2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷46

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1、2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for ea

2、ch of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studies.In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are

3、 meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, their c

4、oncern is only that their questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic ap

5、proaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach7 the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent s

6、tudy, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, African American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely dis

7、cover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families can

8、not always be generalized to all ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（ ）.2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more（ ）.4.

9、According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE of the ethnic minority families in the U.S?问题1选项A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measuresB.view them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own

10、culture问题2选项A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issuesB.The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.问题3选项A.cu

11、lturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific问题4选项A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.C.They dont interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families

12、【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由第一段“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. 不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族群体的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”可知研究者在研究陌生文化时有从自己的文化出发的倾向。答

13、案B第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior s

14、o that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位研究法中，目标是用描述一种对某一种文化或民族有意义并且重要的行为，而不考虑其他文化或民族。在客位研究方法中，目标是描述一些适用于不同文化的行为。”可知这两种研究的重心不同。答案A第3题:推理判断题。通过上题以及对第二段和第三段的理解可知，emic approach主位研究法偏向于研究某一个群体的文化；etic approach客位研究法研究不同文化的共同之处。答案D第4题:细节事实题。由第三段倒数第二句“In studying ethnic minority families, the

15、 researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. 在研究少数民族家庭时，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭中的大家庭更具有支撑地位。”可推知少数民族家庭比白人家庭有更亲密的亲情关系。答案D2. 单选题Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is saidthe w

16、ords. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given me

17、ssage. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words.We dont always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words dont mean anything except “Im letting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just p

18、ay attention to what Im feeling. Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner. This step has to be fixed before Ill buy. The owner says, Its been like that for years. Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but the unspoken message

19、is: I dont want to fix it. We put up with it. Why cant you? The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated mea

20、ning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the oilier couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friends unusually docile

21、behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says No” to a serials of charges like “Youre dumb.” “Yo

22、ure lazy,” and “Youre dishonest,” may also say “No” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And youre good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “If sure has beennice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritu

23、alistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1.“Im letting off some

24、steam” in paragraph 2 means（ ）.2.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if（ ）.3.The house-owners example shows that he actually means（ ）.4.The word ritualistically in the last paragraph equals something done（ ）.问题1选项A.Im just calling your attention.B.Im just ki

25、dding.C.Im just saying the opposite.D.Im just giving off some sound.问题2选项A.they use proper words to carry their ideasB.they both speak truly of their own feelingsC.they try to understand each others ideas beyond wordsD.they are capable of associating meaning with their words问题3选项A.the step has been

26、like that for years.B.he doesnt think it necessary to fix the step.C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.问题4选项A.without true intentionB.light-heartedlyC.in a way of ceremonyD.with less emphasis【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由 “We

27、dont always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words dont mean anything except Im letting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just pay attention to what Im feeling. 我们并不总是言出必行。有时候我们说的话没有任何意义，只是在发泄。我真的不希望你仔细听我说的话。但是请注意我的感受。”可知B项“我在开玩笑”正确。答

28、案B。第2题:细节事实题。由第一段中的“Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. 词汇确实给我们提供了一些信息，但它的意义来自于如此多的其他来源，以至于过多依赖言语会阻碍我们与他人交流的有效性。”可知D项正确，不能太依赖字面意思，而是要根据

29、具体语境去联想，这样才能增加交流的有效性。答案D第3题:细节事实题。由“Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: I dont want to fix it 事实上，这个台阶已经很多年来不是这样的，但其中隐含的信息是：我不想把它修好”对应可知B项正确。第4题:词义题。此题可以根据排除法来做。由 “with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically.” 可知这句话“如果你能来那真是太好了”可以用强调、兴奋或仪式性的语气说出来。可先排除B

30、、D项，A项“没有真正的意图”也不符合。所以ritualistically意为仪式地。答案Ctically只可能与C项意思接近，答案C3. 单选题Lighting can be used not only to create an atmosphere, but also to （ ）features of the house, such as ornaments or pictures.问题1选项A.highlightB.underlineC.activateD.upgrade【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。highlight “突出，强调”；underline “强调，在下面划线”； ac

31、tivate “刺激，使活动”；upgrade “使升级，提升”。句意：灯光的使用不仅能营造一种氛围，还能突显出房屋的风格，如装饰或图画。A项符合句意，答案A4. 单选题Only a selected number of landladies in the neighborhood have been allowed by the university to take in（ ）.问题1选项A.lodgersB.residentsC.settlersD.inhabitants【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。lodger 房客；residents 居民；settler 移民； inhabitan

32、t 居民。句意：附近只有少数被挑选的女房东被该大学允许租房给学生。A项符合句意，答案A。5. 单选题Without the friction between the feet and the ground, people would （ ）be able to walk.问题1选项A.in no timeB.by all meansC.in no wayD.on any account【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。in no time立即，马上；by all means无论如何；in no way 决不； on any account 无论如何。句意：如果脚和地面之间没有摩擦，那么人类不可能

33、会走路。C项符合句意，答案C6. 单选题My neighbors on either side of me have painted their houses, （ ）of course makes my house look shabbier than it really is.问题1选项A.thatB.asC.whoD.which【答案】D【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。空格处所填单词指代前面句子的内容，即我两边邻居都给他们的房子刷了漆，也就是指这件事，故排除BC两项。再由空格前的逗号可知，次从句为非限制性定从，故用which引导。句意：我两边的邻居都给他们的房子刷了漆，这让我的房子比实际上

34、更显得破旧。答案D7. 单选题An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a （1）education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is（2） 一 required by law. It is not simply to（3） everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their

35、teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend s

36、chool until a certain（4） it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped（5） nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimistic characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is（6） to be educated. Computer-education advocates （7） this optimistic notion f

37、or a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.（8） on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often（9） the job prospects of graduates over their educational （10）.问题1选项A.informalB.basicC.technicalD.expensiv

38、e问题2选项A.differentlyB.universallyC.converselyD.regularly问题3选项A.formB.consistC.ariseD.raise问题4选项A.yearB.ageC.dayD.extent问题5选项A.inB.atC.byD.with问题6选项A.fitB.responsibleC.suitableD.able问题7选项A.considerB.forgetC.forsakeD.foretell问题8选项A.EncounteringB.BankingC.DevisingD.Seeking问题9选项A.emphasizeB.encourageC.en

39、gageD.enlarge问题10选项A.academyB.positionC.degreeD.achievement【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:A第7题:C第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D【解析】第1题:考查形容词辨析。由空前的“aims at getting a student a certain kind of job”知 C项正确。 informal 非正式的； basic 基本的； technical技术的；expensive昂贵的。答案选C第2题:考查副词辨析。differently不同地；universally普遍地；conversely相反

40、地；regularly定期地，有规律地。 此处意为普及教育，故答案选B第3题:考查动词辨析。form形成；consist由 组成； arise出现；raise提高。 此处意为提升得到工作的机会（提升工作前景）答案选D第4题:考查名词辨析。 由attend school可知此处指“到了一定的上学年龄”。答案选B第5题:考查固定搭配。 by nature 天生地，生性，答案选C第6题:考查固定搭配。responsible负责的；suitable合适的。此处意为：适合教育。 be fit to 适应，适合。 答案选A第7题:考查动词辨析。 consider认为，考虑；forget忘记；forsake

41、放弃，断念；foretell预言，预示。由 “for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. 用与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观情绪来替代。”可知此处指代放弃了乐观的想法，故C项正确。第8题:考查固定搭配。bank on “依靠；依赖”知B项正确。第9题:考查动词辨析。由上文可知计算机支持者放弃了乐观的想法及the job prospects of graduates over可知计算机支持者重视就业，emphasizeover 更重视。答案选A第10题:考查名词辨析。academy学院； position位置，职位； degr

42、ee程度，等级； achievement成就。对比可知 D项符合句意。句意：计算机教育倡导者重视就业前景而非教育成就。答案选D。8. 单选题Now that spring is here, you can （ ）these fur coats till you need them again next winter.问题1选项A.put overB.put awayC.put offD.put down【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。put over “推迟，驶过”；put away “放好，把收好”；put off “推迟，拖延”；put down “放下，记下”。 句意：春天来了，你可

43、以把这些皮外套给收起来，直到来年冬天再拿出来。B项符合句意。答案B9. 单选题Small farms and the lack of modern technology have （ ）agricultural production.问题1选项A.blunderedB.tangledC.bewilderedD.hampered【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。 blundered “做错；说错话”； tangled “使纠缠；处于混乱状态”；bewildered “使迷惑，使不知所措”；hampered“阻碍，束缚”。句意：小农场和现代技术的缺乏阻碍了农业生产。联系前半句可知只有D项“阻碍”符合

44、句意。答案D10. 单选题The newspaper must provide for the reader objectively selected facts; But in these days of complex news it must provide interpretation, the meaning of the facts.However, the opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor should confine themselves（1）the facts : This in

45、sistence（2）two questions: What are the facts? Are the bare facts enough?As to the first question, consider how a so-called factual story comes about. The reporter collects（3） fifty facts; out of these fifty his space （4） being necessarily restricted, he selects ten（5） he considers most important. Th

46、is is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall（6） the lead of the piece. (This is an important decision because many readers do not（7） eyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be prese

47、nted on page one, where it has a large impact,（8） on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called factual or objective story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike（9） involved in interpretation, in whi

48、ch reporter and editor, calling（10） their research resources, their general background, and their news neutralism arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.问题1选项A.withB.byC.throughD.to问题2选项A.raisesB.risesC.arisesD.rouses问题3选项A.speakB.stateC.remarkD.say问题4选项A.agreementB.assignmentC.al

49、lotmentD.arrangement问题5选项A.whatB.whichC.howD.whether问题6选项A.determineB.involveC.constituteD.organize问题7选项A.progressB.prolongC.prospectD.proceed问题8选项A.ratherB.thanC.orD.instead问题9选项A.thatB.thisC.theseD.those问题10选项A.upB.offC.uponD.for【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B第6题:C第7题:D第8题:C第9题:D第10题:C【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配

50、。confine sb. to“将某人限定在内”，答案D第2题:考查固定搭配。此空意为提出问题 raise questions，答案A第3题:考查动词辨析。say做副词用，前后用逗号隔开，表示“大约、例如”，答案D第4题:考查名词辨析。agreement 协议；arrangement安排； assignment分派指定的任务；allotment 分配、配发。由上下文可知此空意为“分配”，答案C第5题:考查连词辨析。此处由which引导定语从句，答案B第6题:考查动词辨析。 determine 决定、下决心； involve 包含、牵涉；constitute组成，构成；organize 组织。句

51、意：编辑要从这十个事实选一个构成总领 。答案C第7题:考查动词辨析。 progress 进步；prolong 延长；prospect 勘探；proceed继续进行。句意：读者不会继续再读下一段。答案D第8题:考查固定搭配。whetheror“不管还是 ”第9题:考查代词辨析。those指代judgments第10题:考查词组辨析。call up征召入伍；call off 取消；call upon 号召，要求，拜访； call for 要求、需要。句意：记者和编辑会结合调查资源、大环境背景和新闻中立性原则答案C11. 单选题Mary was sure to win the prize. Her

52、beauty and intelligence made her （ ）from the candidates.问题1选项A.show offB.stand outC.appear upD.distinguish out【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。show off “炫耀”；stand out “突出，脱颖而出”； appear up“出现”； distinguish out “分辨出”。句意：Mary肯定能获奖。她的美丽和聪明将让她从候选者中脱颖而出。由前半句以及Her beauty and intelligence可知她的外貌和才智将使她从候选者中脱颖而出。答案B12. 单选题Unde

53、r this （ ）pressure some of the rocks even became liquid.问题1选项A.intensiveB.weightyC.intenseD.bulky【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。intensive加强的，集中的；weighty重大的，重的； bulky庞大的，笨重的；intense极度的，强烈的，剧烈的。句意：在这种高强度的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。由“some of the rocks even became liquid”可知岩石受到了极大的压力，故答案C13. 单选题Critics believe that the control

54、of television by mass advertising has （ ）the quality of the program.问题1选项A.lessenedB.declinedC.affectedD.effected【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。 lessen “使变小”；decline “下降，衰落”；affect“影响，感染”； effect “发生，引起”。句意：评论家们认为，铺天盖地的电视广告已经影响了节目的质量。 根据句意可知C项正确，答案C14. 单选题Nobody can （ ）her from marrying him, for she always has her

55、 own way.问题1选项A.preventB.preserveC.presentD.prevail【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。prevent“妨碍，制止”；preserve“保护，保养”；present “赠送”；prevail“盛行”。句意：没人能阻止她嫁给他，因为她总是我行我素。根据上下文关系，可知答案A15. 单选题As the old man lay dying he kept （ ）the experiences of his boyhood in Africa.问题1选项A.complaining ofB.entering intoC.rambling aboutD.tu

56、rning up【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。 complaining of 抱怨，埋怨； entering into 进入； rambling about 漫步，闲逛，闲聊； turning up 调大音量，出现。句意：在老人的弥留之际，他不断闲聊起他童年时在非洲的经历。C项符合句意，答案C16. 单选题You should （ ）to one or more weekly magazines such as Time or People.问题1选项A.subscribeB.orderC.prescribeD.reclaim【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。 subscribe订阅，后接

57、介词to；order定购，预定；prescribe开处方；reclaim改造，感化，回收利用 ；由weekly magazines可知答案为A。句意：你应该订阅一本或更多的周刊杂志，比如时代或人物。答案A17. 单选题The （ ）of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.问题1选项A.implementationB.manifestationC.demonstrationD.expedition【答案】B【解

58、析】考查名词辨析。implementation“履行，执行”；manifestation“表现，显示”；demonstration“演示，证明”；expedition “远征，探险”。句意：一种文化现象的表现形式通常是人们生活方式中某些物质方面的必然结果。B项符合句意，答案B18. 单选题We are writing to the manager （ ）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.问题1选项A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference to

59、D.with a view to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。 with the exception of “除了以外”；with the purpose of “目的，用途”； in/with reference to “关于，就而言”； with a view to “着眼于”。句意：我们给经理写信反映关于最近在以上地址进行维修的有关情况。C项符合句意，答案C19. 单选题To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies.

60、No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is if pored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than Monkey see, monkey do.Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the righ