2022年考博英语-大连理工大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷86

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1、2022年考博英语-大连理工大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题But if language habits do not represent classes, a social stratification into something as bygone as “aristocracy” and “commons”, they do still of course serve to identify social groups. This is something that seems fundamental in the use of language. As we

2、see in relation to political and national movements, language is used as a badge or a barrier depending on which way we look at it. The new boy at school feels out of it at first because he does not know the right words for things, and awe-inspiring pundits of six or seven look down on him for not b

3、eing aware that racksy means “dilapidated”，or hairy “out first ball”. The miner takes a certain pride in being “one up” on the visitor or novice who calls the cage a “lift” or who thinks that men working in a warm seam are in their “underpants” when anyone ought to know that the garments are called

4、hoggers. The “insider” is seldom displeased that his language distinguishes him from the “outsider”.Quite apart from specialized terms of this kind in groups, trades and professions, there are all kinds of standards of correctness at which most of us feel more or less obliged to aim, because we know

5、 that certain kinds of English invite irritation or downright condemnation. On the other hand, we know that other kinds convey some kind of prestige and bear a welcome cachet.In relation to the social aspects of languages, it may well be suggested that English speakers fall into three categories, th

6、e assured, the anxious and the indifferent. At one end of this scale, we have the people who have “position” and “status”, and who therefore do not feel they need worry much about their use of English. Their education and occupation make them confident of speaking an unimpeachable form of English: n

7、o fear of being criticized or corrected is likely to cross their minds, and this gives their speech that characteristically unselfconscious and easy flow which is often envied.At the other end of the scale, we have an equally imperturbable band, speaking with a similar degree of careless ease, becau

8、se even if they are aware that their English is condemned by others, they are supremely indifferent to the fact. The Mrs. Mops of this world have active and efficient tongues in their heads, and if we happened not to like their ways of saying things, well, we “can lump it”. That is their attitude. C

9、uriously enough, writers are inclined to represent the speech of both these extreme parties with-in for ing. In the one hand, “were goin huntin，my dear sir”； on the other, “were goin racin,mate”In between, according to this view, we have a far less fortunate group, the anxious. These actively try to

10、 suppress what they believe to be bad English and assiduously cultivate what they hope to be good English. They live their lives in some degree of nervousness over their grammar, their pronunciation, and their choice of words: sensitive, and fearful of betraying themselves. Keeping up with the Jones

11、es is measured not only in houses, furniture, refrigerators, cars, and clothes, but also in speech.And the misfortune of the “anxious” does not end with their inner anxiety. Their lot is also the open or veiled contempt of the “assured” on the side of them and of the “indifferent” on the other.It is

12、 all too easy to raise an unworthy laugh at the anxious. The people thus uncomfortably stilted on linguistic high heels so often form part of what is, in many ways, the most admirable section of any society: the ambitious, tense, inner-driven people, who are bent on “going places and doing things”.

13、The greater the pity, then, if a disproportionate amount of their energy goes into what Mr. Sharpless called “this shabby obsession” with variant forms of Englishespecially if the net result is (as so often) merely to sound affected and ridiculous.” Here, according to Bacon, “is the first distemper

14、of learning, when men study words and not matter.It seems to me that Pygmalions frenzy is a good emblem . of this vanity: for words are but the images of matter; and except they have life of reason and invention, to fall in love with them is to fall in love with a picture.”1.The attitude held by the

15、 assured towards language is .（ ） .2.The anxious are considered a less fortunate group because（ ） .3.The author thinks that the efforts made by the anxious to cultivate what they believe is good English are（ ） .问题1选项A.criticalB.anxiousC.self-consciousD.nonchalant问题2选项A.they feel they are socially lo

16、oked down uponB.they suffer from internal anxiety and external attack.C.they are inherently nervous and anxious people.D.they are unable to meet standards of correctness问题3选项A.worthwhileB.meaninglessC.praiseworthyD.irrational【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D【解析】1.文章第三段对the assured进行了描述，这类人对自己的英语很自信，不需要为自己说英语而担心（d

17、o not feel they need worry much about their use of English）。所以他们对语言应该是非常淡定的，选项D符合题意。2.文章倒数第二段提到他们由焦虑带来的不幸不仅仅只是忍受内在的焦虑，而且还要遭受来自自信派和冷漠派的谴责。由此可知，他们遭受了内外煎熬。选项B符合题意。3.文章最后一段对焦虑派的描述是：他们把过多的精力放到对变形了的英语，由disproportionate amount of their energy, variant forms of English, 和 this shabby obsession 等可以看出作者认为焦虑派所

18、做的努力是不明智的，选项D符合题意。2. 单选题The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotio

19、ns, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others:

20、 watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed persons behavior with the known others behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variet

21、y of behavioral responses are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the persons responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interac

22、tion to uncover information about another person-questions, self-disclosures (自我表露)，and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and

23、 still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we wont ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly in

24、consistent behavior. Ironically (讽刺性地)，those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures

25、and truthful statements).1.The word “pinpoint”(Para. 1，Line 3) basically means（ ） .2.What do we learn from the first paragraph?3.It can be inferred from Bergers suggestions that（ ） .4.In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the authors opinion, are（ ）5.The authors purpose in

26、 writing the passage is（ ） .问题1选项A.appreciateB.obtainC.interpretD.identify问题2选项A.People are better described in cold, objective terms.B.The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C.One should not judge people by their appearances.D.One is usually subjective when assessing o

27、ther peoples personality.问题3选项A.People do not reveal their true self on every occasion.B.in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly -C.the best way to know a person is by making comparisons.D.face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a pers

28、on问题4选项A.personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB.barriers that should be done away withC.as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD.things people should guard against问题5选项A.to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB.to provide ways of how to obtain informat

29、ion about peopleC.to call the readers attention to the negative side of peoples charactersD.to discuss the various aspects of getting to know people【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.根据上下文可推断 pinpoint 的意思与perceive “了解，认知”相似。第一段提到pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas

30、and characters深入内心确定他的态度、情感、动机、能力、想法和性格。所以选项D符合题意。2.第一段最后一句we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance 提到人们常常以为短短几秒钟就能够了解他人，然而事实却远非这样，这显然是低估了了解他人的难度。所以选项B符合题意。3.Berger建议了几种了解他人的方法，但是仅从一个方面去了解他人是行不通的，因为大部分人都在不断改，而我们用来获得信息的这些方法不够精确（getti

31、ng to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise），选项A符合题意。4.文章最后一句话提到对于建议一段良好的人际关系而言，他人的秘密和欺骗与他人的自我表露和实话一样重要，这非常具有讽刺意味。选项C符合题意。5.文章主要讨论了了解他人的不同方面，如：识人的困难、方法及隐瞒和欺骗的积极方面等。所以选项D符合题意。3. 单选题There is

32、no easy solution to Japans labor（ ） .问题1选项A.declineB.vacancyC.rarityD.shortage【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。decline “下降”；vacancy “空缺，空白”；rarity “罕见；珍品”；shortage “缺少”。句意：日本劳动力不足的问题很难解决。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predi

33、ct. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly u

34、seful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brig

35、htest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us howlittle we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.

36、 In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depr

37、essed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.But we are making a

38、beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect

39、, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.1.According to the author, really good science （ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century （ ）.3.Which of t

40、he following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?4.What is the authors attitude towards science?5.The author believes that（ ）问题1选项A.would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century EnlightenmentB.will produce results which cannot be foreseenC.will help people to make the righ

41、t choice in advanceD.will bring about disturbing results问题2选项A.thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of scienceB.were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific researchC.knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about natureD.did more harm than good in

42、 promoting mans understanding of nature问题3选项A.They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.B.They falsely claimed to know all about nature.C.They did not believe in results from scientific observation.D.They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.问题4选项A.H

43、e is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.B.He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.C.He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.D.He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.问题5选项A.man can find solutions

44、to whatever questions concerning nature he can think upB.man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellectC.sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer themD.questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scien

45、tific research【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段if it is really good science it is impossible to predict 提到真正好的科学不可能被预测，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment （启蒙运动）to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way

46、 ahead提到如果我们中任何一个去告诉18世纪启蒙运动中那些最聪明的人，我们知道的很少并且前途迷茫，他们会对此表示惊讶。由此可知，这些科学家与我们的想法相反的，他们认为他们知道的很多，并且能解决很多问题，所以选项A符合题意。3.文章第二段In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps提到在早期我们要么假装知道事物的工作原理，要么忽视问题，或者简单的编造一些故事来填补空白

47、。选项C符合题意。4.文章最后一段提到我们迟早会解决包括人类意识在内的所有我们能想到的问题，还表示只要我们坚持、专注，就能想到答案。可以看出作者是非常有信心的。选项C符合题意。5.文章最后一段there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all ou

48、r answers 提到会有一些问题我们想不到，但是在我们的局限范围内，我们应该能够努力得到所有的答案，由此可知我们不能想到所有问题，但是可以解决能想到的问题，选项A符合题意。5. 单选题During their first teacher training year, the students often visited local schools for the（ ）of lessons.问题1选项A.observationB.investigationC.inspectionD.examination【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。observation “观察，监视”；invest

49、igation “调查”；inspection “视察，检查”；examination “考试”。句意：这些学生在第一年教师培训期的时候，经常去一些当地学校观摩。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题It may be worthwhile at this moment to （ ）and see what progress we have made after one years study in college.问题1选项A.look intoB.look aroundC.look overD.look back【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。Look into “调查，研究”；look aro

50、und “环顾”；look over “查看”；look back “回顾”。句意：现在回顾一下我们在大学的一年学习中所取得的进步是值得的。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题There are several landladies approved by the university who take in （ ）.问题1选项A.settlersB.lodgersC.residentsD.inhabitants【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。Settler “移居者”；lodger “房客”；resident “居民”；inhabitant “居民”。句意：大学批准了几位女房东接受房客。选项B符

51、合题意。8. 单选题A well-established distinction in memory theory is that between short-term and long-term memory. The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them, the latter-concerns the wide range of ways in which experience can affect behavior man

52、y years later. Given the two different kinds of ability, it is reasonable to hypothesize that each is represented differently in the brain. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term memory implies a chemical change in the brain cells, while short-term memory involves patterns

53、of impulses in electric of serve cells.One group of rats were taught to run through a maze. Five minutes after learning the task, they were cooled to 5C, the temperature at which all electrical activity in the brain ceased. They were ten kept at this temperature for 15 minutes before being allowed t

54、o their normal temperature. They were then run through the maze, again.A second group of rats were taught to run the same maze, and then immediately cooled to 5 C for 15 minutes. Alter being allowed to return to their temperature, an attempt was made to run the second group through the maze again. I

55、t was found that rats in the first group had no difficulty with the maze the second time, suggesting that they did not have to relearn the task. Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they app

56、arently could not remember what they had learned.It was conclude from this experiment that short-time memory (in rats, at least) is unlike long-term memory. Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long-term memory, i

57、n contrast, is unaffected by the disruption of electrical activity and may involve structural changes in brain cells.1.What is the main idea of this passage?2.Remembering address belongs to（ ） .3.The experiments of two groups（ ） .4.If rats cooled to 5 for 15 minutes immediately, what will happen aft

58、er being allowed to return to their normal temperature?5.Electrical impulses affect（ ） .问题1选项A.The difference between short-term memory and long-term memory.B.The experiment of two groups of rats.C.The temperature for rats to lose their memory.D.The importance of memory.问题2选项A.short-term memoryB.lon

59、g-term memoryC.both A and BD.neither A or B问题3选项A.temperature affects rats memoryB.the relationship between temperature and memory is very clearC.there is distinction between short-term memory and long-term memoryD.rats can relearn the task after forgetting it问题4选项A.They have no difficult in crossin

60、g the same maze.B.They lose their way in the maze. .C.They can remember the way correctly.D.They go through the maze after several trying.问题5选项A.long-term memoryB.short-term memoryC.structural changesD.brain cells【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.文章主要介绍了关于短期记忆和长期记忆的区别的科学假设，选项A符合题意。2.文章第一段指出记电话号码是短期

61、记忆，所以记地址也是短期记忆，选项A符合题意。3.文章最后一段第一句话it was conclude from this experiment that short-time memory (in rats, at least) is unlike long-term memory明确提出实验证明了短期记忆与长期记忆是不同的。选项C符合题意。4.文章第三段提到第二组老鼠的体温被立即降到5摄氏度，结果是它们没有成功走过迷宫。选项B符合题意。5.文章最后一段Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature w

62、here electrical activity ceases, there is no memory 提到短跑受电流脉冲的影响，所以选项B符合题意。9. 单选题It is through learning that the individual（ ） many habitual ways of reacting tosituations.问题1选项A.retainsB.gainsC.achievesD.acquires【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。retain “保持”；gain “获得”，指通过努力获得自己想要的东西；achieve “收获，获得”，指凭借长期的努力实现自己的目标；a

63、cquire “获得”，指通过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等。通过分析，选项D符合题意。10. 单选题Ours is a society that tries to keep the world sharply divided into masculine and feminine, not because that is the way the world is, but because that is the way we believe it should be. It takes unwavering belief and considerable effort to keep this division. It also leads us to make some fairly foolish judgments, particularly about language.Because we think that language also should be divided into masculine and feminine we have