2022年考博英语-西南政法大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解24

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1、2022年考博英语-西南政法大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Its our（ ）that the new economic policy will bring great prosperity to this company.问题1选项A.confidenceB.convictionC.recommendationD.insurance【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项confidence“信心”；B选项conviction“确信”；C选项recommendation“推荐”；D选项insurance“保险”。句意：我们相信新的经济政策会给公司带来巨大的繁荣。选项B符

2、合句意。2. 单选题According to the “hygiene hypothesis” first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a childs immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go in disord

3、er and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet fur or turn on the bodys own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years the so-called old friends theory. But where they have been eradicated, a key part of hu

4、man development has been thrown off. “The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections.” says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.In 1998, about one in five children in industrialized c

5、ountries suffered from allergic diseases such as asthma, allergies and rashes, according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, a global research initiative. The incidence of peanut allergy in the US tripled between 1997 and 2008, according to a report from Mount Sinai Scho

6、ol of Medicine in New York. But such diseases are still relatively rare in Africa and rural Asia. “The geographical distribution of allergic and autoimmune diseases is a mirror image of the geographical distribution of various infectious diseases.” says a report by French researchers devoted to the

7、hygiene hypothesis.Exposure to immune-stimulating germs may also lower the risk of heart disease, according to Dr. McDade. But there are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal faces. Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Ce

8、nters for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. “If youre not doing it ten times a day, youre probably not doing it enough.” he says. But he and ot

9、her experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.Many experts advise common sense. “We dont want to say to children. OK, play by the dirty

10、 river bank and catch whatever you can.” says Dr. Weinstocks. But we can say theres nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They dont have to live in total sanitation, and they wont die from eating something off the floor. Its probably more healthy than not.”1.The “hygiene hypothesis” proposed

11、that exposure to various viruses and germs in early childhood（ ）.2.What if we live without any microorganisms?3.According to French researchers, the geographical distribution of allergic and autoimmune diseases（ ）.4.What does Michael Bell suggest we do in daily life?5.What can we learn from the last

12、 paragraph?问题1选项A.eliminates childhood diseases such as asthma and allergiesB.proves to be an important prevention against cancerC.proves to be necessary for the development of immune systemD.increases susceptibility to allergic and autoimmune diseases问题2选项A.We will never be involved in the allergie

13、s.B.We will eradicate the outbreaks of many infectious diseases.C.We may miss an important part of human development.D.We may find no effective medical cure to many disease.问题3选项A.has nothing to do with that of various infectious diseasesB.is exactly the same with that of various infectious diseases

14、C.is completely opposite to that of various infectious diseasesD.shows no comparability with that of various infectious diseases问题4选项A.Be careful about wound care.B.Wash hands within 10 times a day.C.Consult health-care workers.D.Sterilize your hands every day.问题5选项A.Children should be encouraged to

15、 play in dirty places.B.More efforts should be made in public health.C.Parents neednt worry about children playing in the dirt.D.Excessive cleanness is required at home but not outdoors.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段第一句“根据1989年首次提出的“卫生假说”，儿童在早期的生活中接触各种细菌、病毒和寄生虫，有助于儿童的免疫系统做好准备，就像感官体验对

16、大脑进行编程一样。”由此可推断，这个“卫生假说”证明了免疫系统发展的重要性，选项C符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段一二句“Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years the so-called “old friends” theory. But where they have been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off. 许多微生物在数百万年的时间里与人类共生进化，这就是

17、所谓的“老朋友”理论。但是，在它们被根除的地方，人类发展的一个关键部分就被抛弃了。”选项C符合原文。3.判断推断题。根据关键词“French researchers”定位到第三段最后一句“The geographical distribution of allergic and autoimmune diseases is a mirror image of the geographical distribution of various infectious diseases. says a report by French researchers devoted to the hygien

18、e hypothesis.过敏和自身免疫性疾病的地理分布是各种传染病地理分布的一个镜像。一份由法国研究人员撰写的关于卫生假说的报告称。”镜像与原像是相反的，这里是说他们的地理分布也是完全相反的，所以选项C正确。4.细节事实题。根据关键词“Michael Bell”定位到倒数第二段第三句“Michael Bell, ., says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advo

19、cates hand-washing. Michael Bell表示，人们应该要注意伤口的护理，因为细菌一旦进入血液就会引发问题，他还提倡勤洗手。”选项A符合原文；选项B和D不符合原文描述；选项D在文中没有提及，所以本题选A。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段第二句“. theres nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They dont have to live in total sanitation,.孩子们在泥土里玩耍没有什么错，他们不必生活在完全卫生的环境中.”所以选项C“父母不必担心孩子在泥土里玩耍”符合原文。3. 单选题My brot

20、her is a painter and works in a（ ）.问题1选项A.studioB.stallC.senateD.stage【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。A选项studio“工作室，画室”；B选项stall“货摊”；C选项senate“参议院”；D选项stage“舞台”。句意：我的兄弟是个画家，在一个画室工作。选项A符合语境。4. 单选题Lacking（ ）political goals, the two parties quarreled.问题1选项A.intricateB.coherentC.intrinsicD.distinct【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项int

21、ricate“复杂的”；B选项coherent“连贯的，一致的”；C选项intrinsic“本质的，固有的”；D选项distinct“明显的，独特的”。句意：由于缺乏一致的政治目标，两党发生了争吵。选项B更符合语境。5. 单选题A camera takes light rays（ ）off subjects and focuses them on a sheet of film.问题1选项A.disguisedB.definedC.bouncedD.incorporated【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。A选项disguise“掩饰，隐瞒，伪装”；B选项define“定义，规定”；C选项boun

22、ce“弹跳”；D选项incorporate“包含，合并”。句意：照相机捕捉物体反射的光线，并将其聚焦在一张胶片上。bounce off意为“弹开，反弹”，这里指反射光线，所以选项C符合句意。6. 单选题He has spent all the money and made no（ ）for the future.问题1选项A.proverbB.provisionC.prospectD.province【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。A选项proverb“谚语，格言”；B选项 provision“规定，条款，供应品”；C选项prospect“前途，预期”；D选项province“领域，职权”。句意

23、：他花光了所有的钱，没有为将来做准备。选项B符合句意。7. 单选题Its not easy to find a solution to the countrys labor（ ）.问题1选项A.declineB.vacancyC.rarityD.shortage【答案】D【解析】名词辨析题。A选项decline“下降，衰退”；B选项vacancy“空缺”；C选项rarity“罕见，珍贵”；D选项shortage“短缺”。句意：要找到解决国家劳动力短缺的办法并不容易。选项D符合句意。8. 单选题A building has two main structural functions. It mu

24、st shelter people from the elements and it must transmit all loads safely to the ground. Loads are of two kinds, dead and live. Dead loads are those of the building itself. They vary in different parts of the building according to the heights and materials used.Engineers can easily calculate these l

25、oads, because they know the weights and positions of all the parts of the building. Live loads are the weights of the people and things in the building. Engineers have done research into live loadings and have produced statistics for all kinds of loads. They know, for example, that the normal floor

26、loading of an office building is about 40 pounds for every square foot.In many countries, the greatest loadings allowed are stated in regulations. When authorities approve the design of a new building, they make sure that the building will safely take the loads stated. The calculations include a saf

27、ety factor of three or fourthat is, the structure is three or four times as it needed be to avoid collapse. The extra strength allows for occasional overloading and for small heavy loads, such as an office safe. The extra strength also allows for deterioration of the structure.The architect must des

28、ign the building to stand up to wind pressures. And in some countries such as Japan, the building must also withstand earthquakes. Earthquakes cause abnormal stresses in a buildings structure, especially at the joints between beams and columns.The main types of structure used to support building inc

29、lude load-bearing walls, frames and the shell structures. Architects may use space-frames and shells for large one-floored buildings, such as aircraft hangars, exhibition halls and swimming-pools. These structures can form wide-span roofs without any central support pillars. A space frame consists o

30、f a rigid network of metal girders. A shell may be of concrete or wood, forming a high arched roof. Many shell structures have beautiful geometrical shapes.1.An appropriate title for the above article should be（ ）.2.One of the main structural functions of a building is（ ）.3.The safety factor of a bu

31、ilding must be（ ）.4.are the main types of structures used to support buildings（ ）.5.All the stresses are mentioned in the passage except（ ）.问题1选项A.The Methods of ConstructionB.The Contracting SystemC.The Principles of BuildingD.Constructing a Large Building问题2选项A.to provide shelter for people at nig

32、htB.to transmit all loads safely to the groundC.to stand up to wind pressureD.to serve as a kind decoration in the city问题3选项A.twice as strong as the wind pressure to avoid collapseB.three of four times as strong as it needed be to avoid collapseC.explained to the residents who live in the buildingD.

33、reported to the government upon completion of the building问题4选项A.Wide-span roofs and shell structuresB.Pillars and columnsC.Concrete walls and framesD.Load-bearing walls, frames and shell structures问题5选项A.wind pressuresB.stresses caused by earthquakesC.rain pressureD.stresses of the building itself【

34、答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文第一段指出建筑有两个主要的结构功能以及两种负载能力。下文接着讲到了建筑承重的问题，由此可以推断，本文主要讲的是建筑原则，选项C正确。2.细节事实题。根据第一段第二句“It must shelter people from the elements and it must transmit all loads safely to the ground. 它必须为人们提供躲避恶劣天气的场所，并且必须将所有的货物安全运送到地面。”只有选项B符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第三段倒数第三句“the structure i

35、s three or four times as it needed be to avoid collapse. （建筑）结构是避免倒塌所需的三到四倍。”由此可知，选项B与原文表述一致，所以正确。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第一句“The main types of structure used to support building include load-bearing walls, frames and the shell structures. 支撑建筑物的主要结构类型包括承重墙、框架和壳体结构。”选项D符合原文。5.判断推理题。根据第四段的一二句“The architect mus

36、t design the building to stand up to wind pressures. And in some countries such as Japan, the building must also withstand earthquakes. 建筑师必须设计出经得起风压的建筑物。在日本等一些国家，建筑物还必须经受起地震。”由此可知，选项A和B均有提及；根据第一段倒数第二句“Dead loads are those of the building itself. 静载荷是建筑物本身的负载。”由此可知，选项D在文中也有提及。只有选项C没有提及，所以本题选C。9. 单选题

37、By signing the lease we made a（ ）to pay a rent of $200 a week.问题1选项A.conceptionB.commissionC.commitmentD.confinement【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。A选项conception“概念，设想”；B选项commission“委员会；佣金”；C选项commitment“承诺，保证”；D选项confinement“限制，监禁”。句意：通过签订租约，我们承诺每周支付200美元的租金。选项C符合句意。10. 单选题It is a（ ）that in such a rich country the

38、re should be so many poor people.问题1选项A.debateB.disputeC.dilemmaD.paradox【答案】D【解析】名词辨析题。A选项debate“辩论，讨论”；B选项dispute“辩论，争吵”；C选项dilemma“困境，进退两难”；D选项paradox“悖论，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：在如此富裕的国家竟然有那么多穷人，这是一个多么矛盾的事情。选项D符合句意。11. 翻译题Translate the following into English公民、法人的合法民事权益受法律保护，任何组织和个人不得侵犯。已满16岁的人犯罪，应当负刑事贵任。【答

39、案】The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and juristic person are protected by the law, and any organization or individual is not allowed to infringe them.A person of no less than 16 years old who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.12. 单选题The foreign student in China is（ ）w

40、ith a good deal of Chinese culture.问题1选项A.scatteredB.overflowedC.permeatedD.manipulated【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项scattered“分散的，散乱的”；B选项overflowed“溢出的”；C选项permeated“渗透，弥漫”，be permeated with洋溢着；D选项manipulated“操作”。句意：在中国的外国学生洋溢着大量的中国文化气息。选项C更符合语境。13. 单选题Radar is used to extend the（ ）of mans senses for observi

41、ng his environment, especially the sense of vision.问题1选项A.validityB.liabilityC.capabilityD.intensity【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。A选项validity“有效性，正确性”；B选项liability“责任，可能性”；C选项capability“才能，能力”；D选项intensity“强度”。句意：雷达是用来扩展人们观察环境的感知能力，特别是视觉感知能力。选项C符合语境。14. 单选题The young should be（ ）to the old.问题1选项A.respectableB.respe

42、ctfulC.respectedD.respective【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项respectable“值得尊敬的”；B选项 respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”；C选项respected“受尊敬的”；D选项respective“分别的，各自的”。句意：年轻人应该恭敬的对待老人。选项B符合句意。15. 单选题He is unable to find a post（ ） with his ability.问题1选项A.commensurateB.appropriateC.requisiteD.applicable【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项commensurate“相

43、称的，同样大小的”；B选项appropriate“适当的，恰当的”；C选项requisite“必备的，必不可少的”；D选项applicable“可适用的”。句意：他无法找到与他能力相称的岗位。选项A符合句意。16. 单选题A window in the kitchen was（ ）, there was rubbish everywhere, and the curtains and carpets had been stolen.问题1选项A.scatteredB.scrapedC.scratchedD.smashed【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项scatter“撒播，散布”；B选项s

44、crap“废弃，拆毁 ”；C选项scratch“抓，刮”；D选项smashed“打碎，粉碎”。句意：厨房的一扇窗户被打碎了，到处是垃圾，窗帘和地毯被偷了。选项D符合句意。17. 单选题Only a（ ）person would believe such an unlikely story about flying saucers.问题1选项A.credibleB.credulousC.nonsensicalD.creditable【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项credible“可靠的，可信的”；B选项credulous“轻信的，易受骗的”；C选项nonsensical“无意义的，荒谬的

45、”；D选项creditable“值得称赞的”。句意：只有易受骗的人才会相信这样一个关于飞碟的不大可能的故事。选项B符合语境。18. 单选题She fell off her horse and badly（ ） herself.问题1选项A.woundedB.damagedC.injuredD.harmed【答案】C【解析】同义词辨析题。A选项wound“受伤”；B选项damage“损害”；C选项 injure“伤害”；D选项harm“危害”。句意：她从马上摔下来，受了重伤。四个选项都有受伤的意思，但wound侧重于在战争中受伤；damage通常指对无生命物体造成的损害；injure侧重于意外事

46、故导致的伤害；harm侧重于导致严重的后果。所以选项C更符合语境。19. 单选题By now he has reached the（ ）of his ambition.问题1选项A.superiorityB.resolutionC.summitD.procedure【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。A选项superiority“优越”；B选项resolution“分辨率，决心”；C选项summit“顶点”；D选项procedure“程序，步骤”。句意：到目前为止，他已经达到了他抱负的顶峰。选项C符合句意。20. 单选题Fingerprints, one of the great deciders

47、of innocence or guilt in criminal charges, are now in the dock themselves. This is because of a growing number of claims from defendants that their prints have been lifted and planted at scenes of crimes. And these allegations are being taken seriously by lawyers, judges and policemen because it is

48、possible to move a fingerprint from one spot and place it elsewhere.With one of the cornerstones of evidence now being placed in doubt a committee of criminal lawyers is carrying out an inquiry into fingerprinting. The investigation has been ordered by Justice, the prestigious legal organization, an

49、d a report is due early next year. Last night a spokesman for Justice said: “There are an increasing number of cases where people are claiming their prints have been transferred and put on incriminating objects. We are not aiming to establish if these allegations are true or not, but we are question

50、ing current fingerprinting methods as part of a general investigation into scientific evidence. Some of Britains top criminal lawyers are worried about this increasing number of claims.”How can a fingerprint be transferred? A finger mark left on a greasy glass or some other smooth surface can be “li

51、fted” with a strip of adhesive. It can then be deposited on another, perhaps incriminating object. Accusations about planted prints were first put up at an old Baileg IRA bomb trial nine years ago without success. Fingerprints at the scene of a crime used to be dusted down with fine powder, photogra

52、phed for identification purposes, then the pictures and objects carrying the prints were produced in court.However, since 1973 a new method of taking prints has been generally used in Britain. Police experts now use a strip of adhesive tape to lift a print which is then produced in court as evidence

53、. Before 1973 the object on which the prints were found a little dagger or a gun used to be shown in court as well. This is no longer necessary. As a result criminals are claiming that their prints have been lifted and planted elsewhere. According to ex-chief Superintendent Squires, lifting a mark a

54、nd transferring it to another object “requires great skill and trouble.” He added: “Its almost impossible but it can be done. It can usually be easily detected by someone like me. but there is a chance that even I may not be able to tell.”1.Fingerprints have traditionally been regarded as（ ）.2.The i

55、nvestigation into fingerprinting is（ ）.3.The passage suggests that（ ）.4.Since 1973,（ ）.问题1选项A.the only proof of a suspected criminals innocence or guiltB.one of many proofs of a suspected criminals innocence or guiltC.no proof of a suspected criminals innocence or guiltD.a key proof of a suspected c

56、riminals innocence or guilt问题2选项A.to prove that policemen have been behaving dishonestlyB.to establish the truth of the allegationsC.part of a wider investigationD.to allay the fears of some top criminal lawyers问题3选项A.some of the allegations against fingerprinting are justifiedB.transferring fingerp

57、rints is too much trouble for most policemenC.transferring fingerprints is a very delicate operationD.it is likely that some policemen transfer fingerprints问题4选项A.fingerprints at the scene of a crime have been dusted down with fine powder and photographed.B.it has been necessary to produce in court

58、the objects on which the prints were foundC.there have been successful claims against police fingerprinting methods in the United States and Great Britain.D.police fingerprinting methods have been simplified【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段第一句“Fingerprints, one of the great deciders of innoc

59、ence or guilt in criminal charges, are now in the dock themselves. 在刑事指控中，指纹，曾经是刑事起诉中判断一个人是否有罪的决定性因素之一，而现在它却成为了众矢之的。”由此可知，选项D符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段倒数第二句“We are not aiming to establish if these allegations are true or not, but we are questioning current fingerprinting methods as part of a general investi

60、gation into scientific evidence. 我们的目的不是确定这些辩解是否正确，而是质疑目前的指纹识别方法作为对科学证据普遍调查研究的一部分是否合理。”由此可知，对指纹的调查是广泛调查的一部分，选项C符合原文。3.判断推理题。根据最后一段倒数第二句“According to ex-chief Superintendent Squires, lifting a mark and transferring it to another object requires great skill and trouble. 据前总警司Squires说，采集指纹并把它转移到另一个物体上需

61、要高超的技巧并且很麻烦。”也就是说：转移指纹是一项非常精细的工作。其他选项均不正确，只有选项C符合原文。4.判断推理题。根据关键时间点“1973”定位到最后一段第一句“since 1973 a new method of taking prints has been generally used in Britain. Police experts now use a strip of adhesive tape to lift a print which is then produced in court as evidence. 自1973年以来，英国普遍采用一种新的采集指纹的方法。警方专家现在使用一条胶带来揭下指纹，然后在法庭上出示作为证据。”再根据下文的描述，在此之前在法庭上出示指纹需要带上沾有指纹的物品，比如一把小匕首或一把枪，而新的方法只需要一条胶带就能揭下指纹，说明取指纹的方法简化了，所以选项D符合原文。