2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷30

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1、2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题There are several （ ）between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.问题1选项A.exaggerationsB.discrepanciesC.breakthroughsD.compliances【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。exaggerations夸张，夸大；discrepancies 偏差，差异； breakthroughs 突破；compliances 服从，听从。句意：在最初的支出预算和实际账单之间有

2、一些偏差。根据the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills可知，这两者之间的关系只可能是有偏差，答案B2. 单选题Most people who travel long distances complaining of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone（1）making mistakes. It is actually caused by（2）of your body clock - a small cluster of

3、brain cells that controls the timing of biological（3）. The body clock is designed for a（4）rhythm of daylight and darkness, so it is thrown out of balance when it（5）daylight and darkness at the “wrong times in a new time zone. The（6）of jetlag often persist for days（7）the internal body clock slowly ad

4、justs to the new time zone.Now a new anti-jetlag system is（8） that is based on proven（9）pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has（10）a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone（11）controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to ac

5、complish and eliminates（12）of the discomfort of jetlag.A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either（13） or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The（14）schedule for light exposure depends a great deal on（15）travel planes.D

6、ata on a specific flight itinerary and the individuals sleep（16）are used to produce a Trip Guide with（17）on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.When the trip Guide calls（18）bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside or the weather is bad, or you are on an a

7、irplane, you can use a special light（19）to provide the necessary light（20）for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.问题1选项A.forB.fromC.toD.or问题2选项A.ruptureB.corruptionC.eruptionD.disruption问题3选项A.actionsB.functionsC.reflectionD.behavior问题4选项A.regularB.formalC.continualD.circul

8、ar问题5选项A.retainsB.encountersC.possessesD.experiences问题6选项A.diseasesB.symptomsC.signsD.defects问题7选项A.whileB.whereasC.untilD.although问题8选项A.adaptableB.approachableC.availableD.agreeable问题9选项A.broadB.inclusiveC.tentativeD.extensive问题10选项A.devisedB.witnessedC.scrutinizedD.visualized问题11选项A.atB.throughC.

9、inD.as问题12选项A.leastB.mostC.littleD.more问题13选项A.attainB.shedC.retrieveD.seek问题14选项A.tightB.rightC.properD.very问题15选项A.uniqueB.specificC.complicatedD.peculiar问题16选项A.normB.modeC.patternD.style问题17选项A.directoriesB.instructionsC.specificationsD.commentaries问题18选项A.offB.onC.forD.up问题19选项A.deviceB.service

10、C.measurementD.year问题20选项A.agitationB.spurC.accelerationD.stimulus【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D第6题:B第7题:C第8题:C第9题:D第10题:A第11题:B第12题:B第13题:D第14题:B第15题:B第16题:C第17题:B第18题:C第19题:A第20题:D【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配。be prone to “有的倾向，易于”第2题:考查名词辨析。句意：由于生物钟紊乱导致低效以及易出错。disruption扰乱。第3题:考查名词辨析。biological action生物作用； biolo

11、gical behavior生物活动。句意：生物钟控制生命活动的时间安排。第4题:考查形容词辨析。regular定期的，有规律的； formal正式的；continual继续的； circular循环的。句意：生物钟是用来调节白天和黑夜的规律的。故答案A第5题:考查动词辨析。 retain保留；encounter遭遇，遇到；possess拥有；experience经历。句意：在一个新时区里，当生物钟在一个错误的时间经历白天和黑夜时，就会失去平衡。第6题:考查名词辨析。句意：生物钟紊乱这种症状经常持续故答案B第7题:考查连词辨析。句意：生物钟紊乱这种症状经常持续，直到生物钟适应了新的时区。故C项

12、符合句意。第8题:考查形容词辨析。此处意为：现有的能够抵抗生物钟紊乱的新系统是 “available可获得的”符合题意。adaptable 适合的，能适应的；approachable亲切友善的，易理解的；agreeable令人愉快的，和蔼可亲的。第9题:考查形容词辨析。broad“宽广的”，inclusive“包含的”，tentative“试验性的，尝试的，暂时性的”；extensive“广泛的，大规模的”。此处意为：基于大量的科学研究第10题:考查动词辨析。句意：Dr. Martin想出了一种实用的策略 devise设计，想出； witness目击，证明 ；scrutinize详细检查； v

13、isualize形象化，想象。第11题:考查介词辨析。此处意为通过接触明亮的光线第12题:考查副词辨析。联系上下文可知答案B第13题:考查动词辨析。由or 可知此处为并列或相反关系，seek和avoid构成一对反义词 。第14题:考查形容词辨析。句意：正确接受光照的时间很大程度上取决于第15题:考查形容词辨析。句意：正确接受光照的时间很大程度上取决于具体乘坐哪一班航班。第16题:考查名词辨析。sleep pattern睡眠模式，睡眠规律。第17题:考查名词辨析。根据下文内容可知，此处意为：什么时候暴露在阳光下的说明。第18题:考查固定搭配。此处意为：当说明/指南需要你接受光照的时候第19题:考

14、查名词辨析。此处意为：用一种特殊的光照装置来产生必要的光照。第20题:考查名词辨析。此处意为：用特殊的装置提供必要的光刺激。agitation 搅动，煽动； spur 激励； acceleration加速，促进；stimulus刺激、激励。3. 单选题Extensive reporting on television has helped to（ ）interest in a wide variety of sports and activities.问题1选项A.assembleB.generateC.yieldD.gather【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。assemble“集合”；gen

15、erate “引起，产生”； yield “屈服”； gather “收集”。 句意：电视上的广泛报道引起了大家对各种各样的体育活动的兴趣。B项符合句意，答案B4. 翻译题A philosophy of culture begins with the assumption that the world of human culture is not a mere aggregate of loose and detached facts. It seeks to understand these facts as a system as an organic whole. For an emp

16、irical or historical view it would seem to be enough to collect the data of human culture. Here we are interested in the breadth of human life. We are engrossed in a study of the particular phenomena in their richness and variety.But a philosophical analysis sets itself a different task. Its startin

17、g point and its hypothesis are embodied in the conviction that the varied and seemingly dispersed rays may be gathered together and brought into a common focus.The idea that people can behave naturally, without resorting to an artificial code tacitly agreed upon by their society, is as silly as the

18、idea that they can communicate by a spoken language without commonly accepted semantic and grammatical rules. Like language, a code of manners can be used with more or with less skill for laudable or for evil purposes, to express a great variety of ideas and emotions. In itself, it carries no moral

19、value, but ignorance in use of this tool is not a sign of virtue. Inarticulateness should not be mistaken for guiltlessness.【答案】译文：哲学文化始于这样一种假设上，即人类文明并不仅仅是松散而孤立的事实的累积。哲学试图把现象作为系统的有机整体来解释。译文：但是哲学分析给自己设定了不同的任务。它的研究起点和假设体现在这样一种论断中：即不同的和分散的光线会被聚焦在一起，成为共同的焦点。译文：那种认为人们可以我行我素，无需借助一种全社会都默认的人为制定的规范的想法，就像认为人们

20、可以用一种没有被普遍认可的语法规则的语言来进行交流的想法一样愚昧。译文：就像语言一样，一种行为准则可以用或多或少的技巧来表达各种各样的想法和情感，或用于值得称赞的目的，或用于邪恶的目的。5. 单选题When you take medicine, be careful not to （ ）that amount printed on the bottle.问题1选项A.surpassB.substituteC.exceedD.overcome【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。surpass “超过，优于”；substitute “代用品，替代者”；exceed “超过”； overcome“克服（

21、困难）”。句意：吃药的时候注意不要超过瓶子上写的剂量。答案C6. 单选题Jack （ ）the problem in his mind for two days before he did something about it.问题1选项A.turned outB.turned toC.turned onD.turned over【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。turned out 结果是； turned to 转向，求助于；turned on 打开；turn over 仔细考虑。句意：杰克在采取行动之前，关于这个问题，他在脑海中仔细考虑了两天。D项符合句意，答案D7. 单选题Ask mo

22、st people how they define the American Dream and chances are theyll say, Success. The dream of individual opportunity has been home in Americans since Europeans discovered a new world in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opport

23、unity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers: in Letters from an American Fanner (1782) he wrote: We are all excited at the spirit of an industry whi

24、ch is unfettered (无拘无束的)and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. We have no princes, for whom we toil (干苦力活)，starve, and bleed: We are the most perfect society now existing in the world. The promise of a land where the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress o

25、f his labor drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories.Our national mythology is full of illustration of the American success story. Theres Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a

26、 well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became Americans best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend millions every year reading about the rich and famous, learning h

27、ow to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down, and dressing for success. The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today its as important to be successful in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.But dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every

28、 American who hopes to make it also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the right neighborhoods

29、, wear the right clothes, eat the right foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.1.What is the essence of the American Dream according to Crevecoeu

30、r?2.By saying the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor (Line 10-11, Para. 1), the author means（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the last sentence of the second paragraph that（ ）.4.What is the paradox of American culture according to the author?问题1选项A.People are fr

31、ee to develop their power of imagination.B.People who are honest and work hard can succeed.C.People are free from exploitation and oppression.D.People can fully enjoy individual freedom.问题2选项A.the more diligent one is, the bigger his returnsB.laborious work ensures the growth of an industryC.a mans

32、business should be developed step by stepD.a companys success depends on its employees hard work问题3选项A.business success often contributes to a successful marriageB.Americans wish to succeed in every aspect of lifeC.good personal relationships lead to business successD.successful business people prov

33、ide good care for their children问题4选项A.The American road to success is full of nightmares.B.Status symbols are not a real indicator of a persons wealth.C.The American Dream is nothing but an empty dream.D.What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:细节事

34、实题。根据题干定位到文章第一段中的 Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean deCrevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found inthis new land. 像Hector St. Jean deCrevecoeur这样的早期移民高度赞扬了在这片新土地上发现的自由和机会。以及We are all excited at the spiritof an industry which is unfettered (无拘无束的)andunrestrained我们对于这种行业的无拘

35、无束的和不受限制的精神感到兴奋。可知美国梦的核心精神就是自由。答案D第2题:推理判断题。根据“because each person works for himself 因为每个人都为自己工作。”以及The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territori

36、es. 在这片土地上，“一个人辛勤劳动的回报与他劳动的增长成正比”的承诺吸引了来自欧洲的贫困移民，并推动了国家向西部地区的扩张。”可知每个人都为自己打工，越勤劳，赚得就越多。故答案A第3题:推理判断题。定位到第二段最后一句today its as important to be “successful” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business. 今天，在婚姻或家庭中取得成功和在事业上取得成功一样重要。可知美国人认为在婚姻或亲子关系上的成功与商业成功同样重要。故B项“美国人希望在生活的每个方面都取得成功

37、”正确。第4题:推理判断题。由第三段最后一句 “These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens这些区别的象征向我们和其他人保证，我们坚信所有人的基本平等，但我们仍尽最大努力将自己与我们的同胞区分开来。”可知美国梦的矛盾之处在于美国相信人人平等，但又在尽力将自己与别人区分开来

38、。故D项正确。8. 单选题Designed to meet the global need for a jetliner sized between the companys own 767-300 and 4-engine 747-400, the new planes seating （ ）made it the worlds largest two-engine passenger plane.问题1选项A.abilityB.capacityC.capabilityD.facility【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。seating capacity “载客人数”，为固定搭配，故答案B。a

39、bility“能力”； capability “性能，容量”； facility“设施”。 句意：它的载客人数使其成为世界上最大的双引擎客机。答案B9. 单选题Some scientists are dubious of the claim that organisms （ ）with age as an inevitable outcome of living.问题1选项A.depressB.defaultC.deteriorateD.degrade【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。depress “压抑，使沮丧”； default“不履行，拖欠”； deteriorate “恶化，变坏”；d

40、egrade“退化，使降级”。句意：有机物随时间流逝而退化，这也是生命不可避免的结果，一些科学家对此表示怀疑。D项符合题意，答案D10. 单选题The two scientists working independently made the same invention（ ）which made it difficult for the government to decide whom the patent is to be granted to.问题1选项A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.collaborativelyD.elaborately【答案】B【

41、解析】考查副词辨析。spontaneously “自发地，不由自主地”；simultaneously“同时地”；collaboratively “合作地”； elaborately “精巧地，苦心经营地”。句意：两个独立工作的科学家几乎同时发明了相同的东西，这让政府部门很难决定将专利权授予谁。由后半句句意可知只有B项符合句意，即只有这两个独立工作的科学家同时发明了相同的东西时，政府才会难以抉择。答案B11. 单选题They bought the land with an eye （ ）building a school for children in the village.问题1选项A.to

42、B.ofC.atD.with【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。固定搭配with an eye to “着眼于，考虑到”。句意：他们考虑为这个村子的小孩修建一所学校而买了这块地。答案A12. 单选题My neighbors on either side of me have painted their houses, （ ）of course makes my house look shabbier than it really is.问题1选项A.thatB.asC.whoD.which【答案】D【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。空格处所填单词指代前面句子的内容，即我两边邻居都给他们的房子刷了漆，也

43、就是指这件事，故排除BC两项。再由空格前的逗号可知，次从句为非限制性定从，故用which引导。句意：我两边的邻居都给他们的房子刷了漆，这让我的房子比实际上更显得破旧。答案D13. 单选题You cannot be （ ）careful when you drive a car.问题1选项A.veryB.soC.tooD.enough【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。can not too“再.也不为过”。句意：开车时你再怎么小心也不为过。答案C14. 单选题No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one

44、 country; （ ）is this more true than in Europe.问题1选项A.hardlyB.littleC.seldomD.nowhere【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。hardly “几乎不”；little “完全不”；seldom “很少”； nowhere “无处，任何地方”；句意：对电脑技术的贡献不再局限于某个国家，没有比在欧洲更能证明这一事实了。nowhere引导的是一个倒装句。This is no more. than. 没有比更，此句表明欧洲最能证明这一事实。D项符合句意，答案D15. 单选题These varied racial groups ha

45、ve learned to live together in peace and（ ），setting an example well worth following.问题1选项A.harmonyB.graceC.rhythmD.relief【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。harmony和睦，融洽； grace 优雅；rhythm 节奏，韵律；relief救济，减轻； peace and harmony和谐和平，是固定搭配。句意：这些不同的种族群体已学会和平共处地生活在一起，树立了值得学习的榜样。答案A16. 单选题Even though strong evidence has proved

46、the nicotine to be（ ）, the tobacco company still insists that its products are harmless.问题1选项A.solubleB.deficientC.addictiveD.skeptical【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。soluble “可溶解的，可解决的”； deficient “不足的，有缺陷的”； addictive “上瘾的”； skeptical “怀疑的”。句意：即使有力的证据已证实尼古丁让人上瘾，但是这家烟草公司仍然声称它的产品是无害的。由even though表转折及harmless可知空格处意

47、思与harmless性质相反，再根据尼古丁的特点，可知“尼古丁让人上瘾”。答案C17. 单选题There is no beer left and the pubs are shut so youll have to （ ）it.问题1选项A.go forB.go throughC.go offD.go without【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。go for “主张，拥护”； go through“仔细检查”； go off “离开，进行”； go without “没有”。句意：这里没有啤酒了，且酒吧也关门，所以你没有啤酒喝了。由上下文语义可知D项正确。答案D18. 单选题The acco

48、untant （ ）thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to be its best funder raiser.问题1选项A.donatedB.validatedC.embezzledD.certify【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。donate捐赠；validate 证实，验证 ；embezzled 盗用，挪用 ；certify证明，保证。句意：那个会计盗用善款几千美元，却表现出自己是最佳的捐助者。由while可知，前后两句关系为转折，后半句提到“最佳捐赠者”，那么前半句句意应与之相反。故C项符合题意，答案C19. 单

49、选题What the correspondent sent us is an （ ）news report. We can depend on it.问题1选项A.evidentB.authenticC.ultimateD.immediate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。evident明显的；authentic真实的，可靠的；ultimate 最终的，最后的；immediate 即刻的。句意：那位记者发给我们的是一份内容真实的新闻报道。我们可以相信它。由depend on可推知该信息报道是真实的，答案B。20. 单选题Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from （ ）the savages of time.问题1选项A.standing byB.counting onC.succumbing toD.holding up【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。standing by 支持，准备行动； counting on 依赖，依靠；succumbing to屈服于 ；holding up拿着。句意：埃及当局正在试图阻止他们的历史古迹随着时间推移而消陨。C项符合题意，答案C