2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷77

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1、2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题This document is （ ）unless it is officially stamped.问题1选项A.invalidB.acuteC.deliberateD.confidential【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。 invalid “无效的”；acute “严重的”；deliberate “故意的”； confidential “机密的，保密的”。句意：这份文件除非有官方盖章，否则就是无效的。由后半句unless 这个条件可知A项正确。2. 单选题Technology has（ ）the shar

2、ing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.问题1选项A.formulatedB.furnishedC.functionedD.facilitated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。formulated 构想出，用公式表示；furnished供应，装备； functioned运行，行使职责； facilitated 促进，帮助。句意：科技促进了信息的分享和存储以及信息的传递，进而使得更多的信息为更多人所用

3、。D项符合句意，答案D。3. 单选题The ratio of the work done by the machine （ ）the work done on it is called the efficiency of the machine.问题1选项A.againstB.withC.toD.for【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。the ratio of A to B表示“A与B之比”。句意：机械所做的功与其受到的功之比称为机械的效率。答案C4. 单选题We are writing to the manager （ ）the repairs recently carried out at

4、the above address.问题1选项A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference toD.with a view to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。 with the exception of “除了以外”；with the purpose of “目的，用途”； in/with reference to “关于，就而言”； with a view to “着眼于”。句意：我们给经理写信反映关于最近在以上地址进行维修的有关情况。C项符合句意，答案C5. 单选题A large portion of the p

5、opulation prefers the non-medication orientation of psychology. If psychologists began prescribing medications, many of their patients seeking alternative treatment might turn to social workers or other non-medical therapists. There is little question that psychologists prescription privileges could

6、 have profound effects on the future direction of their profession.In addition to improved esteem, psychologists have argued that prescription privileges will bring them greater financial rewards. Data presented by the American Psychiatric Association revealed that psychiatrists engaging solely in p

7、sycho-therapeutic interventions earn approximately one-third of what psychiatrists do who evaluate and medicate patients. The temptation of financial rewards may lure psychologists to abandon traditional psychotherapeutic interventions in favor of a medical model. It should be noted,though, that psy

8、chologists are out-producing psychiatrists by about threefold, strong evidence that the general public prefers a psycho-therapeutic approach over a medical one.Some psychologists argue that gaining the right to prescribe psychotropic medication would eliminate the need for two practitioners and alle

9、viate the added financial burden placed upon the patients. In the case of psychologists whose caseloads are high gaining prescription privileges may raise questions as to whether they should refer patients to a non-prescribing mental health professional for therapy because these psychologists increa

10、singly are focusing on evaluations and medication, thus limiting their time for psycho-therapeutic interventions. Psychotropic medications are not purported to cure mental disorders and. in most cases, such drugs are utilized in conjunction with therapy as the best approach to treating patients.Lega

11、l and ethical issues associated with psychologists prescribing privileges will depend upon the level of practice they pursue. In the past, psychologists had been relatively immune from malpractice liability. Allegations that improper care caused injury are more difficult to prove when psychotherapy

12、is the treatment of choice because the standards often are ambiguous and mental injury is difficult to ascertain. When psychopharmacology is the treatment of choice, the standard of care is clearer and the likelihood of physical harm is greater, thereby making ii easier for plaintiffs to prove their

13、 allegations. Psychiatric malpractice rates currently are up to 24 times higher than psychological malpractice coverage, depending upon the state.1.The author mentioned data presented by the American Psychiatric Association I (Paragraph 2) in order to（ ）.2.It seems that if psychologists began prescr

14、ibing medications（ ）.3.Malpractice allegations would increase once psychologists gained the right to prescribe because（ ）.4.The author implies that（ ）.问题1选项A.point out the merit of the psychologists prescription privilegesB.cite authoritative evidence to gain support for medical treatmentC.show why

15、some psychologists are in favor of gaining the right to prescribeD.indicate the different situation for two practitioners问题2选项A.they would have more patients and get more financial rewardsB.they would find out the best approach to curing mental disordersC.many of their patients would shoulder more f

16、inancial burdenD.many of their patients would prefer traditional psycho-therapeutic interventions.问题3选项A.medical drugs might cause greater mental injuryB.patients would be more likely to get physical harmC.clients would find it easier to prove injury caused by improper careD.psychologists would no l

17、onger be immune from prosecution问题4选项A.the general public shows more respect for those psychologists who seldom medicate patientsB.psychologists prescription privileges remain a disputable issueC.most psychiatrists are satisfied with their earningsD.psychotherapy should be the first choice to treat

18、mental diseases【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由“In addition to improved esteem, psychologists have argued that prescription privileges will bring them greater financial rewards. 除了提高自尊，心理学家认为，处方特权会给他们带来更大的经济回报。”可知一些心理医生更希望获得处方权是因为这能给他们带来更多的钱财报酬。之后作者用数据论证该论点。答案C第2题:细节事实题。“If psychologists bega

19、n prescribing medications, many of their patients seeking alternative treatment might turn to social workers or other non-medical therapists. 如果心理学家开始开药，许多寻求替代治疗的患者可能会转向社会工作者或其他非医疗治疗师。”可知D项正确。第3题:细节事实题。从第四段“When psychopharmacology is the treatment of choice, the standard of care is clearer and the l

20、ikelihood of physical harm is greater, thereby making it easier for plaintiffs to prove their allegations. Psychiatric malpractice rates currently are up to 24 times higher than psychological malpractice coverage, depending upon the state. 当人们选择精神药物学治疗时，护理标准更清晰，身体伤害的可能性更大，从而使原告更容易证明他们的指控。根据各州的情况，精神科

21、医疗事故的发生率比精神科医疗事故的覆盖率高24倍。”可知当心理学家获得处方权，即成为精神药物学家时，医疗事故的指控会增多，因为人们更容易找到由于护理不当对身体造成的伤害的控诉证据。故C项正确。第4题:主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段提到了如果心理医生获得开处方的权利，那么将会对这种职业产生深远影响，并且指出大部分人喜欢传统的心理疗法，而非药物治疗。第三段提到了药物治疗的好处，最后一段提到了药物治疗的弊端即造成医疗事故的控诉不断增多。故作者认为药物治疗是存在争议的。B项正确。ACD三项在文中都未提及。6. 翻译题我们的国家走向现代化，最大的障碍，并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十

22、几亿人口的素质问题。资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进， 但十几亿人口的整体素质是无法引进的，必须靠我们自己去提高。据约略估计，中国品牌约占国内冰箱和洗衣机市场的90%,空调市场的70%-80%, 彩电市场的60%。在许多领域，产品质量有很大提高。中国一家主要的家电厂商，已经从价格转向以质量、高效销售和售后服务进行竞争。【答案】（1）On the way to modernization, the biggest obstacle to our country is not the shortage of natural resources, nor the lack of funds,

23、still less the problem of technology, but rather the quality of over one billion people. Funds can be accumulated, technology can be created or imported, but the quality of such a large population, which cannot be introduced from abroad, should be improved on our own.（2）Its roughly estimated that Ch

24、inese brands approximately account for 90% domestic market share of refrigerators and washing machines, with 70% to 80% of air conditioners, 60% of color TVs. In many fields, the quality of Chinese brand products has improved greatly. A major Chinese manufacturer of home appliances has oriented its

25、competition from price to the quality of product, high effective sales and after-sales service.7. 单选题This border incident led to the two countries （ ）diplomatic relations in 1965.问题1选项A.breaking upB.finishingC.cutting outD.breaking off【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。break up “打碎，分手”； finish “完成”； cut out“切断，删去”； br

26、eak off “中断”。句意：这次边境冲突导致这两个国家在1965年中断了外交关系。由border incident可推知这两国中断了外交关系。答案D8. 单选题To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is if pored whi

27、le he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than Monkey see, monkey do.Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks

28、a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal

29、 only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket (叫嚷)is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desir

30、e to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more attention and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support

31、of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants t

32、o be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players, while some other person may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use people as models over a wide

33、 range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.1.For a child the first element in his learning is（ ）.2.Apart from achieving his desired result, a child should also learn to（ ）.3.Children tend to imitat

34、e the models（ ）.4.An identifying figure (Line 2, Para.5) refers to a person（ ）.问题1选项A.the need to find an authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social group问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain

35、his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not criticize themB.who bring them unexpected rewardsC.whom they want to be likeD.whose social status is high问题4选项A.who serves as a model for othersB.who is always successfulC.who can be depended uponD.who ha

36、s been rewarded for his success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第二段“If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. 如果儿童对新情况缺乏一个快速的反

37、应，并且不能推断出该做什么，他就会观察学习那些能给出正确结果的人。孩子寻找权威人士或专家来告诉他们该做什么。”可知孩子模仿学习的首要原因是他们需要找到一种能得到想要的结果的方式， 他们并不是模仿所有的东西。由此可知B项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由第三段的举例及“The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. 孩子也许能够达到他的直接目标，但却发现他的方法招致了观察他的人的批评。”以及“Thus

38、, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. 因此，解决任何客观情况的愿望都被以恰当方式解决问题的愿望所覆盖。”可知用适当的方法来解决问题很重要。答案A第3题:细节事实题。由第四段“If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players, while some other person ma

39、y most influence his approach to books. 如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴手，他会观察并尝试模仿有能力的演奏者的技巧，如果他喜欢阅读，那么书本上的对他影响最大的人可能是其想模仿的对象。”故C项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由第五段第一句“Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. 欣赏一个人的某种品质常常会令我们仰慕整个人，这个人就变成了我们的榜样。由“admire a person

40、as a whole”可推断出该词意为“榜样”，故答案A9. 单选题In spite of the （ ）economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.问题1选项A.gloomyB.miserableC.shadowyD.obscure【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。gloomy暗淡的，悲观的； miserable悲惨的；shadowy朦胧的，有阴影的；obscure模糊的，晦涩的。句意：尽管经济前景暗淡，但是制造业产量却略有上升。由in spite of 及risen可知，前后为让步关系，故该空应与risen意思相反

41、，并且能修饰经济前景的只有A项。答案A10. 单选题The word of science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just

42、to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear

43、 difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be cl

44、early labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man can not be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the f

45、ield of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes-for instanc

46、e, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for ec

47、onomic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door of the discovery of a

48、nother. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago: however one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the

49、practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1.Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?2.A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call this approach （ ）.3.Which of the Following does the au

50、thor imply?4.Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.It may lead to antiscientific, impure results.B.It necessarily precedes applied science and discovery of the cell.C.It is not always as pure as we suppose.D.It necessarily results from applied science and the discovery

51、 of the cell.问题2选项A.applied scienceB.chemical scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题3选项A.Pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveriesB.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fac

52、t from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题4选项A.On Distinguishing Fact from FictionB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.The nature of Science and Scientists【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由最后一句“The hosts of scienti

53、sts dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied. 那些把自己的生命奉献给纯科学的科学家们并没有为忽视了他们的发现中的实用价值而道歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会被应用。”可知纯科学并不总是像人们想象的那么纯粹，它也会被运用。故答案C第2题:细节事实题。由第三段中“On

54、e, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. 一种是为了满足好奇心，被称为纯科学”，题干中所说的“一个对于氧气的总体知识感兴趣的科学家”，属于这类，故答案C。第3题:推理判断题。由最后一段“The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experienc

55、e that most knowledge is eventually applied. 那些把自己的生命奉献给纯科学的科学家们并没有为忽视了他们的发现中的实用价值而道歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会被应用。”可知A项“纯理论科学家忽视了他们的发现的实用性而受到谴责”正确。B项“如今很少有人对科学的定义有一些理解”与原文表述不符；C项“在科学界，区分事实与虚拟不困难”与原文第二段第一句“even in the”不符；D项与原文“Some times practical-mindede”不符。故答案A第4题:主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了科学的定义，以及纯科学与应用科学的对比，这都是属于揭示

56、科学的本质，故答案D。11. 单选题To everybodys surprise, the referee took a （ ）view of the foul and did not punish the player at all.问题1选项A.lenientB.divergentC.dimD.cautious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。 lenient宽大的，仁慈的；divergent 有分歧的；dim 暗淡的，昏暗的；cautious 小心的，谨慎的。句意：让所有人出乎意料的是，裁判员对这次犯规采取了宽容的态度，一点也没有惩罚参赛选手。由did not punish the pl

57、ayer at all可知裁判采取了宽容的态度。A项正确。答案A12. 单选题He rushed into the house and saved the boy out, （ ）the intense fire.问题1选项A.irrespective ofB.instead ofC.in front ofD.in case【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。irrespective of不管，不顾； instead of 代替，而不是； in front of 在之前；in case of 在的情况下。句意：他不顾烈火冲进了房子并救出了那个男孩。A项符合题意，答案A。13. 单选题Telecom

58、munication developments enable the sending of messages（ ）television, radio and electronic mail to bombard people with many messages.问题1选项A.viaB.amidC.pastD.across【答案】A【解析】考查介词辨析。via 经过，通过，凭借； amid在中间；past 越过，超过； across穿过，横穿。句意：电信的发展使消息通过电视、收音机和电子邮件的传递得以实现，爆炸式地向人们传递大量信息。由空格后的内容可知，此空意为通过的方式，答案A 。14. 单

59、选题The Governments policies will come under close （ ）in the weeks before the election.问题1选项A.appreciationB.scrutinyC.specificationD.apprehension【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。appreciation “欣赏，感谢”； scrutiny “审查，细看”；specification“规格，说明书”； apprehension“理解”。句意：选举前的几周，政府的政策将会接受详细审查。由Governments policies及close “严密的”可知B项“

60、审查”能与之搭配。答案B15. 单选题The morning news says a school bus（ ）with a train at the junction and a group of policemen were sent there immediately.问题1选项A.crashedB.collidedC.bumpedD.struck【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。crash “坠毁、撞坏”；collide “碰撞、抵触、冲突”， 常与with搭配；bump “碰撞、撞击”，常与into连用；strike “打击、罢工、猛击”。句意：据新闻报道，一辆校车在交叉路口与一列火车

61、相撞，警察立即抵达事故现场。B项能与with搭配，故答案B16. 单选题Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has （ ）the quality of the program.问题1选项A.lessenedB.declinedC.affectedD.effected【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。 lessen “使变小”；decline “下降，衰落”；affect“影响，感染”； effect “发生，引起”。句意：评论家们认为，铺天盖地的电视广告已经影响了节目的质量。 根据句意可知C项正确，

62、答案C17. 单选题Lighting can be used not only to create an atmosphere, but also to （ ）features of the house, such as ornaments or pictures.问题1选项A.highlightB.underlineC.activateD.upgrade【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。highlight “突出，强调”；underline “强调，在下面划线”； activate “刺激，使活动”；upgrade “使升级，提升”。句意：灯光的使用不仅能营造一种氛围，还能突显出房屋的风格，如装饰或图画。A项符合句意，答案A18. 单选题To survive, psychologically as well as physically, human being must inhabit a world that is relatively free of ambiguity and reasonably predictable. Some sort of structure must be placed upon the endless profusion of incoming signals. The infant,