考研考博-考博英语-西南大学模拟考试题含答案23

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1、考研考博-考博英语-西南大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of drugs has a long history and is closely linked, like medical practice itself, with the belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so has the development of scientific t

2、echniques made it possible for some of the causes of symptoms to be understood, so that more accurate diagnosis has become possible. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many illnesses with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses, of which the causes remai

3、n unknown, it is still limited, like the unqualified prescribes, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat symptoms only and when to attack the cause: this is the essential difference between medical prescribing and self-medication.The advance of technology has brou

4、ght about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of scientific drug therapy. In many countries public health organization is improving and peoples nutritional standards have arisen. Parallel with such beneficial trends are two which have an adverse effect. One is the use

5、 of high-pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry, which has tended to influence both patients and doctors and has led to the overuse of drugs generally. The other is the emergence of the sedentary society with its faulty ways of life: lack of exercise, over-eating, unsuitable eating, ins

6、ufficient sleep, excessive smoking and drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits such as these, as well as from unhappy human relationships, often resort to self-medication and so add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list. Advertisers go to great lengths to catch this market.Cle

7、ver advertising, aimed at chronic sufferers who will try anything because doctors have not been able to cure them, can induce such faith in a preparation, particularly if steeply priced, that it will produce-by suggestion-a very real effect in some people. Advertisements are also aimed at people suf

8、fering from mild complaints such as simple colds and coughs, which clear up by themselves within a short time.These are the main reasons why laxatives, indigestion remedies, painkillers, tonics, vitamin and iron tablets and many other preparations are found in quantity in many households. It is doub

9、tful whether taking these things ever improves a persons health; it may even make it worse. Worse because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken in excess; worse because they may cause poisoning, and

10、 worse of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be masked and therefore medical help may not be sought.1.The first paragraph is intended to （ ）.2.Advertisements are aimed at people suffering from mild complaints because（ ）.3.Paragraphs 2 and 3 explain（ ）.4.In Paragraph 4 the auth

11、or illustrates（ ）.5.The best title for the text would be（ ）.问题1选项A.suggest that self-medication has a long historyB.distinguish between medical prescribing and self-medicationC.praise doctors for their expertiseD.tell the symptoms from the causes问题2选项A.they often watch ads on TVB.they are more likel

12、y to buy the drugs advertisedC.they generally lead a sedentary lifeD.they dont take to sports and easily catch colds问题3选项A.that good things are not without side effectsB.why clever advertising is so powerfulC.why in modem times self-medication is still practicedD.why people develop faulty ways of li

13、fe问题4选项A.the reasons for keeping medicines at homeB.peoples doubt about taking drugsC.why it may be worse to take drugs by oneselfD.the possible harms self-medication may do to people问题5选项A.Medical PracticeB.Clever AdvertisingC.Self-medicationD.Self-treatment【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.考察推理判断

14、。文章第一段第一句occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living提到偶尔的自我治疗已经成了人们正常生活中的一部分，接下来又提到了由于近百年来科学技术的发展，使得制药跟买药的现象越来越普遍，这些都是说明自我治疗已经有一段很长的历史了。选项A符合题意。2.考察推理判断。文章第三段倒数第二句Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild complaints such as simple colds and coughs, which clear

15、up by themselves within a short time提到广告人将目标定在那些得感冒或者咳嗽的人身上，因为得这些小毛病的人都愿意在短时间内自行买药治疗，选项B符合题意。3.考察细节事实。文章第二段提到科技进步带动了医学的进步，但是医学进步又产生了两个不利的影响，一是各种医药广告盛行甚至导致过度服用药物，二是久坐不动的现象越发严重，人们不爱运动、过度饮食、抽烟等各种不好的生活习惯。文章第三段主要讲述了聪明的广告人针对有需要的人打广告。这两段讲述了由于生活习惯，由于广告的影响，人们愿意去买药物自行治疗。选项C符合题意。4.考察细节事实。文章第四段主要讲述了自我治疗是否会导致情况更

16、遭：Worse because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken in excess; worse because they may cause poisoning, and worse of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be masked and therefor

17、e medical help may not be sought，列举出了很多情况，比如购买的药物可能有不恰当的成分、使用者会依赖这些药物、使用者可能过去食用等等。选项D符合题意。5.考察主旨大意。文章第一段讲述了自我治疗的历史；第二段讲述了自我治疗出现的原因；第三段讲述了广告商对自我治疗产生的影响；第四段讲述了自我治疗有可能会引发的问题。由此可知，全文都是在讲述自我治疗。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题The popular book was （ ）by a panel of experts, working in conjunction with the publisher.问题1选项A.co

18、mposedB.comprisedC.conceivedD.compiled【答案】D【解析】考察动词词义辨析。Compose “构成；写作”；comprise “包含，由组成”；conceive “怀孕；构思”；compile “编译，编制”。句意：这本颇受欢迎的书是由专家小组编制而成，与出版社互相协调而成的。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题Opinion poll surveys show that the public see scientists in a rather unflattering light.Commonly the scientist is also seen as be

19、ing male. It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as female.The image most people have of science and scientists comes from their own experi

20、ence of school science, and from the mass media_ Science teachers themselves See it as a problem that so many school pupils find school science an unsatisfying experience, though over the last few years more and more pupils, including girls, have opted for science subjects.In spite of excellent docu

21、mentaries, and some good popular science magazines, scientific modes in the media still usually alternate between miracle and scientific threat. The popular stereotype of science is like the magic of fairy tales: it has potential for enormous good or awful harm. Popular fiction is full of “good” sci

22、entists saving the world, and mad scientists trying to destroy it.From all the many scientific stories which might be given media treatment, those which are chosen are usually those which can be framed in terms of the usual news angles: novelty, threat, conflict or the bizarre. The routine and often

23、 tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced: with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities (as in embryo research), threatening public health (as in weapons research), or fighting it out with each other (in giving evidence at public enquiries such as th

24、ose held on the issues connected with nuclear power).The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the productof individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible. A further effect of this is that science comes to be see

25、n as a thing in itself: a kind of unpredictable force a tide of scientific progress.It is no such thing, of course. Science is what scientists do; what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates, and what is clone with their work depends very much on who has the power to change their d

26、iscoveries into technology, and what their interests are.1.According to the passage, ordinary-people have a poor opinion of science and scientists partly because （ ）.2.Fewer girls than boys study science because（ ）.3.Media treatment of science tends to concentrate on（ ）.4.According to the author, ov

27、er-personalization of scientific work will lead science（ ）.5.According to the author, what a scientist does（ ）.问题1选项A.of the misleading of the mediaB.opinion polls are unflattering.C.scientists are shown negatively in the mediaD.science, is considered to be dangerous问题2选项A.they think that science is

28、 too difficultB.they are often unsuccessful in science at schoolC.science is seen as a mans jobD.science is considered to be tedious问题3选项A.the routine everyday work of scientistsB.discoveries that the public will understandC.the more sensational aspects of scienceD.the satisfactions of scientific wo

29、rk问题4选项A.isolation from the rest of the worldB.improvements on school systemC.association with femalenessD.trouble ha recruiting young talent问题5选项A.should be attributed to his individual geniusB.depends on the coordination of the societyC.shows his independent powerD.is unpredictable【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3

30、题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.文章第三段提到人们对于科学的认知大多来源于他们在学校关于最科学的学习以及大众媒体。文章第五段和第六段讲述了大众媒体对科学工作的负面描述和夸大（The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work），因而导致了人们对科学和科学家们有误解，选项A符合题意。2.文章第二段第二句It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason

31、why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as female提到看为什么大部分科学家是男性，女性很少的原因，因为她们认为科学就是男性的工作，因此选项C符合题意。3.文章第五段The routine and often tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced: with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral

32、 sensibilities, threatening public health, or fighting it out with each other提到媒体关注的重点不再是科学实验这些繁琐的工作，而是将关注点放在科学家们没有公共道德情感、危害公众健康或者相互争斗等等，选项C符合题意。4.文章第六段第一句The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the product of individual genius, while neglecting the social orga

33、nization which makes scientific work possible提到大众媒体将科学工作过分私人化。作者认为如果脱离了社会组织，科学工作将无法进行。选项A符合题意。5.文章最后一段提到科学家们的工作是为了促进社会的进步what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates，因此他们依靠的是整个社会的协作，选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The poor old man was （ ）with diabetes and without proper medical treatment he would los

34、e his eyesight and become crippled very soon.问题1选项A.sufferedB.afflictedC.inducedD.infected【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。suffer “遭受”；afflict “折磨”；induce “诱导”；infect “感染”。句意：这为可怜的老人患有糖尿病，如果没有适当的治疗，他就会丧失视力，很快就会残废。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from indiv

35、idual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legal

36、ly established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas l

37、iquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emi

38、t are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydroc

39、arbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply

40、.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it i

41、s currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, meth

42、anol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the

43、energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than gasoline clone vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fue

44、l. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to o

45、ccur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because: （ ）.3.The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution?4.The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?5.It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticis

46、m of methanol in the last paragraph as（ ）.问题1选项A.countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problemB.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemC.identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemD.discussing a problem and arguing in fav

47、or of one solution to it问题2选项A.the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B.the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions.C.gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D.gasoline is composed of small molecules.问题3选项A.Further attempts to re

48、duce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.B.Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits havebeen largely unsuccessful.C.Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-

49、 fueled vehicles.D.Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.问题4选项A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution systemC.It has a higher energy content tha

50、n other alternative fuels.D.Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.问题5选项A.flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD.invalid because it reflects the pers

51、onal bias of the critics【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段最后一句There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner b

52、urning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol是本文的主旨句，提出如何来减少机动车尾气排放。所以选项C符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions提到大分子的燃烧有着更复杂的反映，选项B符合题意。3.题干中出现了air pollution, 因

53、此可以将重点放在第一段。第一段主要提及了尽管污染减少，但还是需要有效的方法来改善环境。第一段最后一句话可以推出选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段最后一句Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.提到甲醇最吸引人的特点就是会大幅度减少臭氧水平。选项D符合题意。5.根据文章第四段第二句Yet much of the crit

54、icism is based on the use of gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol可知选项A符合题意。6. 单选题If something （ ）, it gradually develops and changes over a period of time into something different and usually more advan

55、ced.问题1选项A.revolvesB.evolvesC.resolvesD.involves【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。 revolve “旋转”；evolve “逐步发展，逐步演变”；resolve “决定，决心”；involve “牵涉”。句意：如果某些事物进化，逐渐发展经过一段时间变为其他的事物，通常更高级些。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals,

56、assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelate

57、d problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing mangers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a po

58、or grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least fiv

59、e distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third

60、function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and

61、 tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a pla

62、usible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before

63、 they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and ana

64、lyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of