycelebratedodessuchasOdeonaGrecianUrn”
6、andOdetoaNightingale”(both1820).3. Byronichero:ItisastereotypedcharactercreatedbyByron.Thiskindofheroisusuallyaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,hewouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Hewouldrisesingle-handedlyag
7、ainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.Theconflictisusuallyoneofrebelliousindividualsagainstoutwornsocialsystemsandconventions.4. Ottavarima:Itisaformofversestanzaconsistingofeightlinesrhymingabababcc,usuallyemploy
8、edfornarrativeversebutsometimesusedinlyricpoems.InitsoriginalItalianform(eighthrhyme”),pioneeredbyBoccacciointhe14thcenturyandperfectedbyAriostointhe16th.Itusedhendecasyllables,buttheEnglishversionusesiambicpentameters.ItwasintroducedintoEnglishbyThomasWyattinthe16thcentury,andlaterusedbyByroninDonJ
9、uanaswellasbyKeats,Shelley,andYeats.5. Terzarima:Itisaverseformconsistingofasequenceofinterlinkedtercetsrhymingababcbcdcdedetc.Thusthesecondlineofeachtercetprovidestherhymeforthefirstandthirdlinesofthenext,thesequencecloseswithoneline(orinafewcases,twolines)rhymingwiththemiddlelineofthelasttercet:yz
10、yz(z).TheformwasinventedbyDanteAlighieriforhisDivinaCommedia(c.1320),usingtheItalianhendecasyllabicline.IthasbeenadoptedbyseveralpoetsinEnglishpentameters,notablybyP.B.ShelleyinhisOdetotheWestWind”.6. Irony:Itisacontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedto
11、happenandwhatactuallyhappens.Threekindsofironyare:(1)verbalirony,inwhichawriterorspeakersaysonethingandmeanssomethingentirelydifferent;(2)dramaticirony,inwhichareaderoranaudienceperceivessomethingthatacharacterinthestoryorplaydoesnotknow;(3)ironyofsituation,inwhichthewritershowsadiscrepancybetweenth
12、eexpectedresultsofsomeactionorsituationanditsactualresults.7. Lyric:Itisapoem,usuallyashortonethatexpressesaspeakerpersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyric.AsitsGreeknameindicates,alyricwasoriginallyapoemsungtotheaccompanimentofalyre,andlyricstothisdayhaveretainedamelod
13、icquality.Lyricsmayexpressarangeofemotionsandreflections.RobertHerrickTotheVirgins,toMakeMuchofTime”reflectsonthebrevityoflifeandtheneedtoliveforthemoment,whileT.S.EliotPreludes”observesthesordidnessanddepressionofmodernlife.8. Motif:Itisarecurringfeature(suchasaname,animage,oraphrase)inaworkofliter
14、ature.Amotifgenerallycontributesinsomewaytothethemeofashortstory,novel,poem,orplay.Forexample,amotifusedbyD.H.LawrenceinhisstoryTheRocking-HorseWinner”isthewordluck.Themaincharacterofthestory,aboynamedPaul,discoversthathehasthepowertopredictthewinnerinahorserace.However,thisbecomesanironickindofluck
15、,forPaulgrowsobsessedwithhispowerandisfinallydestroyedbyit.Attimes,motifisusedtorefertosomecommonlyusedplotorcharactertypeinliterature.Theuglyducklingmotif”referstoaplotthatinvoIvesthetransformationofaplain-lookingpersonintoabeauty.TwoothercommonlyusedmotifsaretheRomeoandJulietmotif”(aboutdoomedlove
16、rs)andtheHoratioAlgermotif”(abouttheofficeclerkwhobecomesthecorporationpresident).9. Theme:Itisthegeneralideaorinsightaboutlifethatawriterwishestoexpressinliterarywork.Alltheelementsofaliteraryworkplot,setting,characterization,andfigurativeIanguagecontributetothedevelopmentofitstheme.Asimplethemecan
17、oftenbestatedinasinglesentence.Butsometimesaliteraryworkisrichandcomplex,andaparagraphorevenanessayisneededtostatethetheme.Notallliteraryworkshaveacontrollingtheme.Forexample,thepurposeofsomesimpleghoststoriesistofrightenthereader,andsomedetectivestoriesseekonlytothrill.10. Symbol:Itisanyobject,pers
18、on,place,oractionthathasameaninginitselfandthatalsostandsforsomethinglargerthanitself,suchasaquality,anattitude,abelief,oravalue.Aroseisoftenasymbolofloveandbeauty;askullisoftenasymbolofdeath;springandwinteroftensymbolizeyouthandoldage.11. Imagery:ItisarathervaguecriticaltermcoveringthoseusesofIangu
19、ageinaliteraryworkthatevokesense-impressionsbyliteralorfigurativerefereneetoperceptibleorconcrete”objects,scenes,actions,orstatesasdistinetfromtheIanguageofabstractargumentorexposition.Theimageryofaliteraryworkthuscomprisesthesetofimagesthatituses;theseneednotbementalpictures”butmayappealtosensesoth
20、erthansight.12. Foil:Itisacharacterwhosequalitiesoractionsservetoemphasizethoseoftheprotagonist(orofsomeothercharacter)byprovidingastrongcontrastwiththem.ThusinCharlotteBronteJaneEyre,thepassiveobedieneeofJaneschool-friendHelenBurnsmakesherafoiltotherebelliousheroine.13. Synaesthesia:Itisablendingor
21、confusionofdifferentkindsofsense-impression,inwhichonetypeofsensationisreferredtointermsmoreappropriatetoanother.Commonsynaestheticexpressionsincludethedescriptionsofcoloursasloud”orwarm”,andofsoundsassmooth”.ThiseffectwascultivatedconsciouslybytheFrenchSymbolists,butisoftenfoundinearlierpoetry,nota
22、blyinKeats.14. Character:Charactersarethepersonsrepresentedinadramaticornarrativework,whoareinterpretedbythereaderasbeingendowedwithparticularmoral,intellectual,andemotionalqualitiesbyinferencesfromwhatthepersonssayandtheirdistinctivewaysofsayingitthedialogueandfromwhattheydotheaction.Thegroundsinth
23、echaracterstemperament,desires,andmoralnaturefortheirspeechandactionsarecalledtheirmotivation.Acharactermayremainessentiallystable”,orunchangedinoutlookanddisposition,frombeginningtoendofawork(ProsperoinShakespeareTheTempest,MicawberinCharlesDickensDavidCopperfield,ormayundergoaradicalchange,eithert
24、hroughagradualprocessofdevelopment(thetitlecharacterinJaneAustenEmma)orastheresultofacrisis(ShakespeareKingLear,PipinDickensGreatExpectations).Whetheracharacterremainsstableorchanges,thereaderofatraditionalandrealisticworkexpectsconsistency”hecharactershouldnotsuddenlybreakoffandactinawaynotplausibl
25、ygroundedinhisorhertemperamentaswehavealreadycometoknowit.15. Flatcharacter:Aflatcharacter(alsocalledatype,ortwo-dimensional”)isbuiltaroundasingleideaorquality”andispresentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail,andthereforecanbefairlyadequatelydescribedinasinglephraseorsentence.16. Roundcharacter:Around
26、characteriscomplexintemperamentandmotivationandisrepresentedwithsubtleparticularity;suchacharacterthereforeisasdifficulttodescribewithanyadequacyasapersoninreallife,andlikerealpersons,iscapableofsurprisingus.17. Negativecapacity:ItisthephraseusedbytheEnglishpoetJohnKeatstodescribethequalityofselflessercaptivitynecessarytoatruepoet.Bynegativecapability,Keatsseemstohavemeantapoeticcapacitytoeffaceoneownmentalidentitybyimmersingitsympatheticallyandspontaneouslywithinthesubjectdescribed,asShakespearewasthoughttohavedone.
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