2022年考博英语-华东师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第48期

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1、2022年考博英语-华东师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In England, along a stretch of the north-east coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the mouth of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea-coal collected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder, clean a

2、nd brilliant like particles of crushed jet; it seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, dirty lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometer long for the coal community to gather up.The gear n

3、eeded for sea-coaling expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven mixture which never varied from community to community along the entire north-east coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it was full. A wooden rake was used to scrape t

4、he coal from the beach, and it was generally made from an old broom handle with a flat piece of wood nailed on at a slight reclining angle at the end. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand, which children and other workers of additional service crouched down to

5、use. A flat, broad shovel, to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware.But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty stripped-down model which was the symbol of the sea-coaling craft. A ladys bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar and

6、that was an essential element in transporting sea-coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular format of a mans bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. The beauty of this was that it not only enabled one to move the sea-coal from place to place, but

7、the pressure of the metal bars against the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snail track of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks.1.The attraction of collecting

8、sea-coal was that it（ ）.2.The reason certain equipment was used was because （ ）.3.To remove the coal from the beach, the children had to（ ）.4.To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle it was necessary to（ ）.5.You could see where the coal had been transported from the beach by the（ ）.问题1选项A.burnt bet

9、ter on the fireB.was freely availableC.was clean and fine-grainedD.made no noise while burning问题2选项A.the people were very traditionalB.few communities possessed itC.it was shown to be practicalD.the communities had curious habits问题3选项A.bend over to use the rakesB.use pieces of board at reclining ang

10、lesC.crouch down with fiat shovelsD.sit to use broad pieces of wood问题4选项A.lodge one of them on the saddleB.balance them on the crossbarC.balance two on the crossbarD.put two through the framework问题5选项A.wet marks on the roadB.tracks in the sandC.wheel marks on the pathD.twin trails of water【答案】第1题:B第

11、2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的第一句“.sea-coal collected richly and effortlessly”可知选项B符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的第一句“The gear needed for sea-coaling expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven mixture which never varied from community to community along the entire north-east coastline.”可知选项B明显错误；

12、人们用这些设备的原因并不是因为他们很传统或者有奇怪的习惯，而是因为这些设备很实用。所以选项C正确。3.细节事实题。根据第二段后半部分“. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand, which children and other workers of additional service crouched down to use. ”除了耙子，唯一的选择就是手里拿着一块平板，孩子们和其他需要额外服务的工人可以蹲下来使用。所以选项D符合原文。4.判断推理题。根据第三段的第三句“One

13、full sack could be slung through the triangular format of a mans bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that.”一个装满东西的袋子可以挂在男子自行车的三角形支架上，另一个袋子可以挂在横梁上，有时甚至可以在上面放上第三个袋子。由此推断，要想放三个袋子，需要保持其他两个袋子的平衡。选项C正确。5.细节事实题。根据最后一段的最后一句“On a good day, the path to the beach was generall

14、y a double snail track of water .”天气好的时候，通往海滩的道路通常是两条蜿蜒的水道.。所以选项D正确。2. 单选题This border incident led to the two countries（）diplomatic relations in 1965.问题1选项A.breaking upB.finishingC.cutting outD.breaking off【答案】A【解析】词组辨析题。breaking up终止；cutting out切断；breaking off突然停止。句意：这一边境问题导致两国于1965年终止外交关系。选项A符合句意。

15、3. 单选题Henrys news report covering the conference was so（）that nothing had been omitted.问题1选项A.clearB.integratedC.comprehensiveD.understandable【答案】C【解析】词义辨析题。句意：亨利关于这次会议的新闻报道非常全面,没有遗漏任何东西。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题We must（）the problem of poverty as soon as possible.问题1选项A.abolishB.tackleC.removeD.encounter【答案】B【

16、解析】abolish废除；tackle解决,处理,对付；remove移除；encounter遭遇,邂逅。句意：我们必须尽快处理贫困问题。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题（）the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Professor White persisted in his research.问题1选项A.Because ofB.In spite ofC.As toD.In view of【答案】B【解析】词义辨析题。Because of因为；In spite of尽管,虽然；As to至于；In view of由于。句意：虽然事实是他

17、最初的实验失败了,但是White教授依然坚持他的研究。选项B符合句意。6. 单选题It might be supposed that greater efficiency should be achieved if several people collaborate to solve a problem than if only one individual works on it. The assumption is by no means invariably true.Although groups often may increase the motivation of their

18、members to deal with problems, there is a counter-balancing need to contend with conflicts arising among members of a group and to give it coherent directions. Problem-solving is facilitated by the presence of an effective leader who not only provides direction but permits the orderly, constructive

19、expression of a variety of opinions; much of the leaders effort may be devoted to resolving differences. Success in problem-solving also depends on the distribution of ability within a group. Solutions simply may reflect the presence of an outstanding individual who might perform even better by hims

20、elf.Although groups may reach a greater number of correct solutions, or may require less time to discover an answer, their net man-hour efficiency is typically lower than that achieved by skilled individuals working alone.A process called brainstorming has been offered as a method of facilitating th

21、e production of new solutions to problems. In brainstorming, a problem is presented to a group of people who then proceed to offer whatever they can think of, regardless of quality and with as few inhibitions as possible. Theoretically these unrestricted suggestions increase the probability that at

22、least some superior solutions will emerge. Nevertheless, studies show that when individuals work alone under similar conditions, performance tends to proceed more efficiently than it does in groups.Under special circumstances, however, a group may solve problems more effectively than does a reasonab

23、ly competent individual. Group members may contribute different (and essential) resources to a solution that no individual can readily achieve alone; such pooling of information and skills can make group achievements superior in dealing with selected problems. Sometimes social demands may require gr

24、oup agreement on a single alternative, as in formulating national economic or military policies under democratic governments. When only one among several alternative solutions is correct, even if a group requires more time, it has a higher probability of identifying the right one than does an indivi

25、dual alone.1.In this passage, the author argues that thinking in groups（）2.The phrase contend with in Paragraph Two most probably means （）3.According to the author, compared with an individual, a group （）4.The word brainstorming in Paragraph Four roughly means（）5.It can be seen from the passage that

26、 a group will be more efficient in（）问题1选项A.is the best way to solve any problemsB.is by no means useful in problem-solvingC.may result in effective problem-solving under certain circumstancesD.will inevitably produce greater efficiency in problem-solving than individual thinking问题2选项A.handleB.argue

27、withC.satisfyD.compete with问题3选项A.may need more time to discover an answerB.needs an effective leader to provide directionC.often fails to resolve conflicts among its membersD.will always produce better suggestions问题4选项A.offering a method of facilitating the production of new solutions to problemsB.

28、unrestrained offering of ideas and suggestions by a group of people to seek solutions to problemsC.increasing the efficiency in problem-solving by working with each otherD.forcing people to work together to solve a problem问题5选项A.solving problems that need intensive studyB.analyzing information and d

29、ataC.dealing with national problemsD.selecting the best solution to a problem【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据最后一段的第一句“Under special circumstances, however, a group may solve problems more effectively than does a reasonably competent individual.”在特殊情况下，一个团队可能比一个有能力的人更有效地解决问题。选项C符合原文。2.词义题。

30、根据原文可知，这里指需要处理好成员之间的冲突，选项A符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第二段的第二句“Problem-solving is facilitated by the presence of an effective leader”一个有效的领导者的存在有助于解决问题。选项B符合原文。4.语义题。根据第四段的第二句“In brainstorming, a problem is presented to a group of people who then proceed to offer whatever they can think of, regardless of quality

31、and with as few inhibitions as possible.”头脑风暴指提供一个问题给一群人，然后他们会谈论所能想到的任何东西，而不管质量如何，并且尽可能不受限制。也就是说一群人无拘无束地提出想法和建议，寻求问题的解决方案；选项B正确。5.细节事实题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知：在处理国家问题上，集体比个人更有效率。7. 单选题If you drive a motorcar to the danger of the public, you may make yourself（）a heavy fine.问题1选项A.liable toB.acquainted withC.a

32、lert toD.relevant to【答案】A【解析】liable to容易；acquainted with熟悉,了解,与.相识；alert to警告；relevant to与.有关的,相应的。句意：如果你驾驶一辆汽车对大众造成了危害,你有可能会受到重罚。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题Using popular athletes to endorse and pitch companies and their products has become commonplace in advertising. U.S. companies paid more than $1 billion to

33、nearly 2,000 athletes for endorsement deals and licensing rights in 1996 - a tenfold increase from just a decade ago. Nike alone spends more than $100 million a year on endorsement contracts. The average athlete on the Forbes super 40 list of top-earning athletes commands around $250,000 a year for

34、a national endorsement. Superstar Michael Jordan, the athlete who makes the most from endorsements, considers only multiyear deals that pay at least $10 million. In addition to the endorsement fees, companies spend another $10 billion to advertise and promote their association to these athletes.Whil

35、e companies are investing huge sums of money into the concept that athletes make good promoter, they are also recognizing that choosing a celebrity endorser is no longer a matter of personal taste and top-management whimsy. Several companies have been badly burned when their high-priced endorsers we

36、re involved in messy scandals and controversies. Hertz Corp, used O. J. Simpson as its spokesperson for 20 years and lost all of that equity when he was accused of murdering his ex-wife and her friend. Smaller companies face even greater risks when they entrust their name and image to an athlete. Wh

37、en Dallas Cowboys football star Michael Irvin was caught in a motel room with strippers and drugs, 13 Toyota dealerships that paid him $120,000 to do a series of commercials had little choice but to pull the ads and swallow the $400,000 in production costs. When Irvin refused to return his payment,

38、as well as a $50,000 car the dealerships had lent him, they sued, the case settled out of court.Risk management has become a major consideration for companies considering using athletes as endorsers. However, many marketers are willing to take chance on irreverent or rebellious athletes whose outlan

39、dish behavior draws attention to them. For example, basketball star Dennis Rodman has parlayed his bad image into endorsement contracts with Nike, McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Comfort Inn, and Converse. Rodmans sponsors believe he appeals to the elusive Generation X market that these companies are trying t

40、o reach. However, Rodmans antics have become too much for some companies. The Carls Jr. fast-food chain temporarily suspended its relationship with Rodman in early 1997 when he was suspended for kicking a courtside photographer during a game.Most companies are moving away from controversial athletes

41、 and looking for ones who will not just attract attention but enhance the image of the company or brand they are endorsing. Their goal is to achieve an endorsers halo effect - a positive association that bathes the product in good vibes after a popular sports celebrity has pitched it. Marketers have

42、 discovered that there are a number of “nice guys” available to endorse their products. Among them are tennis stars Pete Sampras and Michael Chang (who has emerged as the most popular athlete in Asia by far), San Francisco quarterback Steve Young, baseball iron man Cal Ripken Jr., Los Angeles Lakers

43、 basketball star Shaquille ONeal, hockey star Wayne Gretzky, and golfer Tiger Woods. Even former stars with likable personalities and images as positive role models are still popular, including Arnold Palmer, Joe Montana, Jim Palmer, Nolan Ryan, and Chris Evert,Perhaps nobody embodies the new breed

44、of nice guy superstar better than basketball star Grant Hill. An All-American at Duke, he stayed all four years and graduated with his class. His father, Calvin, played football at Yale and was a star with the Dallas Cowboys. During his first two years in the NBA, Hill received more fan votes for a

45、spot on the NBA All-Star team than any other player, including Michael Jordan.The biggest beneficiary of Grant Hills nonabrasive, good-humored, All-American image has been Fila, and Italian company that signed Hill to an endorsement contract in 1994. Since signing Hill, Fila has become the third-lar

46、gest sneaker maker in the Unites States. Sales shot up 37 percent in 1995 and another 40 percent in 1996 to $750 million. Hills namesake shoe trails only Nikes Air Jordans in sale. Fila officials readily acknowledge that Hills “nice guys” image appeals to the current sensibilities of Middle American

47、.Three years ago basketball star Charles Barkley appeared in a Nike commercial where he glowered at the camera and declared, “I am not a role model,” Since then, his endorsement take been cut in half. Hill readily acknowledges “I am a role model.” In addition to getting $6 million a year from Fila p

48、lus a 5 percent royalty on the sale of his shoes, Hill has endorse contract with Sprite, GMC trucks, Kelloggs and McDonalds. It appears that nice guys are finishing first in the endorsement game.1.Which of the following best states the main idea of this passage?2.According to the passage, basketball

49、 star Grant Hill has endorse contract with （）3.Based on the passage, which of the following makes the most from endorsement?4.All of the following are regarded as “Nice Guys” available to endorse the products EXCEPT （）5.Fila, an Italian company first signed Grant Hill to an endorsement contract（）问题1

50、选项A.Dallas Cowboys football star Michael Irvin made 13 Toyota dealerships pull the ads and swallow the $400,000 in production costs.B.“Nice guys” have far more effects on U.S. companies than the irreverent athletes.C.Basketball star Grant Hill, embodies the new breed of nice guy superstar better tha

51、n any other athlete.D.Risk management has become a major consideration for companies considering using athletes as endorsers.问题2选项A.McDonaldsB.NikeC.Pizza HutD.Hertz Corp.问题3选项A.Grant HillB.Dennis RodmanC.Michael JordanD.O. J. Simpson问题4选项A.Michael ChangB.Steve YoungC.Shaquille ONealD.Dennis Rodman问

52、题5选项A.in 1996B.in 1995C.in 1994D.in 1993【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据原文中第三段的第一句“Risk management has become a major consideration for companies considering using athletes as endorsers.”可知本句为全文的中心句。所以选项D正确。选项A只是文中提到的一个例子；选项B, C描述不准确。所以本题选D。2.细节事实题。根据最后一段的倒数第二句“.Hill has endorse contract

53、with Sprite, GMC trucks, Kelloggs and McDonalds.”可知选项A正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段倒数第二句“Superstar Michael Jordan, the athlete who makes the most from endorsements, considers only multiyear deals that pay at least $10 million.”可知选项C正确。4.细节事实题。根据第四段“Marketers have discovered that there are a number of “nice guys”

54、 available to endorse their products. Among them are. ”选项A, B, C均有提及；根据第三段“basketball star Dennis Rodman has parlayed his bad image into endorsement contracts with Nike, McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Comfort Inn, and Converse.”可知Dennis Rodman的形象不太好。所以本题选D。5.细节事实题。根据文章倒数第二段的第一句“The biggest beneficiary of Gra

55、nt Hills nonabrasive, good-humored, All-American image has been Fila, and Italian company that signed Hill to an endorsement contract in 1994.”可知选项C正确。9. 单选题Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them.（1）that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrou

56、gh year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still（2）in their minds. American watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U.S. history, on（3）worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as（5）to work together before everything goes to hell.Granted, some amount of delusion is

57、 probably part of the（6）condition. In A. D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work（7）,in the same snot until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a（8）of the past year in disaster history suggests that modern Americ

58、ans are particularly bad at（9）themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we（10）did about the dangers we face. But it turns（11）that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy isthe storm, the quake or the（13）itself. More often, it is ourselves.So what has happened in the year that（14）the disas

59、ter on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to（15）they were before Katrina, more or less. Thats not（16）,we can now say with confidence. But it may be all（17）can be expected from one year of hustle.Mea

60、nwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to（18）the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 15, 000 people will need a（19）out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The（20）with neighboring communities are ongoing and

61、 difficult.问题1选项A.ToB.ByC.OnD.For问题2选项A.freshB.obviousC.apparentD.evident问题3选项A.visualB.vividC.liveD.lively问题4选项A.littleB.lessC.moreD.much问题5选项A.reluctanceB.rejectionC.denialD.decline问题6选项A.naturalB.worldC.socialD.human问题7选项A.revisingB.refiningC.rebuildingD.retrieving问题8选项A.reviewB.reminderC.concept

62、D.prospect问题9选项A.preparingB.protestingC.protectingD.prevailing问题10选项A.neverB.everC.thenD.before问题11选项A.upB.downC.overD.out问题12选项A.merelyB.rarelyC.incidentallyD.accidentally问题13选项A.surgeB.spurC.surfD.splash问题14选项A.ensuedB.tracedC.followedD.occurred问题15选项A.whichB.whereC.whatD.when问题16选项A.enoughB.certainC.conclusiveD.final问题17选项A.butB.asC.thatD.those问题18选项A.exileB.evacuateC.dismiss