2022-2023年考博英语-福建师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第16期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-福建师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Get a shirt one size larger than you usually wear, because this material （ ）when you wash it.问题1选项A.fadesB.decreasesC.retreatsD.shrinks【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。fade意为“变暗，衰退，衰落”；decrease意为“减少，降低”；retreat意为“撤退，后退”；shrink意为“收缩，缩小”。句意：穿一件比你平时穿的大一点的衬衫，因为这个材料洗过后会缩水。2. 单选题In t

2、he United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species living areas, and policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic i

3、nterests. In the 1990s, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United states were challenged legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl, whose remaining population occupies these forests and requires

4、 the intact, ancient forest for survival. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters and the owls was still undecided in mid-1992.Simil

5、ar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. But the developing countries may be impoverished; with pop

6、ulations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation.Many of the changes, to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the plant of its biological richness. The destruction of Earths ozone layer, for example, could contribute

7、to the general process of impoverishment by allowing ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting Earths biological diversity is a complex problem. But solutions to humanitys current problems

8、 will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earths complex web of life.1.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly controversial issue?2.According to the pa

9、ssage, the preservation of rain forests （ ）.3.Among humanitys current problem, the chief concern of the scientist is（ ）.4.The authors purpose in writing this passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.Because people cant agree as to what species to protect.B.Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect suc

10、h species.C.Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people.D.Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures.问题2选项A.may hamper a developing country in its tight against povertyB.benefits developed countries rather than developing countriesC.should take priority ove

11、r the control of human populationD.will help improve the living conditions in developing countries问题3选项A.the impoverishment of developing countriesB.the explosion of the human populationC.the reduction of biological diversityD.the effect of global warming问题4选项A.to describe the difficulties in solvin

12、g humanitys current problemsB.to point out the different views on humanitys current problemsC.to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanitys current problemsD.to present that humanitys current problems can only be solved through the cooperation of nations【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C

13、第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs.（这种未可预料的形势把环境保护者的利益与公司的利益以及要承受失业的个人的利益对立起来）可知C选项“因为它影响到某些群体的利益”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的But the developing countries may be impoverished; with

14、 populations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation.（但是，随着人口快速增长，开垦土地以暂时避免贫苦和饥荒恶化，发展中国家可能会因此一贫如洗）可知A选项“可能会妨碍发展中国家与贫穷作斗争”符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中Many of the changes, to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the plant of i

15、ts biological richness.（对地球而言，许多与科学家有关的变化都有可能夺去植物的生物多样性）可知C选项“生物多样性的减少”符合题意。4.主旨大意题。由文章最后一段中的But solutions to humanitys current problems will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earths compl

16、ex web of life.（但是，解决人类当前的问题，只有通过协调一致的国际努力来控制人类人口，稳定大气层的组成，并保存完整的地球复杂的生命网）可知D选项“表达现在人类当前的问题只有通过各国的合作才能解决”符合题意。3. 问答题With (A) the word scientist we mean one who is equipped to (B) spend a lifetime for (C) the advancement of science to the best (D) of ones ability.【答案】试题答案：A; by【解析】考查介词用法。with意为“和，同，具

17、有”，此处表示“根据科学家这个词，我们说的是一个”，因此用by（根据，按照）。4. 单选题As it turned out to be a small house party, we （ ）so formally.问题1选项A.neednt dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.neednt have dressed up【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。neednt have done意为“不必做的事而做了”。句意：原来只是一个小型家庭聚会，我们没必要打扮得这么正式。5. 单选题I learnt that

18、there are no genuinely,（ ）animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.问题1选项A.endangeredB.domesticatedC.indigenousD.extinct【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。endangered意为“快要绝种的”；domesticated意为“驯化了的”；indigenous意为“本地的，土生土长的”；extinct意为“灭绝的”。由后面的all the animals were brought here from other pl

19、aces（这里所有的动物都是从外地引进的）可知前面表示这个地区的动物不是土生土长的，选C。句意：我了解到这个地区没有真正本土的动物，这里所有的动物都是从外地引进的。6. 单选题1. A new study uses an unusual source proverbs reveal cultural differences in how Chinese and American citizens view risks and risk-taking.2. When Chinese and American students compared proverbs from their countr

20、ies they agreed:Chinese proverbs generally advocated greater risk-taking than did American proverbs.3. These results help explain earlier research that has found Chinese citizens are indeed more willingto take financial risks than are Americans, said Elke Weber, coauthor of the study and a professor

21、 of psychology at Ohio State University.4. “Proverbs are part of a nations culture and reflect the nations beliefs and values,” said Weber. “Bylooking at proverbs, we were able to show that long-standing cultural differences are one reason that the Chinese are more risk-seeking than Americans when i

22、t comes to financial issues,” Weber said.5. Weber conducted the study with Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago and JoannaSokolowska of the Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland. The results were published in a recent issue of the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

23、.6. Students from the two countries rated American proverbs such as “A bird in the hand is worth twoin the bush,” and Chinese proverbs such as “Failure is the mother of success.”7. The study also found some differences in how students from the two countries viewed proverbs.For example, Chinese citiz

24、ens generally viewed proverbs as advocating more risk in financial situations than in social situations. There was no such distinction made by American participants.8. Weber said the collectivist culture of China a culture that emphasizes commitment to family allows people to take greater financial

25、risks because citizens know their network of friends and family will help them in a crisis. However, because of the importance of their social network, Chinese are less willing to take social risks in which they might alienate friends or family.9. In Americas individualistic culture, people have to

26、be more careful financially because they donthave the “cushion” of a social network to fall back on, Weber said. On the other hand, Americans dont have to worry as much about their social network. “The proverbs of each country reflect these differing cultural values and concerns,” Weber said.10. In

27、one study, 82 American and 87 Chinese college students were asked to rate 34 proverbs 17from each country that had some advice about dealing with risk. The proverbs were translated into the participants native languages and participants were not told which country the proverbs were from.11. The part

28、icipants were then asked if each proverb promoted risk aversion or risk seeking in twodifferent situations, one financial and one social. They rated the proverbs on a five-point scale in which 1 was risk-averse, 3 was neutral and 5 was risk seeking.12. The participants from each country rated Chines

29、e proverbs as more risk seeking in general thanthe American proverbs, Weber said. For example, in one group of proverbs, American students gave the American proverbs an average score of 2.83, and the Chinese proverbs an average score of 3.07.13. However, Weber said the evidence was clear that Chines

30、e people believe proverbs advocate morerisk seeking in financial situations than they do in social situations.14. In addition, Chinese proverbs seem to deal more with the problems of social risk-taking than doAmerican proverbs, reflecting the countries differing values. For example, American student

31、s said 95 percent of American proverbs were applicable to financial decisions, but only 63 percent were applicable to social decisions. But Americans thought 78 percent of Chinese proverbs were applicable to financial decisions and 73 percent were applicable to social decisions.15. “The Chinese are

32、much more interested than Americans in protecting their social networks.”Weber said. “These findings are consistent with the notion that China is, and has long been, a collectivist society and America an individualistic one.”16. A second study, which also included German proverbs, found that people

33、rated German proverbsin between those from America and China but closer to Chinese in terms of risk seeking and risk aversion. That makes sense, Weber said, because German culture is quite collectivist in a social sense, much like Chinas, even though the country has an economic system that is more l

34、ike Americas.17. Weber said this research is important for several reasons. For one, it shows how researchers canuse cultural products such as proverbs, novels, or nursery rhymes to help explain cross-cultural differences in beliefs and behavior. These results also have a practical use in helping pe

35、ople involved in international negotiations to better understand cultural differences. “When you are dealing with someone from another country, it is important to know if there are differences in perceptions or values that can affect negotiations. In this case, if you know the other person has diffe

36、rent risk perceptions or risk preferences than you, it is possible to develop an agreement that leaves both sides better off.”1.The study used proverbs because （ ）.2.Which of the following is TRUE of the proverbs A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush and Failure is the mother of success?3.The

37、Chinese advocate more risk-taking in financial situations because（ ）.4.Which of the following is true of a society that emphasizes individual values?5.Which of the following statements can be concluded from the passage?I. A person who enjoys good social relations tends to risk himself financially.II

38、 . A person who enjoys good social relations tends to be concerned about the problem therein.III. A person who doesnt care about social network tends to take more social risks.问题1选项A.China and America have approximately the same number of proverbsB.most proverbs deal with risk-takingC.the subjects h

39、ad a large repertoire of proverbsD.proverbs are culture-laden expressions问题2选项A.They are the most quoted proverbs.B.They reveal different attitudes toward risk-taking.C.They involve different images.D.They express the same proposition.问题3选项A.they are a headlong peopleB.they are financially disadvant

40、agedC.they have the cushion of social networkD.they have more financial opportunities问题4选项A.Its citizens tend to care about social network.B.Its citizens are family-oriented.C.Its citizens are risk-taking.D.Its citizens care more about themselves financially.问题5选项A.I onlyB.II onlyC.Both I and IIID.I

41、, II and III【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干中的proverbs可定位到文章第四段中，由Proverbs are part of a nations culture and reflect the nations beliefs and values（谚语是一个民族文化的组成部分反映了该民族的信仰和价值观）可知D选项“谚语是文化的表达方式”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的A new study uses an unusual source proverbs reveal cultural differences i

42、n how Chinese and American citizens view risks and risk-taking（揭示中美两国公民如何看待风险和冒险的文化差异）可知B选项“它们揭示了人们对冒险的不同态度”符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干中的financial situations可定位到文章第八段中，由the collectivist culture of China a culture that emphasizes commitment to family allows people to take greater financial risks because citize

43、ns know their network of friends and family will help them in a crisis（中国的集体主义文化强调对家庭的承诺的文化允许人们承担更大的经济风险，因为民众知道他们的与朋友和家人之间的联系将在危机中帮助他们）可知人们可以在危险关头依靠他们的社交网络，因此C选项“他们拥有社交网络的缓冲”符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据题干中的individual values可定位到文章第九段中，由In Americas individualistic culture, people have to be more careful financiall

44、y because they dont have the cushion of a social network to fall back on（在美国的个人主义文化中，人们必须在财政上更加谨慎，因为他们没有可以依靠的社交网络关系）可知D选项“它的民众在经济上更关心自己”符合题意。5.推理判断题。通读全文，可知在集体主义文化中，人们因为可以依靠亲友这样的社会关系网，更愿意冒险，但也会因为怕失去亲友，而不会冒太大的风险；在个人主义文化中，因为没有可依靠的社会关系网，人们不会冒太大的金融风险，相比之下，他们会冒更大的社会风险。故题目中的三种说法都正确，因此选D。7. 单选题His shirt fa

45、ctory is growing so fast that he must （ ）more workers.问题1选项A.take onB.take upC.take outD.take over【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。take on意为“承担，接受，雇用”；take up意为“开始从事”；take out意为“取出，除去”；take over意为“接收，接管”。句意：他的衬衫工厂发展很快，以至于他必须雇佣更多的工人。8. 单选题He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, （ ）insufficiently po

46、pular with all members.问题1选项A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered【答案】A【解析】考查分词作状语。空格处在句中作状语，表示原因，说明主语没有担任主席的原因。主语he是动词consider的承受者，表示被动关系，故排除B、D选项；to be considered是不定式被动式，表示将来或尚未发生的动作，不符合句意，故排除C选项，因此选A。句意：他没有被要求担任协会主席，考虑到他不太受所有成员欢迎。9. 单选题Neither of these reasons （ ）our

47、 allowing him to pass after he did so poorly in the physics examination.问题1选项A.rectifiesB.notifiesC.signifiesD.justifies【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。rectify意为“改正，校正”；notify意为“通报，通知”；signify意为“说明，预示，表达”；justify意为“证明正确(或正当、有理)，为辩护”。句意：他在物理考试中表现这么差之后，这两个原因都不是我们允许他通过的理由。10. 单选题（ ）, police would not prosecute you.问题1

48、选项A.Provided that you cooperated with usB.Provided that you will cooperate with usC.Provided that you have cooperated with usD.Provided that you would cooperate with us【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。对现在事实进行虚拟，从句：If 主语+过去时（be动词用were），主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do。provided that意为“假如，设若”。句意：假如你和我们合作，警察就不会起诉你的。11.

49、 单选题A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should （ ）new operating procedures.问题1选项A.result inB.match withC.subject toD.proceed with【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。result in意为“引起，导致”；match with意为“与相配，与一致”；subject to意为“使服从，使遭受”；proceed with意为“继续做”。句意：对事故原因进行全面调

50、查会导致标准改善和操作新程序的产生。12. 问答题The reason why James Bond movies are (A) so popular is (B) because (C) they combine the appeal of traditional spy (D) stories with the appeal of technological devices.【答案】试题答案：C；that【解析】考查名词性从句。The reason why.is that表语从句（的原因是）是固定句型，is后面用that，不能用because。13. 单选题I thought the b

51、oat only held six. How did you （ ）seven seats?问题1选项A.reserveB.deserveC.preserveD.reverse【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。reserve意为“预定，预约，保留”；deserve意为“应得，应受”；preserve意为“保护，保存”；reverse意为“使反转，颠覆”。句意：我以为这船上只能载六个人。你怎么预定了七个位置呢？14. 单选题Hard work and malnutrition （ ）his health and he looked thin and pale.问题1选项A.impairedB.pr

52、omotedC.acceleratedD.smashed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。impair意为“损害，削弱”；promote意为“促进，推进”；accelerate意为“加快，增速”；smash意为“打碎，打破”。句意：繁重的工作和营养不良损害了他的健康，他看上去又瘦又苍白。15. 单选题People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into the street without looking, （ ）inappropriate comments in class, a

53、nd interrupt conversations.问题1选项A.blurt outB.break intoC.make outD.crush out【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。blurt out意为“脱口而出”；break into意为“闯入”；make out意为“理解，看出”；crush out意为“扑灭，熄灭”。句意：多动症患者很难把注意力集中在一件事上；他们会不看路就跑到街上去，在班级里脱口而出不合适的言论，也会打断谈话。16. 问答题Wed rather have long waits than (A) no shifting of the scenes, and (B) a

54、ll the actors on (C) the stage doing (D) nothing.【答案】试题答案：B; with【解析】考查独立主格。with表示伴随状况，其结构为：with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。17. 单选题Im sorry（ ）so long, forgot to tell you in advance where I had put my key.问题1选项A.to keep you waitB.to keep you waitingC.to keep you waitedD.to have kept you waiting【

55、答案】D【解析】考查不定式。动词不定式的完成时的结构为：to have done（表示动作已完成），句中“wait”这个动作已完成，keep sb. doing sth.意为“让某人一直做某事”。句意：很抱歉让你久等了，忘了事先告诉你我把钥匙放在哪儿了。18. 单选题Your latest project has little（ ）of success.问题1选项A.predictionB.prophecyC.prospectD.preview【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。prediction意为“预测，预报”；prophecy意为“语言”；prospect意为“可能性，希望，前景”；pre

56、view意为“试映，预演”。句意：你最近的项目几乎没有成功的希望。19. 单选题You may （ ）early as you have to catch an early train tomorrow.问题1选项A.remainB.reverseC.retreatD.retire【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。remain意为“保留”；reverse意为“颠倒，翻转”；retreat意为“撤退，离开”；retire意为“退休”。句意：你可能要早点离开了，因为你明早还要去赶火车。20. 单选题Nearly everybody cheats, but usually only a little.

57、 That is one of the themes in Dnanel Arielys new book “the (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty”. Most of us think we are very wonderful. We can cheat at a little and still keep that “good parson” identity.Ariely, who is one of the most creative social scientists on the planet, had one blind colleague an

58、d one sighted colleague take rides. The drivers cheated the sighted colleague by taking long routes much more often than they cheated the blind one, even though she would have been easier to mislead. They would have felt guilty cheating a blind woman. Ariely points out that we are driven by morality

59、 much more than standard economic models allow. But I was struck by what you might call the good person construct and the moral calculus it implies. For the past several centuries, most westerners would have identified themselves fundamentally as depraved sinners. In this construct, sin is something

60、 you fight like a recurring cancer part of a daily battle against evil.But these days, people are more likely to believe in their essential goodness. People who live by the good person construct try to balance their virtuous self-image with their selfish desires. They try to manage the moral pluses

61、and minuses and keep their overall record in positive territory. In this construct, moral life is more like dieting: the good person isnt shooting for perfection and more than most dieters are following their diet 100 percent. Its enough to be workably suboptimal and a generally good guy.Obviously,

62、though, theres a measurement problem. You can buy a weight scale to get an objective measure of your diet. But you cant buy a scale of virus to put on the bathroom floor. And given our awesome capacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves leniently. I was honest with that blind passenger because I am a wonderful person. I cheated the sighted one because she probably ha