道路横断面和路基设计

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1、3 道路横断面和路基设计3.1横断面布置本段路为双向四车道一级公路，依据公路规范和标准进行设计。路基总宽度为24.5m，桥梁和隧道路基断面设置见后面桥梁和隧道设计。表3.1 路基宽度组成车道宽度（m）中间带宽度（m）硬路肩（m）土路肩（m）路基总宽（m）3.752+3.7520.5+2.00+0.52.5+2.50.75+0.7524.53.2路基设计3.2.1一般路基设计1） 填方路基设计（1）填方路基断面形式图3.1填方路基断面形式（2）填料选择此段路位于山区，可以利用挖方的土石进行填筑，碎石土强度高、水稳定性好、易于碾压，而且透水性好有利于路基的排水。填料岩芯抗压强度不小于15 MPa

2、(用于护坡的不小于20MPa)，在石方爆破时实行相应的爆破工艺，按比例分出三类石料：路基的主填料,要求石块粒径不超过25 cm，供粗粒层用；石屑等细料，供细粒层用；码砌边坡用的块石,主要是粒径为0. 30. 5m 的块石，选用表面比较平整的石块。路基底层首先进行地表处理，清除表土15cm。接受分层摊铺，分层碾压。每层厚度为40cm左右，接受大型压路机进行碾压。在与路床接触的那层填筑一层40 cm 厚的碎石、石屑过渡层。相邻段接受不同材料土填筑时接受斜坡连接。（3）压实标准路基土石经充分压实后，变得相当紧密，可削减压缩性，透水性及体积变化，提高强度，抗变形能力和水稳定性，消除自重，行车荷载干湿作

3、用引起的沉降和压实变形。路基压实标准见表表3.2 路基压实度标准（%）路床顶面以下深度（cm）030308080150150压实度标准96969493基底压实度90% 。2） 挖方路基设计（1）挖方路基断面形式图3.2 挖方路基断面形式（2）挖方路床处理在半填半挖路段，将挖方区域，进行多挖40cm，进行碎石处理，由此底部回弹模量相同。在全挖方路段，只多挖富有空间，利用底基层水泥粉煤灰碎石进行找平处理。3） 边坡防护路基边坡表面的防护，主要是防止地面水流的冲刷，而且将坡面封闭隔离、可避开与大气直接接触，阻止岩土进一步风化破坏。（1） 填方填方最大高度为6m，坡度为1：1.5。全部接受护拱护坡，在

4、拱内种植草被，与当地的自然环境相互协作。（2） 挖方一般挖方岩石边坡稳定性较好。在K0+150.00K0+270.00、K0+730.00K0+810.00、K0+940.00K0+990.00段路肩处挖方高度大于10m，局部段超过20m，上部岩层裂开，每高8m设置1.5m碎落台的台阶式边坡。最上部坡面接受1：0.75坡度，并接受浆砌片石护面墙防护。下部全部接受1：0.5坡度，在岩石裂开段接受浆砌片石护面墙防护，其余岩石没风化段不进行坡面防护。护面墙每隔10m设置一条伸缩缝，墙身应预留泄水孔，基础要稳固，顶部应封闭。护面墙厚度见表3.3表3.3 护面墙厚度（m）护面墙高度H/m护面墙厚度顶宽b

5、底宽d60.400.40+0.10H6H100.400.40+0.05H3.2.2稳定性分析公路路基设计规范规定,当填方路基的边坡高度大于20m(土石边坡) 和12m(砂、砾石边坡) 时, 宜进行稳定性验算。通常我们将边坡高度大于20m(土石边坡) 以及12m(砂、砾石边坡)的填方路基视为高填方路基。此段路最大填方高度6m，没有高填方路基，路基主要为碎石土，稳定性很好，则不需进行稳定性验算。挖方路段，岩石稳定性很好，挖方高度最大在25m，则不需进行稳定性验算。3.2.3支挡设计设计支挡结构主要是防止水流冲刷更加有利于山沟的排水，设置支挡结构，全部为路肩墙，地段为K1+050.00至K1+280

6、.00。（1） 支挡类型石材比较充足，而且岩石性质很好，地基为岩石，承载力较高。则接受浆砌块石重力式路肩墙结构，结构简洁、施工便利。（2） 支挡结构构造设计墙背竖直，墙面斜度为1：0.30，墙顶宽度为0.6m，基础埋深为1.50m。支挡结构为浆砌块石挡土墙，砂浆选用混合砂浆强度为M7.5。墙顶接受C15混凝土浇筑，厚10cm。挡土墙基础底接受10cm厚碎石垫层。沉降伸缩缝为每15m设置一处，缝宽为2cm。结构构造见图图3.3 挡土墙构造（3） 支挡结构验算 挡土墙验算计算模型行车荷载换算为相当与路基岩土层厚度，计入滑块体的重力中。单位长度路段计算公式为 （3.1）式中 行车荷载换算高度，m；

7、L前后轮最大 轴距，取L=4.0m； Q辆重车的重力，汽车-10为150Kn； N并列车辆数，双车道取N=2； 路基填料的容重，；B荷载横向分布宽度，B=Nb+（N-1）m+d，其中b：后轮轴距，取1.8m；m：相邻两辆撤后轮的中心间距，取1.3m；d：轮胎着地宽度，取0.5m。则 m。计算模型如图3.4图3.4 挡土墙验算计算模型 土压力计算填料参数：，填方最大高度。接受库伦方法计算裂开角 （3.2） （3.3） （3.4） （3.5）式中 裂开角，；、系数；墙背与土体见的摩擦角，；墙背的倾角，仰斜时取负值，俯斜时取正值，；H 挡土墙高度，m；岩土的内摩擦角，墙背竖直，H=6m，假设裂开面交

8、于荷载内，则则。核算：，裂开面在荷载内。计算主动土压力 （3.6） （3.7） （3.8） （3.9）式中 K主动土压力系数； 主动土压力，kN/m；、主动土压力在x、y方向的分力，kN/m。则 土压力作用点 （3.10） （3.11）土压应力 （3.12） （3.13）则 ， 抗滑动稳定性验算一般情况，挡土墙的滑动稳定方程与抗滑稳定系数应满足： （3.14）式中 挡土墙基底水平投影宽度，m；地基土的内摩擦系数，； 地基土的内摩擦角；G作用与基底水平滑动面上的墙身重力、基础重力、基础上填土的重力、作用与墙顶的其他荷载的竖向力以及倾斜基底与滑动面间的土锲的重力，kN；主动土压力分布系数；作用与基

9、底的竖向力的代数和，kN，；墙背主动土压力的水平分力，kN；墙前被动土压力，kN，一般忽视不计；容许的抗滑动稳定系数。浆砌块石容重，挡土墙基底摩擦系数，。则 阅历算，抗滑稳定性符合要求。 抗倾覆稳定性验算挡土墙的抗倾覆稳定性是指它反抗墙身绕墙趾向外转动的能力，用抗倾覆稳定系数表示，其倾覆稳定方程与应满足： （3.15）式中 ，主动土压力分项系数，被动土压力分项系数； 各力系对墙趾的稳定力矩之和，即 各力系对墙趾的倾覆力矩之和，即、相应各力对墙趾的力臂，m；容许的抗倾覆稳定系数。抗倾覆稳定系数，经过计算挡土墙重心，则 阅历算，抗倾覆稳定性符合要求。 基底应力及偏心距验算基底合力的偏心距，按下式计

10、算 （3.16）式中 基底合力的偏心距，m；作用与基底型芯的弯矩组合值，MPa；垂直力组合值， 。则设置在岩石土基上的挡土墙明挖基础，不计基底拉应力，仅按压应力重分布计算基底压应力，即 （3.17）垂直一基底的合力对受压边缘的力臂，按下式计算 （3.18）基底最大应力值，应满足 （3.19）式中 经基础埋深修正后的地基承载力设计值，kPa； 地基承载力设计值提高系数。查阅规范，对于碎石类地基中等密实容许承载力为0.500.80，取0.6，提高系数。则， 阅历算，基地应力满足要求。 墙身截面强度验算挡土墙为浆砌块石砌筑，截面为矩形，墙身没有应力集中部分，不需进行截面强度验算。3.2.4路基施工要

11、求及注意事项1）填石路基施工（1）材料要求严格依据规范要求掌握填石路基材料的质量和规格，进场块石材料应与送检材料全都，填料岩芯抗压强度不小于15 MPa (用于护坡的不小于20MPa) ；严峻风化软岩不用于填石路基；易风化的软岩不用于路基上部，也不用于路基浸水部分。在石方爆破时实行相应的爆破工艺，按比例分出三类石料：路基的主填料，要求石块粒径不超过25 cm，供粗粒层用；石屑等细料，供细粒层用；码砌边坡用的块石，主要是粒径为0. 30. 5m 的块石，选用表面比较平整的石块。填石的粒径及级配在开采料场掌握，施工单位依据现场情况接受洞室松动爆破、光面爆破或小型爆破，要求填石料符合以下指标：最大粒

12、径不超过层厚的2/ 3，超大粒径石块应集中起来，进行二次爆破、机械或人工砸碎。用作路堤填料的填石料，除限制其最大粒径外，一般对填料级配不作特别限制，但要求不均匀系数Cu 5 ，曲率系数Cc = 13 。当发现由于某种粒径的填料欠缺(一般为细料) 而影响压实结果时，可接受补充该级级配填料的方法进行改善。石块级配较差，石块间的空隙较大时，可于每层表面的空隙里扫入石碴、石屑和中、粗砂，再以压力水将砂冲入下部，反复数次，将空隙填满。填石路基的填料如其岩性相差较大，则应将不同岩性的填料分层或分段填筑，不宜横向分幅填筑。（2）基底处理路堤基底视地形、土质、地下水位、填石路基高度等不同进行相应处理。若原地面

13、横坡缓于15，可直接填筑在天然地面上,一般耕植土地段原地面清除表土15 cm。路堤基底应进行填前夯实，保证压实度(重型击实标准) 不小于90 % ，若填土高度小于路床厚度，则基底的压实度按路床的压实度标准执行。当原地面自然横坡较陡(陡于15) 时，路堤基底应挖成台阶，每级台阶宽度12 m，高度为一层压实厚度。其后进行基底平整碾压作业，使基底土层的强度和密实度达到设计标准。（3）施工工艺运输、堆料及摊铺运输过程中要注意避开装料、卸料中的离析现象。填石路基应逐层填筑，支配专人指挥卸料，按水平分层，先低后高，先两侧后中央卸料。堆料与摊铺同时进行，摊铺厚度略低于最终摊铺厚度，并应全幅摊铺。对大粒径石料

14、，应人工手摆，大面对下，小面对上，摆放平稳，再用石屑塞缝，最后压实。对于有明显空洞、孔隙的地方，应补充细料，用水压法将其冲入下部，反复多次，待空隙填满后再碾压。对于碾压后仍有松动的块石，应用合适粒径的小块石嵌实，并用手锤敲紧。碾压填石路基接受冲击式压路机、重型振动压路机或夯锤进行压实，填石路基应分层填筑，分层压实。遵循先轻后重、先慢后快、先边后中（先低后高）的原则。碾压时应注意的问题：压路机不能停在刚碾压的路段上；碾压时不能调头、转弯、急刹车；接受阶梯形碾压；碾压时驱动轮在前，从动轮在后。边坡码砌填石路基接受超幅50 cm 碾压，以便压路机能够压到路基边缘，待成型稳定后用挖掘机刷坡。码砌石块尽

15、量紧贴、密实，无明显空洞、松动现象，砌块间承力接触面应微微向内倾斜。码砌表面平整，在曲线上的码砌边坡应平顺，码砌后的边坡坡率应符合设计要求。路基整修在填石料表面填筑其它填料(如土、粉煤灰等)时，填石料表面应先填筑一层30 cm 厚的碎石、石屑过渡层，过渡层碎石粒料应小于10 cm ，其中小于0. 5 cm 的细料含量应大于30 %。在路基基本完工后，检查测量中基面的中心线标高以及路基宽度和边坡坡度，并进行路基整修工作。（4）公路路基质量掌握表3.4 公路路基质量标准序号内容标准1压实度95%2高程+10mm，-20mm3中心偏位50mm4宽度+0以上5平整度20mm6横坡度0.5%7弯沉设计值

16、2）挖方路基施工路基开挖接受爆破施工，坡面应接受光面爆破方法。严禁用大爆破而造成边坡松动和失稳。由于土石方用于后面填方路基填筑，则爆破应掌握石料粒径大小，合理掌握布孔、孔距及药量、爆破方法。石方开挖自上而下分层进行，分层高度掌握在8米以内，与边坡设计台阶高度相全都。58 / 58（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensi

17、ve strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leadin

18、g cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of in

19、terpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the mai

20、n changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politic

21、s several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity

22、 of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth

23、 plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and impleme

24、ntation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not

25、 allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat an

26、d Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen t

27、he construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries l

28、aws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the lead

29、ing cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres

30、 of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth s

31、ession of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central

32、 Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary

33、 of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Centr

34、al Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (part

35、y), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12,

36、 Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concent

37、rated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinpi

38、ng important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitut

39、ion to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is th

40、e fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but al

41、so the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense

42、of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style

43、. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately,

44、Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, fo

45、r the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, esp

46、ecially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing

47、 on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership

48、of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is cl

49、osely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply

50、 object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary

51、 Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the Na

52、tional Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-

53、cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The highe

54、r request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and e

55、xtravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, around the clean politics, from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family traditi

56、on and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the four norms to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. is party a ruler,

57、members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the partys advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the cons

58、titution, refinement and discipline. Revised from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordanc

59、e with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of real return to Party discipline, for the